Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Dr. Roy Beadle taught English in Northern Canada and South Korea. He is a licensed teacher and
used an old typewriter to make the original book. It is designed to provide a foundation for
those who need remedial foundational help in English. It is NOT an ESL book. Volume 1 is
designed to start with the basics and build toward more complex phrases. Each part of the
sentence is dealt with individually. Building from the smallest part to the more complex allows
for the student to make their sentences longer for better communication. Volume II is about
usage and is more complicated.
Dr. Paul R. Friesen is a pastor, teacher, and counsellor, by education. He has taught ESL in South
Korea for over ten years. He published his own ESL book, Making Conversation Work You. This
can be bought through any online bookstore, or from the publisher directly. A teachers copy is
available, as well as a student workbook. Support files can be found online at
makingconversationworkforyou.com and makingconversationworkforyou-teacher.com.
Dr. Friesen redesigned this book to reflect a 3D style of learning. 3D means three dimensions of
processing of what is learned. The first dimension is technical. Technical means the real
basics of English. Though most students already know this, it is a good review as you build to
more complex ideas. It also involves identifying the basics. The second dimension is practical.
Practical is the development of writing skills as they rewrite their sentences in each lesson. The
third dimension is functional. Functional in this system is deductive thinking. This is found
when the students write their reasoning behind why they think a part of speech is what it is.
Students should take turns reading their reasoning aloud in class.
Therefore, the 3D system will improve, the students identification of each part of speech, but
the reasoning behind them. Strengthening the students deductive thinking will play a vital part
in test scores, writing better essays in higher grades, and communicate better all around.
An Example
These sentences are found in the first sections of this book. They are just listed
to reflect the same ideas. There are too many for one paragraph, with the same
tense. When using a list like this, with a lot of present tense sentences, have the
students put the ideas into an action sequence, followed by two (2) or three (3)
paragraphs. The goal is to create first an understanding of story movement.
Second, it is to affirm the understanding that each paragraph should have one
tense. Third, to allow the student to be creative, while at the same time
affirming the students grammar learning.
Step 1 Make a list
I go to the game every day.
I went to the game.
John goes to the game every day.
John went to the game last night.
They went to the game two days ago.
She waits for us.
She is waiting for us.
She was waiting for us.
She waited for us.
She has waited for us.
Each boy has a pencil.
Each boy had pencils.
Every boy has a pencil.
All boys have a pencil.
All boys had a pencil.
I want a hat.
She wants a hat.
I wanted a hat.
Step 2
He wanted a hat.
All the boys wanted a hat.
I enjoy the pancakes.
Jim enjoys the pancakes.
Mary enjoys the pancakes.
We enjoyed the pancakes.
All of them enjoyed the pancakes.
That girl is my friend.
The boy is my cousin.
Those girls are his friends.
This lady is my sister in law.
This gentleman is my father in law.
Your coat is on a hanger.
Your hat is near the door.
The car was on the street.
My friend is next to Paul.
My shoes are under the table.
I go to the game every day. She waits for us. Each boy has a pencil. All boys have a pencil.
I want a hat. She wants a hat. I enjoy the pancakes. Jim enjoys the pancakes. Mary enjoys the pancakes.
That girl is my friend. Those girls are his friends. Your coat is on a hanger. Your coat is on a hanger.
Your hat is near the door. My friend is next to Paul. My shoes are under the table. Your hat is near the
door. This lady is my sister in law. This gentleman is my father in law. The boy is my cousin. My friend is
next to Paul. My shoes are under the table.
friends. That girl is my friend. My friend is next to Paul. The boy is my cousin.
Step 6
When you combine, you take out the repetition and add small words and
punctuation. You will find that adding connector ideas will help students link
their story together. Dr. Roys Grammar Volume II has punctuation in it for
reference. Using the basic ideas of punctuation is easy. Using conjunctions is a
bit more difficult, especially for Koreans, because they are not easily used in
their first language. This step will help develop this inherent weakness, and
develop a better self-correction skill in the student.
Going to the game
This gentleman is my father-in-law, and this lady is my sister-in-law. Those girls are his friends
and that girl is my friend. My friend is next to Paul. The boy is my cousin. I like breakfast before
I go to the game. Jim, and Mary, and I enjoy the pancakes. Saturday is special, because I always
go to the baseball game. I need to keep score. Each boy has to have a pencil. Do all the boys
have a pencil? She and I want a hat. Your hat is near the door and your coat is on a hanger. My
shoes are under the table. Hurry! She waits for us. We do not want to be late!
Table of Contents
Introduction
How to use the book
Expanding grammar to story-making
An Example
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
Step 6
Step 7
Part 1
Nouns
The Basic Sentence
Unit 1
Unit 2
Unit 3
Unit 4
Unit 5
Unit 6
Basic Sentences
Identifying Determiners
Identifying Nouns
The plural endings of Nouns
The possessive ending of Nouns
Noun suffixes
Unit 8
Unit 9
Unit 10
Unit 11
Part II
Verbs
Unit 1
Unit 2
Unit 3
Unit 4
Unit 5
Identifying
Identifying
Identifying
Identifying
Identifying
Verbs (1)
Verbs (2)
Verbs (3)
Verbs (4)
Verbs (5)
Part III
Prepositions
Unit 1
Unit 2
Identifying Prepositions
More about Prepositions
SUMMARY
Part IV
Adjectives and Sentence Patterns
Unit 1
Unit 2
Unit 3
10
Unit 4
Unit 5
Part V
Adjectives and Sentence Patterns
Section 2
Unit 1
Unit 2
Unit 3
Unit 4
Unit 5
Unit 6
Unit 7
Unit 8
Unit 9
Adjective position
Noun adjunct or appositive
Degree with Adverbs and Adjectives
Adjective or Adverb
Functions of Nouns
Summaries of form class clues
Contrasting forms
Contrasting forms (2)
Contrasting forms (3)
Summary of Adjectives
11
Part VI
Transformations
Unit 1
Unit 2
Unit 3
Unit 4
Unit 5
Unit 6
Unit 7
Unit 8
Unit 9
Unit 10
Unit 11
Unit 12
Unit 13
Unit 14
Unit 15
Unit 16
Part VII
Phrases and Clauses
Unit 1
Unit 2
Unit 3
Unit 4
Unit 5
Phrase or Clause
Complex sentences
Complex sentences 2
Sentence Signals Quiz
Adjective or Adverb clause
12
Unit 6
Unit 7
Unit 8
Unit 9
Unit 10
Adjective modifiers
Simple, Compound, or Complex
Summary
Forming noun clauses
More noun clauses
Part VIII
Identifying and Expanding
Unit 1
Unit 2
Unit 3
Unit 4
Unit 5
Unit 6
Unit 7
Unit 8
Unit 9
Unit 10
Unit 11
Unit 12
Identifying infinitives
Infinitive phrases
Identifying participles
Participial phrases
Identifying gerunds
Gerund phrases
Identifying verbals
Expanding the simple subject (1)
Expanding the simple subject (2)
Expanding the Predicate
Summary
LANGUAGE TERMINOLOGY
Answers
The Complete Set
13
14
Part 1
Nouns
15
16
To the student,
This book begins with fairly easy lessons, and each succeeding one will add
information or become a little more difficult. You and your classmates should try to
complete as many units as you can in a class period. When there are instructions to
learn a list of words, you must be sure that you master them perfectly because they
will help you understand a language problem. Remember that the words are only
examples and that usually there are more like them.
17
18
The
Basic Sentence
19
20
Unit 1
Basic Sentences
Note:
A basic sentence is a statement that has two parts, a subject and a predicate.
Here are some examples. You will note that in these basic sentences the subject will
Note:
Basic sentences are not questions, commands, or exclamations.
Subject
Predicate (verb)
Girls
The girls
That boy
Each bird
play.
play quietly.
hit the ball.
ate some seeds.
Subject
Our
He
She
We
Predicate
house
was painted.
likes
waited for us.
ate the
candy.
apples.
21
Directions:
Identify the subjects in the sentences below by drawing a vertical line
between them and writing sub for subject over the subjects.
Identify the predicates by writing pred for predicate
I pred.
Example- ~
The boys = the subject and tried hard = the predicate.
sub. I pred.
sub
pred.
2. My father cut the grass.
___father / cut the grass
Speaking = My father = the subject and cut the grass = the predicate.
3. He waved to me.
__________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
4. A pencil lay on the desk.
__________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
5. John went to the game.
__________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
6. The fire scorched the earth. __________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
22
___________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
8. I wanted a hat.
___________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
9. Our camp was in the woods. __________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
10. They lit the lamp quickly. ___________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
11. His house is up the street. __________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
12. Jim enjoyed the pancakes. ___________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
13. Many friends met at the concert. _______________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
14. Dogs bark.
__________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
15. This house is very dark.
__________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
16. Jerry has given me his pencil. _________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
23
__________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
18. Some days seem very long. _________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
19. She cried easily.
__________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
20. A lamp stood on the desk. __________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
24
Determiners
Determiners
tell
Example ~
D noun
The man gave me a pencil.
D noun
Memorize
Learn the determiners below and be prepared to write them when your teacher
tells you.
any
few
many
one
the
those
all
each
her
my
our
their
your
an
either
his
neither
some
these
its
no
that
this
another every
25
Directions:
In the sentences below, write a CAPITAL D for determiner
are from the list above.
over
Write a CAPITAL N for noun over the word that follows the determiner. The
first sentence is done for you along with the recommended way to tell the others how
this works.
Example ~
D N
D N
A door opened to the hall.
= a
and
determiner
and
hall a noun.
_________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
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________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
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________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
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Speaking =____________________________________________________
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Speaking =____________________________________________________
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Speaking =____________________________________________________
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________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
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Speaking =____________________________________________________
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27
_______________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
_______________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
_______________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
18. Those girls helped my mother.
______________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
_______________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
_______________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
_______________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
28
_______________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
_______________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Homework
Directions
In the spaces below, write some short sentences and identify the determiners
and nouns,
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
29
Example ~
N
Milk tastes good.
In this sentence,
of the
sentence.
The point to remember is that all nouns do not have determiners before them.
There are many words that can be substituted for milk as the subject of this sentence.
How about candy, bread, sugar, corn, cereal, apples, etc.? These words are called
nouns.
Directions
In the sentences on the next page, write a capital
N over the nouns. If a word occupies the position of the subject of the sentence and has no
determiner before it, label it as a noun.
30
Example ~
D
1.
Speaking:
______________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
5. Many parks are quite clean.
______________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
7. Jim ran down the street.
______________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
31
______________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
32
______________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Directions
In the spaces below, see how many words you can substitute for trees in this
basic sentence. These words will be nouns.
