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INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS CHAPTER 8 MORPHOLOGY

Morphology is the study of these meaning bearing units and the rules governing them, the study of the structure of words. Structuralist Morphology Structuralist phonemes were units that distinguished among meanings but that did not in them carry meaning. The structuralists were interested also defining a unit of language that did bear meaning; so they proposed the concept of a morpheme. A morpheme, which sometimes is designated with braces, { }, is the smallest meaning bearing unit of language. Types of Morphemes Type of morpheme: 1. Bound Morpheme Bound morpheme, which occurs only when attached to another morpheme. This type includes prefixes many others. In general, the analysis of a word into its component morphemes requires that each morpheme occur elsewhere in the language; that is, it must occur with the same meaning occur either as a free morpheme or as a bound morpheme in other combinations. Bound morphemes may be subdivided into derivational and inflectional morphemes. 2. Derivational Morpheme A derivational morpheme is one that is added to a root to form a new word that differs, usually, in its part-of-speech classification. We may also classify such bound morphemes as un- and preas derivational morphemes. An inflection morpheme indicates certain grammatical properties associated with nouns and

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verbs, such as gender, number, case and tense. In English, the inflectional morphemes are all suffixes. Allomorphs Allomorphs are any of the variant forms of a morpheme. The plural morpheme in English, {PI}, is realized through many allomorphs. Consider, for example, the words hats, dogs, and buses. Phonemically, these words are written as /hts/, /dogz/, and /bsez/, from which it is apparent that the plural endings are /-s/, /-z/, and /-ez/. These allomorphs help to account for the differences in pronunciation of the various plural endings. Morphology and Transformational Generative Grammar Morphology has only recently been studied intensively within transformational generative grammar; it has previously been subsumed under the domains of phonology and syntax. Morphology was rediscovered in the 1970s, and transformational generative grammarians are reestablishing its status as a separate component of grammar. Other morphological phenomena were treated in transformational generative grammar as part of syntax. There are two major types of rules dealing with morphology: word formation rules and adjustment rules. Morphological and phonological rules exhibit the following relationship in a grammar: the wordformation rules may be subject to adjustment rules, and these, in turn, apply as a group before the phonological rules apply. Wordformation rules are unordered, but phonological rules may be ordered with respect to one another.