Trees
grow a little
each day.
grow a
little
each
day.
grow a
little
each
day.
grow a
little
each
day.
grow a
little
each
day.
grow a
little
each
day.
grow a
little
each
day.
grow a
little
each
day.
33
34
Example ~
D
Nouns like deer are said to have zero endings because they do not change their form
from the singular.
Note: There are a few nouns that form their plural by internal change within the word.
35
Directions
In the sentences below, underline the plural endings like s, es, or en to help you
identify nouns. Write D for determiner and N for noun.
Example ~
N
D N
Benches were stacked in the hall.
__________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
36
__________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
37
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Directions
In the spaces below, write sentences illustrating the s, es or en plural endings. Label the
determiners and nouns.
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
38
ExamplE ~
The dog's paw was injured.
Singular
boy
boys
boy's hat
man
child
men
man's coat
children child's doll
boys' hats
men's coats
children's dolls
signals another
noun.
Directions
Identify the determiners and nouns in the sentences below.
Write Poss. N over the possessive nouns.
Example ~
D N Poss.N
39
___________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
____________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
____________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
____________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
____________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
____________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
40
______________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
41
Your Turn
In the spaces below, write sentences which include possessive nouns. Label all determiners and nouns.
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
42
UNIT 6
Noun Suffixes
Suffixes endings like dom, ness, and ism are added to words and are also
signals of nouns.
Example ~
kind-kindness ~ king-kingdom ~ commune communism
Learn the suffixes below as noun signals.
Americanism
age
shortage
ist
er
artist
teacher
ful
ment
spoonful
judgment
ness
likeness
dom
kingdom
ance
ster
remembrance
)
youngster
hood
ence
manhood
difference
ism
Directions
In the sentences below,
- - look for the suffixes above and underline them.
D N
Poss.N
N
The man prepared Jim's state ment.
43
_____________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
44
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
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Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
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Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
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Speaking =____________________________________________________
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Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
45
You Try
In the spaces below, write some basic sentences in which you try to use some of the suffixes
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
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_______________________________________
46
Summary
Noun Signals
47
It is important to understand that there may be more than one clue to discover that a
word is a noun. We call these structural clues.
Example ~
We know that the word differences in sentence #5 above is a noun for several reasons.
48
Noun Clues
(1) It occupies the position of the subject in a basic sentence.
(2) The word the = a determiner telling us that a noun follows.
(3) The s ending is a plural ending for most nouns.
(4) The ence suffix helps us identify the word as a noun.
All these clues operate within the structure of the sentence to help us identify nouns.
Now write the six clues under What
did we learn?
for identifying nouns again.
1. __________________________________________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________________________________________
3. __________________________________________________________________________________
4. __________________________________________________________________________________
5. __________________________________________________________________________________
49
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
50
Homework Fun
Write a few of your own silly
sentences and identify the nouns
and determiners
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
___
Did you have Fun?
51
UNIT 8
Example ~
He was happy. He = called a pronoun.
N
Jane was happy.
We may substitute the word she for Jane.
Example ~
She was happy. She = called a pronoun.
N
Milk tastes good.
We may substitute the word it for milk.
Example ~
It tastes good. It = a pronoun.
We have seen that he, she, and it can be substituted in the position of nouns used as the
subject in the sentences above. Words that regularly occupy noun positions, or that can be
substituted for nouns are called pronouns. For this reason, pronouns are often called
substitute words. The subject forms of pronouns that you should now learn are I, you, she, he,
it, and they.
52
Directions
In the sentences below, identify the determiners and nouns in the first sentence
of the pair, and then write pron. for pronoun over the words which substitute for
the nouns.
predicate (verb).
Example ~
D N
D N
1. The man went to his car.
Pron.
2. He
D N
went to his car.
Speaking: Man = a noun because of the determiner the, and car = a noun
because of the determiner pronoun his. He is a pronoun because
it is a substitute for The man. Car is a noun because of the
determiner pronoun his.
3. A girl sat on the swing.
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
It was lazy.
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
6. Sharon is my name.
I am a girl.
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
53
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
It is hidden.
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
I am a girl.
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
54
55
UNIT 9
The object pronouns are I, me, you, him, her, it, they, and them.
One more time
The object pronouns are I, you, him, her, it, they, and them.
These are VERY IMPORTANT for EVERYTHING in ENGLISH.
Object pronouns occur in the verb/action part of basic sentences.
Example ~
D N
Pron.
The car bumped them. Them = an object pronoun of the verb bumped them.
Pron.
D N
Pron.
She gave the book to him. She = a subject pronoun and him an object pronoun.
Directions
Identify the determiners, nouns, and ALL pronouns in the sentences below.
Draw a vertical line between the subject verb first.
Example ~
Pron.
D N
Pron.
1. She gave the ball to me.
She gave the ball to me.
Speaking: She = a subject pronoun, ball = a noun because of the determiner
the, and me = an object pronoun
56
________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
57
________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
13. You showed me your book.
________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
58
________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Directions
In the spaces below, write basic sentences with subject and object pronouns.
Identify determiners, nouns, and pronouns.
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Hope you had fun!
UNIT 10
59
The words all, any, another, each, either, every, few, many, neither, only
and some that we learned as determiners ~ determiners when they are
used before a noun.
We call them function words because they help us identify nouns.
The same words, all, any, another , each, either, every, few, many, neither,
one, and only are called indefinite pronouns when they are used alone.
Example ~
D N
Each boy helped us.
Here each = a determiner; it determines that boy = a noun.
IP = indefinite pronoun
IP
Each helped us. The symbol IP identifies each as an indefinite pronoun.
Directions
In the sentences below, identify determiners, nouns, and indefinite pronouns.
Use the symbol IP for indefinite pronouns.
Example ~
D
N
D N
1. Each man had a boat.
Speaking: Man = a noun because of the determiner each; boat = a noun
because of the determiner a.
IP
D N
2. Each had a boat.
60
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
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Speaking =____________________________________________________
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Speaking =____________________________________________________
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Speaking =____________________________________________________
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61
Speaking =____________________________________________________
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Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Another crashed.
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
62
New Idea
Write your own sentences using the IP.
Tell them to the student beside you (the first sentence) and ask
them to repeat it back to you with the IP (the second sentence).
63
64
Example ~
D N
This hat is too large.
Here this is a determiner (this) identifying hat as a noun.
DP
This is too large.
In this sentence, this is a demonstrative pronoun because this and that are
singular; these and those are plural. This is used alone.
Directions
In the sentences below, label the determiners and nouns. When this, that, these, or
those is used alone in the subject position, label it DP for demonstrative pronoun.
D N
D N
1. That boy is my friend.
Speaking: boy= a noun because of the determiner that, friend = a noun
because of the determiner my.
DP
D N
2. That is my cap.
That is my cap.
Speaking: That = a demonstrative pronoun; cap = a noun because of the
determiner my.
65
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
This is mine.
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
This is my ball.
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
That is unusual.
Speaking =____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
66
That is my house.
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
This is torn.
Speaking =____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Directions
In the spaces below, write sentences using this, that, these, and those as
determiners and demonstrative pronouns.
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
Wow!!! That was Fun. I love GRAMMAR!
67
Summary
In this book you find several pages like this one which will
summarize the previous pages to help you bring together
thoughts covered.
You should study this section carefully and review the other
pages from 1-12 and prepare for Test 1.
The procedure will be followed throughout the book. There will be
a number of pages of explanation followed by a test.
VOCABULARY and SYMBOL Review
SYMBOL
1, sub.
WORD
PRONUNCIATION
subject
sub'ject
2. pred.
3. D
4. N
predicate
determiner
noun
pred'i-cate
de-ter1min-er
noun
5. S
singular
sing'u-lar
plural
plu'ral
Poss. N
possessive
suf'fix
struct'ur-e.l
Pron.
suffix
structural
pronoun
function
indefinite pronoun
demonstrative pronoun
de-mon'stra-tive
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11,
12.
IP
13. DP
noun
pos-ses'sive
protnoun
func'tion
in-def'in-ite
SUMMARY
Be sure you know how to pronounce these words and how they are spelled.
68
69
Part II
Verbs
70
Unit 1
Person spoken of
71
Directions
In the sentences below, identify the nouns, pronouns, determiners, and present tense verbs. Use a
capital V for verb.
Example ~
N V
Pron D
________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
5. I do my work carefully.
________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
72
________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
73
________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
74
UNIT 2
Verb forms like sang or jumped are called past tense (V-ed) because they indicate
an action before the moment of speaking.
Example ~
D
V-ed D D
Directions
Identify determiners, nouns, pronouns, and verbs in the sentences below.
Write V-ed to symbolize the past tense verb.
Example ~
D N
V-ed
D N
1. Some boys jumped into the lake.
Speaking: Some = a determiner , boys = a noun, jumped a past tense verb,
the a determiner, and lake a noun, cap = a noun because of
the determiner my.
Speaking: He =
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Speaking:
____
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
75
Speaking: ____ =
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Speaking ____ =
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Speaking ____ =
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Speaking ____ =
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Speaking ____ =
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Speaking ____ =
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Speaking ____ =
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Speaking ____ =
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Speaking ____ =
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Speaking ____ =
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Speaking ____ =
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Speaking ____ =
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
76
Speaking ____ =
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Speaking ____ =
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Speaking ____ =
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Speaking ____ =
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Speaking ____ =
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Can you now tell the difference between a past tense verb and the
present tense
Example ~
V
D
N
= present
A. Our team wins each game.
D
V-ed
D N
B. Our team won each game.
D
1. I got up early.
V-ed
= past
= past
I got up early.
2. Grace wore a hat.
___________________________ = ______
_____________________________________________
77
___________________________ = ______
_____________________________________________
4. I get up early.
___________________________ = ______
_____________________________________________
5. I got up early.
___________________________ = ______
_____________________________________________
___________________________ = ______
____________________________________________
___________________________ = ______
_____________________________________________
___________________________ = ______
_____________________________________________
9. Most parents paid taxes.
___________________________ = ______
_____________________________________________
___________________________ = ______
_____________________________________________
___________________________ = ______
_____________________________________________
___________________________ = ______
_____________________________________________
___________________________ = ______
_____________________________________________
78
___________________________ = ______
_____________________________________________
___________________________ = ______
_____________________________________________
___________________________ = ______
_____________________________________________
___________________________ = ______
_____________________________________________
___________________________ = ______
_____________________________________________
___________________________ = ______
_____________________________________________
___________________________ = ______
_____________________________________________
79
80
UNIT 3
D
N
take his bat.
In this sentence, may is an auxiliary verb and along with take, constitute a verb
phrase, may take.
Auxiliaries are like determiners in that the following word often is a verb.
However, we will learn that auxiliaries are sometimes used alone.
Auxiliaries are also called function words because their job = to help identify
the verb. It would be well to remember that there is only one verb or verb
phrase in our basic sentences.
Learn the following auxiliaries.
does ~ has
do ~ did
can ~ could
may ~ might must ~ shall
should ~ will have ~ had
would
Directions
Identify determiners, nouns, pronouns, and verbs in the sentences below.
Write Aux. for auxiliary over the helping verbs.
Example ~
D
Aux. V V
1.
The dog may bite the postman.
Speaking: Dog = a noun because of the determiner the, may bite= a verb
phrase, and postman = a noun because of the determiner the.
81
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
82
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
83
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
Directions
In the spaces below, write sentences using the auxiliaries with the present form of
the verb. Label the other words as you have been doing.
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
84
UNIT 4
Example ~
D N V D N
The boys have a football.
Have, has, and had may signal a verb form called the past participle.
D
Each boy
Have + en
has bought
D N
a football.
In this sentence has signals the past participle form of the verb.
Example ~
N V D N
D N
Jim does his work every day.
Do, does, and did may signal a verb form called the emphatic form.
D N
The boy
N-Aux. V
did
try hard.
85
Directions
Identify determiners, nouns, pronouns, and verbs in the sentences below.
Identify the verb forms as indicated above.
Example ~
D N
V
D
NPron.
1. The men have their cars with them.
Speaking: Men = a noun indicated by the determiner the, have = a
present tense verb. Cars is a noun indicated by their, and them = a
pronoun.
Your Turn --2. The men have taken their cars.
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
86
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
Speaking =____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
Example ~
N
V D N
D
N
1. Joy does the dishes each morning.
Speaking: Joy = a noun because of its position as the subject. Does = a present
tense verb. Dishes = a noun indicated by the + Morning = a noun
indicated by the determiner each.
87
Your Turn ~
2. Joy does try hard.
Speaking =
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Speaking =
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Speaking =
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Speaking =
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Speaking =
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Speaking =
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
88
Speaking =
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Speaking =
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Speaking =
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Speaking =
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Speaking =_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
89
UNIT 5
The verb - to BE - has eight forms: be, was, were, is, am, are, been, and being.
Learn and Practice these eight forms now before you go on.
D N Be D N
The boys are my friends.
In this sentence, are = form of to BE and we label it Be.
D
The boys
Be+V+ing
are going
D N
to the lake.
In this sentence, are going = a verb phrase. Are signals a verb form as the present
participle.
The ing = an ending signaling the present participle form.
Directions
Identify determiners, nouns, pronouns, and verb forms in the
sentences below.
Mark the verbs like the sentence above.
Example ~
Pron. Be D N
1. I
am a boy.
Speaking: I = a pronoun. Am = a form of to be + Boy = a noun indicated by
the determiner a.
90
Pron. Be+V+ing
D N
Speaking =
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Speaking = _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Speaking =
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Speaking =
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
7. He was cold.
Speaking =
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
91
Speaking =
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Speaking =
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Speaking =
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
11. I am a teacher.
Speaking =
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Speaking =
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
13. He is my friend.
Speaking =
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Speaking =
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
92
Speaking =
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Pron. Have+Be+V+ing
D N
I
have been helping my mother.
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
_______________________________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
93
________________________________
________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
________________________
94
#2
The past tense of a verb also occupies a position after the subject in a basic
sentence.
Its symbol = V-ed.
#3
Auxiliaries like can ~ could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, and would
signal a verb phrase.
A verb phrase = made up of two or more words. The auxiliaries (helpers) are used
with the present form.
The symbol for the auxiliary = Aux.
#4
Have, had, and has may be verb forms by themselves or signal a construction
called the past-participle.
The symbol for this form is Have+en.
95
#5
Do, does, and did may be verb forms by themselves or signal the emphatic
form.
The symbol is Aux.+V.
#6
The eight forms of the verb to BE ~ be, was, were, is, am, are, been, and being may
be verb forms by themselves or signal the present participle form.
The symbol for this construction = Be+V+ing.
Other helpers may be added to this form.
Directions
Try to identify the verb forms in the sentences below. Draw a line to the correct form to match
the symbol.
.
V-ed
Aux.V
Have+en
Be+V+ing
Have+Be+V+ing
Aux.V
96
Directions
Use the symbols you have learned before. Also label determiners, nouns, and
pronouns
8. The boys played for an hour.
__________________________________________________________________
9. He bowls frequently.
__________________________________________________________________
10. We shall walk rapidly.
__________________________________________________________________
11. Jean is trying the problem.
__________________________________________________________________
12. He did want the present.
__________________________________________________________________
13. Harry has drowned the ants.
__________________________________________________________________
14. You may go now.
__________________________________________________________________
15. Our parents gave it to us.
__________________________________________________________________
16. I write every day.
__________________________________________________________________
17. She smiles often.
__________________________________________________________________
18. I am writing the paper now.
__________________________________________________________________
19. Jerry has been going too.
__________________________________________________________________
97
__________________________________________________________________
21. He was my friend.
__________________________________________________________________
22. We have the supplies.
__________________________________________________________________
23. They have ridden the horse.
__________________________________________________________________
24. Our helpers are stopping now.
98
Part III
Prepositions
99
100
Unit 1
Identifying Prepositions
Prepositions are words like in, over, by, and from. They begin prepositional phrases which
are constructions like in the house, over the bridge, by me, and from him.
Prepositional phrases begin with a preposition and end with a noun or pronoun.
Prepositions are also called function words.
D N V-ed
P D N
The boy went (to the lake).
P phrase
In this sentence, to = a preposition and begins the prepositional phrase to the
lake. Use a capital P to identify prepositions and (parentheses) to indicate a
prepositional phrase.
among
between
during
near
until
above
around
beyond
except
of
up
across
at
but
for
off
with
after
before
by
from
on
within
against
below
concerning
in
over
without
along
beside
despite
into
to
amid
besides
down
like
under
101
Step 1
Identify the subject. (Sub.)
Step 2
Identify the verb. (V)
Step 3
Place (parentheses) around prepositional phrases.
Directions
Apply this method to the sentences below.
Note: It is assumed that you now know determiners, nouns, etc.
Example ~
sub. V
1. The man sat (in the boat).
Speaking: Man = the simple subject, sat = the verb + in the boat = a prepositional phrase.
Note: A prepositional phrase may occur anywhere in a sentence.
102
Try These
2. He jumped over the log.
Speaking =
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Speaking =
____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Speaking =
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Speaking =
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Speaking =
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Speaking =
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Speaking =
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Speaking =
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
103
Speaking =
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Speaking =
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Speaking =
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Speaking =
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Speaking =
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Speaking =
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Speaking =
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Speaking =
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Speaking =
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
104
Unit 2
Example ~
sub. V-ed
P OP + OP
We did it (for Jim and Bill).
We will label the object of a preposition = OP.
There are also phrasal prepositions. Some of the more common ones are listed
below. You need not learn them, but try to remember what they look like.
phrasal prepositions ~~
ahead of
according to
in opposition to
because of
contrary to
by means of
in spite of
instead of
Example ~
sub. V-ed P
OP
The boys ran (ahead of us).
~~ The two words ahead of are just like a single word preposition.
105
Directions
Apply the three steps of the method to the sentences below.
Example ~
1.
sub V-ed P OP
He went (with Tom).
Speaking: He is the subject, went the verb, and with Tom a
prepositional phrase.
Speaking =
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Speaking =
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Speaking =
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Speaking =
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Speaking =
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Speaking =
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
106
Speaking =
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
P
OP
P
OP
(into the house) and (to his bedroom)
Your Turn --2. They walked over the hill to the mill.
~~~
Now look for
Be
OP
OP
__________________________________________
107
__________________________________________
4. He read about cowboys and cattle.
__________________________________________
5. It depends upon him and me.
__________________________________________
6. It looked like rain or snow.
__________________________________________
7. We played against Tom and Bill.
__________________________________________
8. I sat behind Sue and Jane.
__________________________________________
sub. V-ed
P
OP
It went (according to our plans).
_______________________________________
_________________________________________
VOCABULARY REVIEW
SYMBOL
SPELLING
l. V
present tense
pres'ent tense
2. V-ed
past tense
past tense
3. Aux.
auxiliary
4. Have+en
past participle
past par'ti-ci-ple
5.
emphatic tense
em-phat'ic tense
6. Be+V+ing
present participle
pres'ent par'ti-ci-ple
7. P
preposition
prep-o-si' tion
8. (__)
prepositional phrase
9. OP
ob'ject of prep-o-si'tion
10. CMPD
11.
PRONUNCIATION
aux-il'ia-ry
compound
com-pound'
phrasal prepositions
phras'al prep-o-si'tions
Be sure you review the above symbols and know their spelling and pronunciation.
You will be TESTED on them later.
109
SUMMARY
#1
Present tense verbs are words like drive, jump, sing.
We identify them by the symbol V.
#2
The first person = the person speaking (I,we),
the second person is the person spoken to (you),
and the third person is the person spoken of (he, they).
#3
Past tense verbs are words like drove, jumped, sang. They indicate an action
before the moment of speaking.
Their symbol = V-ed.
#4
Some auxiliaries are can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, and would.
They are function words and their job = to help identify the verb.
#5
Have, has, and had may be verbs by themselves, or may serve as helpers to
indicate the past participle.
#6
Do, does, and did may be verbs by themselves or signal the emphatic form.
#7
The verb to BE has eight forms: be, am, are, is, was, were, been, being.
110
#8
The verb to BE may be a verb by itself, or may signal a verb form known as the
present participle.
#9
Prepositions are words like in, over, and by.
# 10
Prepositions begin prepositional phrases, which are constructions like in the
house and over the bridge.
# 11
Prepositional phrases begin with a preposition and end with a noun or pronoun.
The noun or pronoun is then known as the object of the preposition.
# 12
Phrasal prepositions are constructions like: contrary to, ahead of, in spite of.
111
112
Part IV
Adjectives
and
Sentence Patterns
113
Unit 1
Beginning with this unit, we will classify our basic sentences into five sentence
patterns which = the great majority of sentences which we use.
With these five patterns, you can make thousands of sentences that are
Step 4
~~ check the verb to see if it is a linking verb followed by a
predicate adjective, predicate noun, or predicate pronoun.
The following are the most common linking verbs.
Learn them perfectly now!!!
1. The verbs of being
am, is, are, was, were, will be, shall be, has been, have been,
had been, would be, should be, and could be.
2. The verbs of the senses
taste, smell, feel(felt), sound.
3. The verb of appearance
appear, look, seem.
4. The verbs of change or its opposite
turn, grow, become, remain, continue.
114
Pattern One:
D N
LV Adj.
The boy seems happy.
Directions
Apply the four steps of the method to the sentences below. Use the symbols LV
for linking verb
and Adj. for adjective.
Example ~
The cake (on the table) tastes good.
sub.
LV
Adj.
115
Speaking =
_________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Speaking =
____________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Speaking =
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Speaking =
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Speaking =
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Speaking =
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
116
Speaking =
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Speaking =
__________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Speaking =
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Speaking =
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Speaking =
_________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Speaking =
_____________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
117
Speaking =
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Speaking =
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Speaking =
________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Speaking =
__________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Speaking =
_____________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Speaking =
____________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
118
Speaking =
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
119
120
Unit 2
Directions
Apply your method to the sentences below. Use the symbol PN to indicate a
predicate noun.
sub.
LV
PN
That lamp appeared a loss(to me).
121
Try these !
2. The boy on the raft is Jerry.
Speaking =
____________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Speaking =
_____________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Speaking =
_____________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Speaking =
_____________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Speaking =
_____________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Speaking =
_____________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
122
Speaking =
_____________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Speaking =
_____________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Speaking =
_____________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Speaking =
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Speaking =
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Because pronouns = substitute words for nouns, pronouns may be
substituted in the predicate noun position.
Even though this substitution may be made, the sentence is still
called the predicate noun pattern.
sub. LV Pron.
It was he (near the door).
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8. This is I.
Tell me what you learned in a paragraph and see if you can get rid of that headache.
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Example ~
D N V-t D DO
The boy hit the ball.
There are no prepositional phrases, the verb is not in our list of linking
verbs.
There = a something, ball, after the verb. Ball = therefore the direct object +
hit = a transitive verb.
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Directions
Apply your method to the sentences below. Use the symbols DO for direct object
and V-t for the transitive verb.
Example ~
sub. V-t
DO
The referee blew the whistle.
The referee blew the whistle.
Speaking: Referee = the subject. Blew = the verb. There are no prepositional
phrases so the verb is not linking + It is transitive followed by the
direct object, whistle.
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Because pronouns can substitute for nouns, pronouns can substitute for
nouns in the direct object position.
Example ~
sub. V-t DO
The men saw them (near the house).
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Unit 4
D N V-g I0 D DO
The man gave John an apple.
The indirect object = a noun or pronoun in the position of John in this basic
sentence.
Directions
Apply this method to the sentences below. Use the symbols I0 for indirect object
and V-g for the give type of verb.
sub V-g
I0
DO
1. He told the class a story (about war).
He told the class a story (about war).
Speaking: He = the subject, told = the verb, about war = a prepositional
phrase. The verb is not linking but it is transitive with story the
direct object and class the indirect object.
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Homework
In the spaces below, try to make some sentences with indirect objects. Label
them as you have been doing.
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Step 6. Look for adverbs which are words that answer the
questions of how, when, where, or to what extent.
They often end in ly. Learn the partial list of adverbs below. These words are
called adverbs or intensifiers.
How?
slowly
quietly
quickly
fast
sweetly
merrily
When?
now then soon never
always often
Where?
here there out in
To what extent?
not
quite too
very
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almost
partly
Pattern Five:
The boy ran (out).
D N VI Adv.
The boy ran (out).
The verb is called an intransitive complete verb which means that it does
not carry action from the subject to an object. In other words, it is
complete in itself.
Directions
Apply your method to the following sentences. Use the symbols VI for intransitive
verb and Adv. for adverbs.
Example ~
Sub. VI
Adv.
The boy stayed there.
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4. We traveled slowly.
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Note:
Remember that the word lists in this book are only examples and
that usually there are many more words like them.
Now see how many adverbs you can write to fit in the blank below.
The boy ran ____________
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Pattern TWO:
Example:
D
N
LV
D
N
The boy became a scout.
Pattern THREE:
Example:
D
N
V-g
I0
D
DO
The man gave John an apple.
PATTERN FIVE:
Example:
D
N V-t D DO
The boy hit the ball.
Pattern FOUR:
Example:
Adverb pattern.
D N
VI
Adv
The boy ran (out).
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Directions
Using your six-step method, analyze the sentences below and determine the basic
sentence patterns.
This is the predicate adjective pattern.
sub. LV P.Adj.
The sky seemed blue (to me).
The sky seemed blue (to me).
Speaking: Sky = the subject, seemed =the verb, to me = a prepositional phrase.
Seemed is in our list of linking verbs followed by blue a predicate
adjective.
2. My father was the president (of the club). ______________________________
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Unit 6
Directions
See if you can tell when they are or are not linking.
D N
LV P.Adj
Example: ~ The bread was tasty.
The bread was tasty.
Speaking: Bread = the subject, was = the verb, and there are no prepositional
phrases. Was is in the list of linking verbs followed by tasty
which describes the subject. Was is therefore a linking verb in this
sentence.
D N VI
Example: ~
The man was (in the house).
Speaking: Man = the subject, was =the verb. In the house = a prepositional
phrase. Was = in the list of linking verbs but there is no predicate
word after it which describes or refers to the subject. Was
therefore is not
linking in this sentence.
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3. She is lovely.
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Speaking =
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Review the lists below and write them if your teacher tells you.
Remember that the words are only examples and usually there are
more like them.
DETERMINERS
a all an another any each either every few her his its many
my neither no one our some that the their these this those your
LINKING VERBS
am is are was were will be shall be has been have
been had been would be should be could be
SUBJECT PRONOUNS
I you she he it we you they taste feel smell sound appear
look seem turn grow become remain continue
OBJECT PRONOUNS
me you her him it us you them
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
all any another each either every few
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DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
can could do did does has have had may might must shall
should will would
PREPOSITIONS
ADVERBS +
HOW?
slowly quietly quickly fast sweetly merrily
WHEN?
now then soon never always often
WHERE?
here there out in
INTENSIFIERS
not too almost very partly quite
AUXILIARIES OR HELPING WORDS
Can could do did does has have had may might must shall
should will would
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Unit 7
We have learned in the patterns that we can use Pattern Five to identify the
adverb. However, the adverb may be found moving freely in any of our patterns.
PREDICATE ADJECTIVE:
The boy usually seems happy.
PREDICATE NOUN:
The boy then became a scout.
DIRECT OBJECT:
The boy hit the ball hard.
INDIRECT OBJECT:
Frequently the man gave John an apple.
ADVERB:
The boy ran swiftly.
The word modify means to limit or restrict the meaning of another word.
Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. In this unit we will
find that adverbs modify verbs most of the time.
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Unit 8
Adverbs modifying
Adjectives
Adverbs may also modify adjectives and other adverbs.
When called intensifiers. Intensifiers usually occupy a position before an
adverb or adjective.
Example: ~
Pattern One:
D N LV Int. PA
The cake tastes very good.
Pattern Five:
D N VI Int. Adv.
The boys ran very fast.
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Homework
In the spaces below, write some sentences with adverbial nouns and label them.
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Part V
Adjectives and
Sentence Patterns
Section 2
177
178
Unit 1
Adjective position
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Note:
Pre-noun adjective:
The small boy ran.
Small = a true adjective because it makes sense when it is placed in the
predicate adjective position.
Example:
Noun Adjunct:
NA
The gas station was on the corner.
If we test gas in the predicate adjective position, we get
The station seemed very gas.
This tells us gas = not a true adjective.
However, it will make sense in a noun position, such as,
The gas exploded or We bought some gas.
We call the word gas a noun adjunct.
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Post-noun:
A noun in this position = called an appositive.
It is placed after a noun or pronoun to explain it, and it is usually set off by
commas.
Example:
App. N
The man, a salesman, talked to us.
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Note:
Example:
Positive=old;
Comparative= older
Superlative =oldest.
The er and est endings = signals for degree with both adjectives and adverbs.
With words of more than one syllable, add more or less for the comparative,
and most or least for the superlative.
Examples:
Positive ~~ necessary;
Comparative ~~ more or less necessary
Superlative ~~ most or least necessary.
Some two - syllable adjectives are compared like glossy;
glossy, glossier, glossiest.
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COMPARATIVE
SUPERLATIVE
Bright
brighter
brightest
Difficult
Majestic
Brown
Tasty
Blissful
Fruitful
Wide
Costly
Shrill
Directions:
Write the comparative and superlative degrees for these adverbs.
Soon
Bravely
Merrily
Quickly
Slowly
Freely
Loyally
Fast
Sadly
Honestly
Truthfully
Wisely
Devoutly
Broadly
sooner
soonest
192
Pattern One ~~
D N
LV
PA
The boy seems happy.
A word which can be substituted in the position of happy = an adjective.
Pattern Five ~~
D N VI Adv.
The boy ran out.
A word which can be substituted for out = an adverb.
Note:
If you are in doubt about a word being an the adjective or adverb, try
substituting it in the adjective or adverb positions in our basic sentences.
Adv.
Speaking =
_____________________________________________________________________
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Speaking =
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193
Speaking =
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Speaking =
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Speaking =
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Speaking =
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Speaking =
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Speaking =
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Speaking =
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Speaking =
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Speaking =
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Speaking =
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Speaking =
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Speaking =
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Speaking =
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Speaking =
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Speaking =
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Speaking =
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Speaking =
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Speaking =
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Speaking =
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Speaking =
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Speaking =
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Speaking =
_____________________________________________________________________
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Speaking =
_____________________________________________________________________
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Speaking =
_____________________________________________________________________
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Speaking =
_____________________________________________________________________
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Speaking =
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Speaking =
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Speaking =
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Speaking =
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Speaking =
_____________________________________________________________________
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Speaking =
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Speaking =
_____________________________________________________________________
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Speaking =
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Speaking =
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Speaking =
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198
Speaking =
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199
200
There are other uses which we will learn later. We have seen nouns with these
functions in our basic patterns.
sub.
Pattern One:
The boy seemed happy.
Pattern Two:
sub. LV
PN
The boy became a scout.
Pattern Three:
sub V-t
DO
The boy hit the ball.
Pattern Four:
sub V-g IO
DO
The man gave John an apple.
~~ Below the sentence write the symbol that identifies the use or function of the
noun.
SAMPLE~~
~~ D N V-g
N D N
N
The boy wrote Tom a letter (on Tuesday)
~~ sub
IO
DO
OP
~~
2. Jean makes Joe some cookies each week.
~~
~~
3. The artist painted the picture.
~~
201
~~
4. The boy found a puppy by the lake.
~~
~~
5. Bill washed the coat with soap.
~~
~~
6. The man was a leader of men.
~~
~~
7. Father took the dog into the woods.
~~
~~
8. Linda wrote Sue a note of thanks.
~~
~~
9. My mother baked a cake that week.
~~
~~
10. Some kites sailed high in the air.
~~
~~
11. The usher found Mary a seat.
~~
~~
12. The bird built a nest in the tree.
~~
202
~~
13. John became president of the class.
~~
~~
14. Joe is the chairman of the group.
~~
~~
15. Jan hit the ball over the fence.
~~
~~
16. Susan became an actress.
~~
~~
17. Each boy took his book.
~~
~~
18. The monkey learned the trick.
~~
~~
19. The boy near me is Tom.
~~
~~
20. Our teacher read Jim the story.
~~
~~
21. Tom was a friend.
~~
203
~~
22. The coach injured his leg.
~~
~~
23. The boy on the grass is Tim.
~~
~~
24. Many games entertained the men.
~~
~~
25. All people want peace.
~~
~~
26. He told the man about a path.
~~
~~
27. The fish had a scar on its side.
~~
204
205
206
207
Unit 7
Contrasting Forms
In the next three units we will try to determine the part of speech a word is
by its position or other structural clue in the sentence.
You are to choose the correct form, write it in the blank, and over it
identify its part of speech. Use what you have learned to help you.
NOUN OR VERB?
N
v-t
1. The teacher told me about it. She will teach me about it. ---- teacher-teach
Review -Teacher = a noun because of its position as the subject of the sentence and
because of the determiner the.
Teach = a verb because of its position and because will acts as a signal for a verb.
writes - writer
2. She _________ to me often.
I want to be a ___________.
maker - make
3. The _________ of the toys is Tom.
He will_________ me a toy.
abuse - abuse
4. I've had enough of his __________.
The bully will _________ you.
collide - collision
5. A _________ occurred there.
The cars will _________ there.
walk - walking
6. I was _________down the hall.
The _________was satisfying.
paint - paint
7. Jim mixed the _________.
Jim did _________the wall.
amuse - amusement
8. This should _________ you.
We paid for the _________.
208
NOUN OR ADJECTIVE?
N
sheep sheepish
Adj
1. The sheep were in the meadow.
He had a sheepish smile.
Review -Sheep = a noun because of its position as the subject and the determiner the.
Sheepish = an adjective because the smile seemed sheepish, the predicate
adjective pattern.
child - childish
2. The _________ boy stayed after school.
He acted like a ___________.
joy - joyous
3. Our family knew no bounds to _________
It was a _________ affair.
messy - mess
4. It was a real _________
The _________ table was cleaned.
happy - happiness
5. The _________children walked home.
Their _________seemed evident.
snow - snow
6. Much _________fell that day.
We climbed a _________hill.
mannish - man
7. Jerry was a tall _________
A _________ boy came into the room.
fame - famous
8. His _________spread far.
A _________ person lives there.
209
Unit 8
What to do:
over
Choose the correct form, write it in the blank, and
it.
Identify its part of speech. Use structural clues to help you.
VERB OR ADJECTIVE?
Practice:
Adj
1. A ripe peach was on the table.
ripe ripen
V
The peach will ripen.
210
ADJECTIVE OR ADVERB?
Adj.
1. The open door invited us
Adv.
He cheated openly.
Review --
He will________ do it.
It was a ________story.
They talked _________ .
The sun shone ________.
normally - normal
6. We led ________lives.
idly - idle
7. ________hands get one into trouble.
The boys sat ________ in their chairs.
cheerful - cheerfully
8. A ________ smile is an asset.
She smiled________ at us.
immediate - immediately
9. He did it ________.
He gave UB an ________answer.
Unit 9
What to do: Choose the correct form, write it in the blank, and
over it
identify its part of speech. Use the position of the word and
our other clues.
ADVERB OR NOUN?
Practice:
N
1. The hour was long.
hourly -
hour
Adv
We worked hourly during the week.
Review -Hour = a noun because of its position as the subject and because of the
determiner the.
Hourly is an adverb because it fits the position of an adverb in our adverb pattern.
seaward - sea
2. The ship went to _________.
ground - aground
4. We sat on the hard ________.
The ship ran _________.
daily - day
5. We worked each _________.
We worked ________.
weekly - week
6. Every________ was a bore.
We tried _______.
part - apart
7. My________ was long.
They drifted _________.
across - cross
8. Each boy bore a ________.
They took the boat _________.
nights - nightly
9. Some ________ are dark.
Sharon came ________.
212
ADVERB OR PREPOSITION?
Practice:
P
1. He jumped out the window.
out -
out
Adv
They threw the soup out.
213
Summary of Adjectives
VOCABULARY REVIEW
SYMBOL
1- Adj.
2. LV
3. PN
4. DO
5. V-t
6. IO
7. V-g
8. Adv
9. VI
10. int
11. Adv. N
12.
13.
14.
15. NA
16. App.N
SPELLING
PRONUNCIATION
adjective
linking verb
predicate noun
direct object
transitive verb
indirect object
transitive verb
(give type)
adverb
intransitive verb
intensifier
adverbial noun
positive
comparative
superlative
noun adjunct
appositive noun
ad'jec-tive
link'ing verb
pred'i-cate noun
di-rect' ob'ject
tran'si-tive verb
in-di-rect' ob'ject
transi-tive verb
ad'verb
in-trantsi-tive verb
in-ten i si-fi-er
ad-ver'bi-al noun
pos i-tive
com-par a-t i ve
su-per'la-tive
noun ad' junct
ap-pos'i-tive noun
Review --
214
D N V-t D N (DO)
The boy hit the ball.
4. An indirect object may be in the position between the verb and direct object.
D N V-g IO D DO
The man gave John an apple.
5. Adverbs may be identified by the adverb pattern.
They also answer the questions of how, when, where, or to what extent
(sometimes why) and modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.
D N VI Adv
The boy ran (out).
6. Adverbial nouns express ideas of time, distance, or value and may be identified
by the adverb pattern. They also are found with other patterns.
7. Adjectives and adverbs may be compared in
degree; positive, comparative, and superlative.
Noun adjuncts may occupy the pre-noun position; appositives, post-noun.
8. BE SURE YOU KNOW THE 6 METHODS.
Step 1. Identify the subject.
Step 2. Identify the verb.
Step 3.Put parentheses around prepositional phrases.
Step 4. Check for a linking verb followed by a predicate word.
Step 5. Check for a transitive verb followed by a direct
object and possibly an indirect object.
Step 6. Look for adverbs.
215
216
Part VI
Transformations
217
218
Note:
In the next four units you will write simple sentences that are called
transformations of basic sentences.
Easy idea ~~
BASIC SENTENCE
1. He will try now.
QUESTION
(transforms into)
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
__________________________________
7. He is walking slowly.
___________________________________
__________________________________
___________________________________
219
_________________________________
__________________________________
Note:
If the verb has no helper (auxiliary), to make a question, add (+) do,
does, or did before the subject.
(transforms into)
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
220
Note:
Example:
BASIC SENTENCE
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
221
Unit 3
Note:
Remember that There is not the subject of the sentence. Another good
way to find the subject is to ask who or what is doing the verb or action.
BASIC SENTENCE
There_______________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
Note:
The basic sentence here has -- is, are, was -- which makes A = B. A =
the subject most of the time. B = the object and you can find it very
easily because it shows the place of the subject with the words -- on
or in -- or just place like here.
222
Note:
How to do it!
To make the interrogative pronoun sentence from a basic sentence, change
the order so that the interrogative comes first. Remember the question
mark. (?)
BASIC SENTENCE
(transforms into)
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE
Which car did he buy?
Why _____________________________?
_________________________________?
_________________________________?
__________________________________?
___________________________________?
__________________________________?
223
Note:
The word passive means not active, but acted upon.
If the subject does the acting = the direct object receives the action,
and the verb is called transitive active.
If the subject is acted upon, the verb is called transitive passive.
To make a passive sentence, rewrite the basic sentence so that the direct
object becomes the subject.
(transforms into)
PASSIVE SENTENCE
The pencil was found by John.
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
224
Note:
The word delete means to erase, or in this case, leave out. Deletion sentences
are formed from basic sentences by omitting words.
We sometimes call these words that we cut out as understood. Therefore we often talk
about understood subjects and objects of a sentence.
In conversation it is most common NOT to use EXTRA WORDS when the topic is the
same. It becomes very boring. The same idea is in writing. If you use the same word too
many times the essay or story also becomes very boring.
Rule of Thumb ~~
If the topic does NOT change, delete the extra words which are the same.
BASIC SENTENCE
1. That is Harry's book.
(becomes)
DELETION SENTENCES
That is Harry's.
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
225
= TRANSFORMED POSSESSIVE
Jim did the boy's work.
= ______________________________________________________
3. The girl has a book.
= ______________________________________________________
4. The men have a car.
= ______________________________________________________
5. He took the apple.
= ______________________________________________________
6. The purses were on the table.
= ______________________________________________________
226
Unit 8
NAME
BASIC SENTENCE
WE MADE A ?
1. Question Sentence
2. Do" Question
3. Negative Sentence
4. There Sentence
5. Interrogative Pronoun
IP
6. Passive Sentence
7. Deletion Sentences
8. Possessive Sentence
Jim did the work. + The boy has work. = Jim did the boy's work.
How to do it!
In the spaces below make one sentence for each of the Kinds of Sentences we have learned.
1. ______________________________ change to ____________________________?
2. ______________________________ change to ____________________________?
3. ______________________________ change to _____________________________.
4. ______________________________ change to _____________________________.
5. ______________________________ change to _____________________________.
227
Unit 9
Special Note:
= _________________________________.
= _________________________________.
4. Jeff went.
+ He went.
= _________________________________.
5. Chicago is a city.
+ Detroit is a city.
= _________________________________.
7. We had books.
= ________________________________.
=_________________________________.
228
BASIC SENTENCE
He talked to me.
1. He stopped.
I found it later.
COMPOUND VERB
2. I lost my hat.
= _________________________________.
= _________________________________.
= ________________________________.
6. He read a book.
= _______________________________.
= _______________________________.
8. I looked at him.
+ I smiled at him.
= _______________________________.
9. He worked hard.
= ________________________________.
He played hard.
= _______________________________.
English Grammar!
229
Note:
To make the compound direct object, combine the direct objects of two basic
sentences with a conjunction.
(connector)
Lets try it ~~
BASIC SENTENCE
1. Joe hid the ball.
+ BASIC SENTENCE
Special Note: When you have two articles like the it is good to drop
one and not use two.
Example ----- the ball and bat
NOT
~~ Your Turn ~~
2. We had books.
4. We wanted a cow +
= ______________________________________.
230
Unit 12
Note:
Lets try it ~~
BASIC SENTENCE
= INdirect OBJECTS
BASIC SENTENCE
1. He gave me a book.
= ___________________________.
Note: The INdirect objects here are personal pronouns. They are common on a test.
231
Unit 13
Note:
BASIC SENTENCE
= OBJECTS OF PREPOSITION
BASIC SENTENCE
1. He gave it to him.
=______________________________.
= ______________________________.
4. The boys went with him. + The boys went with me. = ______________________________.
5. She went into the room. + She went into the hall.
= _____________________________.
= ______________________________.
= ______________________________.
= ______________________________.
Special Note: When you have two of the same preposition it is good to
drop one and not use two.
This is so easy I
English Grammar!
232
Unit 14
Note:
Compound sentences are made from any two of our basic patterns
connected by a conjunction.
BASIC SENTENCE
= COMPOUND SENTENCE:
= ________________________________________________________________________.
3. The boys waited patiently.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
4. You must study these lessons.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
5. Joe looked for his pencil.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
233
= ________________________________________________________________________.
7. We called you on Tuesday morning.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
8. You may go with us to the store.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
9. He must run very fast to school.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
10. The teacher gave us an assignment.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
11. Tim was here.
He left.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
12. You may go to the dance.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
13. The men looked everywhere.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
234
= ________________________________________________________________________.
16. Tom wants his baseball.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
17. The weather has been bad.
It should improve.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
18. She dialled the number.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
19. We stopped to see you last night.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
How did you do?
This is so easy I
English Grammar!
Note:
Two basic sentences may be made into a compound sentence by using the
235
conjunctive adverbs.
Learn the list below and write them on the lines under the words.
however
_________
still
therefore
__________
moreover
yet
__________________ ________________
hence
________________
accordingly
consequently
_________
_________
nevertheless
____________________
____________
How to do it!
When however or moreover connects the basic sentences, it is preceded by a semicolon and followed by a comma.
Example:
When the rest of the conjunctive adverbs begin the second clause of the compound
sentence, they are preceded by a semi-colon and not followed by a comma.
(NO COMMA)
BASIC SENTENCE =
COMPOUND SENTENCE:
Lets try it ~~
2. Frank received the correct change.
He counted it.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
236
= ________________________________________________________________________.
4. The knife quivered in the tree.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
5. His car was old.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
6. The work may be hard.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
8. We have been waiting for two hours.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
9. I received a low mark in history.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
11. You must study now.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
237
= ________________________________________________________________________.
13. You know your lesson well.
= ________________________________________________________________________.
238
Unit 16
Note:
A compound sentence sometimes does not have any conjunction between the
two basic sentences. This type of sentence is punctuated with only a semi-colon.
BASIC SENTENCE
My brother is old.
BASIC SENTENCE
I am young.
COMPOUND SENTENCE
My brother is old; I am young.
2. We left early.
+
They arrived later.
= __________________________________________________________
3. Some were jumping rope.
+
Others were playing ball.
= __________________________________________________________
4. Today is cool.
+
Yesterday was warm.
= __________________________________________________________
5. A few went with us.
+
The rest stayed home.
= __________________________________________________________
6. The girls liked the beach.
+
The boys liked the raft.
= __________________________________________________________
7. Father gave me a ball.
+
Tom gave me his glove.
= __________________________________________________________
8. We stopped at the gas station.
+
They drove by us.
= __________________________________________________________
9. Jerry played with the children.
+
I watched from the sidelines.
= __________________________________________________________
10. Our house was painted blue.
+
Theirs was white.
= __________________________________________________________
239
240
Part VII
Phrases and
Clauses
241
242
Unit 1
Phrase or Clause
Definitions:
A phrase = a group of words like a prepositional phrase.
Example:
~ in the room.
Example:
~ when we left.
Clauses may be independent which means that they can stand alone; that
is, just like a basic sentence.
Example:
Clauses may be dependent which means that they cannot stand alone. The
clause needs more words to make a sentence complete.
Independent clauses can be short sentences which do not need anything extra.
Example:
How to do it!
phrase
dependent clause
independent clause
243
4. to me.
= _________________________
= __________________________
= __________________________
= __________________________
= __________________________
= __________________________
= __________________________
= __________________________
= __________________________
= __________________________
= __________________________
= __________________________
= __________________________
= __________________________
= __________________________
= _________________________
20. by him.
= __________________________
= __________________________
244
Unit 2
Complex Sentences
Definition:
What to do!
Substitute who, whom, which, or that for the subject of the included
sentence and rewrite both clauses as a complex sentence.
The first one is completed for you. Identify the adjective or relative clause
and what it modifies.
BASIC SENTENCE
=
1. Tom was the boy.
+
COMPLEX SENTENCE
+
INCLUDED SENTENCE
= ___________________________________
________________________________________________
245
= ___________________________________
________________________________________________
4. The judges will choose a man.
= ___________________________________
________________________________________________________
5. That is the person.
= _______________________________________
________________________________________________________
6. This book is good.
Note:
= _______________________________________
___________________________________________________
8. Jane gave it to Tim.
+
Tim really appreciated it.
= _______________________________________
___________________________________________________
246
9. He is a pilot.
+
We can trust him.
= _______________________________________
___________________________________________________
10. Here is the book.
+
= _______________________________________
I read it.
___________________________________________________
11. The man told us a story.
+
The man talked to us.
= _______________________________________
___________________________________________________
12. The horse appeared tired.
+
The horse won the race.
= _______________________________________
___________________________________________________
247
Definitions:
The words below often begin adverb clauses and can be identified as signals for an
adverb clause
after as as if
as though although
because
since
than that
unless
so that
though
before
until
when
where
while
To make a complex sentence with an adverb clause just add one of the
subordinating conjunctions from the list above to the included sentence.
248
What to do!
Step 1 ~ Look at the two sentences (Basic + Included)
Step 2 ~ Choose the right signal word and write it in the (parenthesis)
Step 3 ~ Write the new sentence structure with the signal word you
chose.
BASIC SENTENCE
=
+
COMPLEX SENTENCE
INCLUDED SENTENCE
(because)
We knew it.
(although)
= Although _________________________
3. It was a long ride.
+
We got home.
= _______________________________________________
(__________)
4. We rode along.
+
Nothing happened.
= _______________________________________________
(__________)
(__________)
(__________)
(__________)
249
(__________)
(__________)
(__________)
(__________)
250
Unit 4
CONJUNCTION
and
but
CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS
or
(Connect clauses of compound sentence.)
RELATIVE PRONOUNS
that
whose
(Signal subordinate clauses.)
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
251
Test yourself by writing the names and what they signal in the right columns.
NAME
WORD SIGNALS?
NAME
WORD SIGNALS?
1. who
_____________
17. or
_____________
2. after
_____________
18. before
_____________
3. however _____________
19. than
_____________
4. and
_____________
20. therefore
_____________
5. as
_____________
6. still
_____________
22. because
_____________
7. accordingly _____________
23. until
8. while
_____________
9. but
_____________
25. since
_____________
10. whom
_____________
26. though
_____________
27. moreover
_____________
11. hence
_____________
_____________
28. unless
_____________
13. if
29. although
_____________
30. that
_____________
(Two uses )
_____________
14. yet
_____________
_____________
Unit 5
Note:
Make complex sentences below with both adjective and adverb clauses.
To identify the adverb clause, look for one of the adverb clause signals you learned
(after, while, since, etc.).
One other clue that may help you is this: of the two kinds of clauses, only adverb
clauses begin complex sentences.
When they do, they will tell you about the verb in the main clause. Identify the
clauses below and the word they modify.
BASIC SENTENCE
= _________
1. He has a bike.
+
complex sentence
INCLUDED SENTENCE
______________________
+
It has two wobbly wheels. (which)
= He has a bike which has two wobbly wheels.
+
It was the largest. (which)
= _____________________________________________
6. He stooped.
+
His back ached. (because)
= _____________________________________________
253
+
He became tired. (that)
= _____________________________________________
+
He was lame. (who)
= _____________________________________________
254
Unit 6
Adjective modifiers
Definitions:
I.
Example: A large crowd attended the rally. The word large describes the crowd which
is a noun.
255
What to do!
Identify subjects ~ sub,
verbs V
+ prepositional phrases (___) .
Put brackets ~ [ around clauses].
Write on the line whether there is a; word, phrase, or clause modifier.
Example:
sub V-t adj
1. The boy has a new hat.
sub
LV
2. The boy (with the hat) is Jerry.
sub
LV
3. The boy [who is my friend ] is Jerry. Who is my friend = an adjective clause modifier.
256
This is so easy I
English Grammar!
257
258
Definition:
Definition:
What to do!
Identify subjects ~ sub, verbs V
+ subordinate clauses.
Write on the line whether the sentence is simple, compound, or complex.
Example:
sub. V
1. The boy gave Tom an apple.
Simple sentence.
sub V-g
sub aux V-t
2. The boy gave Tom an apple, but he did not eat it.
Compound sentence.
sub V-g
3. [After he gave Tom the apple,] he left.
Complex sentence.
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
259
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
13. If I don't take the test now, she will fail me.
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
17. The ruler was on the floor, and the pencil was next to it.
________________________
_______________________
________________________
20. He must trip the lever, or he must wait for another ten minutes. ______________________
21. The janitor cleaned the room while I was in the hall.
260
________________________
Unit 8
Summary Section
SPELLING
l. transformation
2. negative
3. passive
4. conjunctions
5. semi-colon
6. independent
7. complex
8. subordinate
9. generate
10. interrogative
ll. delete
12. conjunctive adverb
13. clause
14. dependent
15. principal
16. relative
PRONUNCIATION
trans-form-a-tion
neg'a-tive
pas-sive
con-junc'tions
sem'i-co-lon
in-de-pend'ent
com-plex'
sub-ord'in-ate
generate
in-ter-rog-a-tive
de-lete'
con-junc-tive ad-verb
clause'
de-pend' ent
prin-ci-pal
rel'-a-tive
SUMMARY
I. Transformations = variations of our basic sentence patterns.
!I. Numbers two (2) - sixteen
2. Question Sentence
3. "DO" Question
4. Negative Sentence
5. "There" Sentence
6. Interrogative Pronoun Sentence
7. Passive Sentence
8. Deletion Sentence
9. Possessive Sentence
10. Compound subject
11. Compound Predicate
12. Compound Direct Object
13. Compound Indirect Object
14. Compound Objects of a Preposition
15. Compound Sentence
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
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262
Unit 9
Definitions:
Example::
Noun clauses are like nouns in that they may be used as subjects,
direct objects, objects of a preposition, and predicate nouns, or
subjects.
(sub)
Example::
Example::
I knew John.
Example::
DO
OP
OP
PN
263
Note: Noun clauses are usually introduced by that, how, why, and where and are made by
combining a basic sentence pattern + an included sentence pattern.
What to do!
BASIC SENTENCE
INCLUDED SENTENCE
1. It is true.
+
He is my friend. (As subject)
= NOUN CLAUSE SENTENCE: [That he is my friend] is true.
2. He knew ___________
+
Tim was there. (As direct object) (DO)
= NOUN CLAUSE SENTENCE: He knew [ that Tim was there ]
3. We knew ___________
+
You spoke of whom. (As obj. of prep.) (OP)
= NOUN CLAUSE: We knew of [whom you spoke ].
4. The problem has been ______ +
You will not work. (As pred. noun)
= NOUN CLAUSE: The problem has been that you will not work.
5. It is beyond me.
= __________________________how______________________________
6. Father wondered
+
It happened to us.
(As DO ~ use what)
= _______________________________what________________________________________
7. It is a mystery.
=__________________________________why______________________________________
8. This is not good.
(As OP use )
=____________________________________________________________________________
9. The reason is
I cannot see.
264
=___________________________________that____________________________________
10. It is obvious.
=_________________________________that______________________________________
265
266
Unit 10
What to do!
In this unit, follow this procedure. (1) Place brackets around noun clauses.
(2) Identify the words in the noun clause by using your
method.
(3) Identify the words in the rest of the sentence.
(4) Tell how the noun clause is used.
Note: Noun clauses are different from adjective and adverb clauses in that they are
essential to the meaning of the sentence.
Note: Adjective and adverb clauses may be omitted, and there still will be a basic sentence
left.
Noun clause: [Why he did it] is important.
Can you leave out [Why he did it]?
Adjective clause: He is the person [who knows].
[Who knows] can be omitted.
Adverb clause: He ran slowly [because he was tired].
[Because he was tired] can be omitted.
Example:
sub VI
sub VI
1. I shall reply to [what you asked].
Noun clause as the object of a preposition.
267
_____________________________________________.
_____________________________________________.
_____________________________________________.
_____________________________________________.
_____________________________________________.
_____________________________________________.
_____________________________________________.
_____________________________________________.
Part VIII
Identifying and Expanding
269
270
Unit 1
Identifying Initiatives
Definitions:
Infinitives are verbals. This means that they look like verbs but are used
as another part of speech.
Infinitives look like this: to fly, to be flying, to have flown. They nearly
always begin with to + a verb form.
Example: to go = an infinitive
to the house and to me = prepositional phrases.
Infinitives can occupy the position of subject: [To go] was my plan.
Infinitives can occupy the position of the direct object: I wanted [to go].
Infinitives can occupy the position of a predicate noun: His desire was[to go].
Infinitives can occupy the position of the adjective prepositional phrase:
~~ The boy (with the coat) is Jerry.
Infinitive as an adjective: The desire[to go] was strong.
Infinitives can occupy the position of the adverb prepositional phrase.
~~ The boy ran(to the house).
Infinitive as an adverb: He hurried [to go].
271
What to do!
Place [brackets] around the simple infinitive. Write how the infinitive is used.
The first one is done for you.
sub LV
PN
1. [To watch] was a problem.
[To watch] = an infinitive used as the subject.
2. I wanted to watch.
_______________________________________________________________
3. His plan was to watch.
_______________________________________________________________
4. His desire to watch was evident.
_______________________________________________________________
5. He hurried to watch.
_______________________________________________________________
6. To sing is fun.
_______________________________________________________________
7. I wanted to sing.
_______________________________________________________________
8. His plan is to sing.
_______________________________________________________________
9. The idea to sing was good.
_______________________________________________________________
10. We waited to sing.
_______________________________________________________________
272
273
274
Unit 2
Infinitive Phrases
Note: Infinitives are not always so obvious as in the previous unit. They are
usually a part of an infinitive phrase which will look like one of our basic
sentence patterns.
275
Special Note: The above infinitive phrase patterns may be used in any of
the positions of the simple infinitive; that is, the subject, the
direct object, the predicate noun, the adjective, and the
adverb.
What to do!
Place [brackets] around infinitive phrases. Apply your
method to the infinitive phrase and the rest of the sentence.
Write how the infinitive phrase is used. The first one is
done for you.
sub
LV
PN
1. [To work hard] is my plan.
[To work hard] is used as the subject and like the adverb pattern.
2. She is trying [to do it].
________________________________________________________.
3. The desk to be sandpapered is here.
________________________________________________________.
4. Terry is leaving to go to town.
________________________________________________________.
5. Jim's object was to give it to me.
________________________________________________________.
6. To jump high was out of the question.
_______________________________________________________.
7. We worked to obtain the provisions for the trip.
_______________________________________________________.
8. To sing loudly was not allowed.
_______________________________________________________.
276
277
278
Unit 3
Identifying Articles
Definitions:
A participle = a verbal used as an adjective. This means that it looks like a verb but is
used as an adjective.
A participle usually ends in ed, ing, or en.
Participles look like this. ~~ seeing, having walked, being taken.
We have learned that adjectives occupy three basic positions in a sentence:
~~ in the predicate adjective position, before a noun, after a noun.
Participles may also occupy these positions and will modify nouns in the same manner
as adjectives.
Example:
Example:
Example:
Example:
Example:
Example:
Adj.
Adjective in the predicate adjective position: The bread was tasty.
Part.
Participle in the predicate adjective position: We felt satisfied.
Adj.
Adjective in the pre-noun position: The small boy cried.
Part.
Participle in the pre-noun position: The laughing boy ran home.
Adj.
Adjective in the post-noun position: The man, lonely, sat on the bench.
Part.
Participle in the post-noun position: The man, crippled, hobbled away.
279
What to do!
Place [brackets] around the simple participle. Apply your method to the rest of
the sentence. Write what the simple participle modifies.
Example:
Part. sub LV PA
1. The [dancing] bear seemed funny.
Dancing is a participle modifying bear.
280
281
282
Example:
Example:
Example:
Example:
Example:
What to do!
Place [brackets] around the participial phrases . Write what the participial phrase
modifies and its sentence pattern.
Example:
IO
DO sub adv V-t DO
1. [Giving Jim some help,] Tom then helped others.
[Giving Jim some help] modifies the noun Tom. This is the indirect
object pattern.
283
284
285
16. The soldier, carrying the flag high, marched proudly by.
______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________.
17. The boys, drilled to perfection, performed very well.
______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________.
286
Unit 5
Identifying Gerunds
Definitions:
Example:
Example:
Example:
Example:
Example:
N
Noun as the subject: The game was fun.
Ger.
Gerund as the subject: Playing is fun.
N
Noun as direct object: I liked the game.
Ger.
Gerund as the direct object: I liked swimming.
N
Noun as object of a preposition: I knew (about Tom).
Ger.
Example: Gerund as the object of a preposition: I knew of his [singing].
N
Example: Noun as a predicate noun: The game was a thrill.
Ger.
Example: Gerund as a predicate noun: His hobby was [swimming].
What to do!
Place [brackets] around the simple gerund . Write how the gerund is used.
Example:
sub LV PN
1. [Playing] is fun.
Playing = a gerund used as the subject.
287
2. I like camping.
___________________________________________________.
3. She told of his singing.
___________________________________________________.
4. My hobby is fishing.
___________________________________________________.
5. His pleasure is eating.
___________________________________________________.
6. Flying seems difficult.
___________________________________________________.
7. Joe tried rowing.
___________________________________________________.
8. Stealing is unlawful.
___________________________________________________.
9. The artist lived by painting.
___________________________________________________.
10. June tried studying.
___________________________________________________.
11. Her difficulty is spelling.
___________________________________________________.
12. Working requires effort.
___________________________________________________.
13. They liked working.
___________________________________________________.
288
289
290
Unit 6
Gerund Phrases
Definitions:
Special Note:
The above gerund phrase patterns may be used in any of the positions of the gerund;
the subject,
the direct object,
the object of a preposition,
the predicate noun.
291
What to do!
Place [brackets] around gerund phrases. Write how the gerund phrase is used, +
identify the basic pattern in the gerund phrase.
Example:
sub LV
Adj.
DO
1. Their hobby is [taking different specimens (of trout)].
Gerund phrase as a predicate noun.
Gerund phrase has the DO pattern.
2. By cleaning my room every day, I received an allowance.
________________________________________
___________________________________________
3. We are not good at doing problems.
________________________________________
___________________________________________
4. Singing loudly is a lot of fun.
________________________________________
___________________________________________
5. Terry wanted golfing as an activity.
________________________________________
___________________________________________
6. I enjoy playing ball with the boys.
________________________________________
___________________________________________
7. We did not know of his coming yesterday.
________________________________________
___________________________________________
292
293
294
Unit 7
Identifying Verbals
Note: The three verbals we have learned are infinitives, participles, and gerunds. We have
found that they may be single constructions or part of a phrase. In identifying the
infinitive, look for the to. They may be used as subjects, direct objects, predicate
nouns, adjectives, and adverbs.
In identifying the participle, remember that basically it is used as an adjective.
In identifying the gerund, remember that basically it is used as nouns are used, that is,
as subjects,
direct objects,
predicate nouns,
and objects of a preposition.
What to do!
Place [brackets] around the simple verbal or verbal phrase. Write how the verbal is
used.
sub
LV Adj PN
1.[Writing] is hard work.
Writing is a gerund used as the subject.
2. To write is not easy.
___________________________________________.
3. Writing plays seems hard.
___________________________________________.
4. Kicking the ball to left field, Jim then dropped back.
___________________________________________.
5. He wanted to get away from the blockers.
___________________________________________.
295
296
297
298
Unit 8
Note: In this unit, we will see how a noun used as the simple subject can be expanded into
a noun cluster by adding words before it.
It is possible to repeat this process before nouns used in other positions in a sentence,
like predicate nouns, direct objects, and objects of a preposition.
Some of these expansions (adding words) are not always used very much in English
conversation or writing.
But they will be correct in grammar form. Learning them will help you understand and
identify them when you find them.
Special Note: A noun cluster is simply a noun head-word with words that tell us
about it (modifiers). Head-word means that which is modified. Or, the
focus of the words that tell you about it.
We will use Pattern Five, the adverb pattern, as our basic model.
299
PATTERN FIVE
The boys ran out.
A determiner the, comes before the noun head-word, boys.
The school boys ran out.
Pattern Five also confirms school as a noun adjunct, or a noun telling
The school left out.
The growing school boys ran out.
Growing = a participle, an adjective form telling about a noun.
The honest growing school boys ran out.
Honest = a true adjective as confirmed by our predicate adjective
pattern. The boys seemed honest.
The very honest growing school boys ran out. very = an intensifier
and can tell us about the adjective honest. The boys seemed very
honest.
The man's very honest growing school boys ran out.
man's = a possessive noun identified by the apostrophe ().
In summary the order of the sentences found above may be described as:
(1) determiner
(2) possessive noun
(3) intensifier
(4) adjective
(5) participle
(6) noun adjunct
--all are pre-modifiers or EXPANDERS of the noun head-word boys.
This group of words makes up a noun cluster. It also indicates that we have to be
careful when we call all the words before a noun an adjective.
Remember that noun clusters can be found in any position that nouns occur.
Example:
PATTERN TWO.
300
sub LV
The boy became [the scoutmaster's very honest growing boy scout].
Example:
PATTERN THREE.
Noun cluster as a direct object
sub V-t
The boy helped [the scoutmaster's very honest growing boy scout],
Example:
PATTERN FOUR:
Noun cluster as an indirect object
sub V-g
The boy gave [the scoutmaster's very honest growing boy scout] an apple.
301
302
Before ~~ [The man's very honest growing school boys] ran out.
After ~~ The boys [with jackets, happy but tired, my friends, who took the ball], ran out.
If we play with grammar a little, we can combine the two sentences.
It would look like this ~~
[The man's very honest growing school] boys [ with jackets, happy but tired, my
friends, who took the ball] ran out.
Special Note: While we would probably never say the above sentence, the point is
that it is grammatical and a rather interesting exercise.
The opposite or reverse of this fact is also true. One may take a relatively long noun
cluster and analyze it by using sentence patterns to determine its grammaticality.
304
Unit 10
Note: In this unit, we will see how the simple predicate, or verb, can be
into a complete predicate, or verb cluster.
Pattern Five
The boy ran (out)
The boy ran _____ (out).
Adverbs like out, away, and fast may be added.
The boy ____ (may) run out.
The auxiliaries like can, could, may, and might may be added.
The boy is running out.
This is the Be+V+ing addition.
The boy has run out.
This is the Have + en addition.
The boy has been running out.
This is the Have+Be+V+ing addition.
The boy may have been running out.
This is the aux.+Have+Be+V+ing addition.
The boy ran to the store.
A prepositional phrase may be substituted for an adverb and becomes an adverb
prepositional phrase.
The boy ran that day.
The adverbial noun may be substituted for the adverb.
The boy ran when he saw me.
The adverbial clause may be added as a substitute for an adverb.
305
306
Assignment Using ideas from the constructions above, try to see how many different
additions you can make to a basic verb pattern.
Write this on the lines below
_________________________________________________
____________________________________________
_________________________________________________
____________________________________________
_________________________________________________
____________________________________________
_________________________________________________
____________________________________________
_________________________________________________
____________________________________________
_________________________________________________
____________________________________________
_________________________________________________
____________________________________________
_________________________________________________
____________________________________________
307
308
Unit 11
Summary
VOCABULARY SUMMARY
SPELLING
1. noun clause
2. verbals
3. infinitives
4. infinitive phrase
5. participle
6. participial phrase
7. gerund
8. gerund phrase
9. noun head-word
10. noun cluster
11. pre-modifiers
12. post-modifiers
PRONUNCIATION
noun clause
verb'als
in fin' i tives
in fin' i tive phrase
part' i ci pIe
part i cip'ial phrase
jer' und
jer' und phrase
noun head-word
noun cluster
pre-mod'i fi ers
post-mod'i fi ers
SUMMARY
1. Noun clauses may be used as subjects:
[That he is my friend] is obvious.
2. Noun clauses may be used as direct objects:
I know [that he is my friend].
3. Noun clauses may be used as objects of a preposition:
We knew of [what he said].
4. Noun clauses may be used as predicate nouns:
His desire was [that he should go].
5. Noun clauses are essential to the meaning of the sentence and may not be omitted.
6. Infinitives, participles, and gerunds = verbals.
7. Infinitives may be used as the subject:
309
[Running] is exhausting.
I like [running].
310
Unit 12
Language Terminology
TERM
1. subject
2. predicate
3. determiner
4. noun
5. singular
6. plural
7. possessive noun
8. suffix
9. noun adjunct
10. pronoun
11. appositive
12. indefinite pronoun
13. demonstrative pronoun
14. present tense
15. past tense
16. auxiliary
adverb
17. past participle
18. present participle
19. emphatic form
20. preposition
21. prepositional phrase
22. object of a preposition
23. compound
24. phrasal preposition
25. adjective
26. linking verb
27. direct object
28. predicate noun
29. transitive verb
30. indirect object
31. adverb
32. intensifier
33. adverbial noun
SYMBOL
TERM
sub.
pred.
D
N
S
PL
Poss. N.
NA
Pron.
App
IP
DP
V
V-ed
Aux.
Have+en
Be+V+ing
P
()
OP
CMPD
Adj.
LV
DO
PN
V-t
I0
Adv.
Int.
Adv. N
311
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
positive
comparative
superlative
degree
transformation
negative
passive
conjunction
semi-colon
independent
complex
subordinate
generate
interrogative
delete
conjunctive
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
dependent
principal
relative
noun clause
clause
verbals
infinitive
infinitive phrase
participle
participial phrase
gerund phrase
noun head-word
noun cluster
verb cluster
pre-modifiers
post-modifiers
Grammatical
312
313
Part I Nouns
Unit
Sub.
Pred.
3. He / waved to me.
Speaking = He (=) equals the subject and waved to me (=) equals the predicate.
Sub.
Pred.
Pred.
Pred.
Pred.
Pred.
8. I / wanted a hat.
Speaking = I (=) equals the subject and wanted a hat (=) equals the predicate.
Sub.
Pred.
Sub.
Pred.
314
Sub.
Pred.
Pred.
Pred.
Pred.
Pred.
Pred.
Pred.
Pred.
315
Sub.
Pred.
Pred.
Unit 2
Determiners
D
N
2. Each girl seemed happy.
Speaking = Each = (is) the determiner and girl the noun.
D
N
D
N
3. An apple stood on the table.
Speaking = An = (is) the determiner and apple the noun. The = (is) the determiner
and table the noun.
D
N
D
N
4. Your hat is near the door.
Speaking = Your = (is) determiner and hat the noun. The = (is) determiner and
door the noun.
D
N
5. Their ideas are good.
Speaking = Their = (is) the determiner and ideas the noun.
D
316
D
N
D
N
8. My brother told the story.
Speaking = My = (is) the determiner and brother the noun. The = (is) the determiner
and story and story the noun.
D
N
D
N
9. Your coat is on a hanger.
Speaking = Your = (is) the determiner and coat the noun. A = (is) the determiner and
hanger the noun.
D
and
D N
D N
14. Its tail was a stub.
Speaking = Its = (is) the determiner and tail the noun. A = (is) the determiner and
stub the noun.
D
N
D N
15. Those deer are on the road.
Speaking = Those = (is) the determiner and deer the noun. The = (is) the
determiner and road the noun.
317
D
N
16. Our plans were very detailed.
Speaking = Our = (is) the determiner and plans is the noun.
D
N
17. Any idea will help.
Speaking = Any is the determiner and idea is the noun.
D
N
D N
18. Those girls helped my mother.
Speaking = Those = (is) the determiner and girls the noun. My = (is) the determiner
and mother the noun.
D
318
D
N
D N
24. Neither boy wanted any help.
Speaking = Neither = (is) the determiner and boy is the noun. Any = (is) the
determiner and help is the noun.
D
N
D N
25. Her hat was on a hook.
Speaking = Her = (is) the determiner and hat is the noun. A = (is) the determiner
and hook the noun.
Unit 3
Identifying Nouns
D
N
D
N
3. My father came to our picnic.
Speaking = My = (is) the determiner and father is the noun. Our = (is) is the
determiner and picnic is the noun.
N
D
N
4. Trees give us some shade.
Speaking = Trees = (is) the noun because of its position as the subject. Some = (is)
the determiner and shade the noun.
D
N
5. Many parks are quite clean.
Speaking = Many = (is) the determiner and parks the noun.
D
N
D
N
6. The game was a pleasure.
Speaking = The = (is) the determiner and game the noun. A = (is) the determiner
and pleasure the noun.
N
D
N
7. Jim ran down the street.
Speaking = Jim = (is) the noun because if its position as the subject. The = (is) the
determiner and street is the noun.
319
D
N
D
N
8. The men did their work.
Speaking = The = (is) the determiner and men is the noun. There = (is) the
determiner and work the noun.
N
D N
9. Susan hid behind a tree.
Speaking = Susan is a noun because of its position as the subject. A is the
determiner and tree is the noun.
D N
320
N
D
N
16. Tom lay inside our hammock.
Speaking = Tom = (is) a noun because of its position as the subject. Our is the
determiner and hammock the noun.
D
N
D N
17. Their cabin was among the trees.
Speaking = There = (is) the determiner and cabin the noun. The = (is) the
determiner and trees the noun.
D
Unit 4
N
321
N
D
N
4. Lilies bloomed in the valleys.
Speaking = Lilies = (is) a plural noun because of the s ending. The = (is) the
determiner and valleys a plural noun because of the s ending.
N
D
N
5. Cows ate with the calves.
Speaking = Cows = (is) a plural noun because of the s ending. The = (is) the
determiner and calves a plural noun because of the s ending.
D
322
D N
11. My teeth were clean.
Speaking = My = (is) the determiner and teeth is a plural noun because of its
form. (teeth/tooth)
N
D
N
12. Mary gave it to the children.
Speaking = Mary = (is) a singular noun because of its position as the subject. The
(is) the determiner. Children = (is) a plural noun because of the ren ending.
N
and
D
N
D
N
16. The men are the bosses.
Speaking = The = (is) the determiner and men a plural noun because of its form
(man/men). The is the determiner and bosses a plural noun because of its es
ending.
D
N
17. His wishes came true.
Speaking = His = (is) the determiner and wishes a plural noun because of its position
as subject and the es ending.
323
D
N
18. Some ladies are waiting.
Speaking = Some = (is) the determiner and ladies a plural noun because of its
position and the ies ending.
N
D
N
19. John surrendered to his enemies.
Speaking = John is a noun because of its position as subject. His is the determiner
and enemies a plural noun because of the ies ending.
D
Unit 5
ending.
Poss.N N
2. John's sister came with us.
Speaking = Johns = (is) a possessive noun because of the apostrophe s and sister =
(is) a noun signaled by the possessive noun Johns.
D Poss.N N
3. The men's hats were brown.
Speaking = The = (is) the determiner. Mens = (is) a plural possessive noun because
of the apostrophe - s and the ending s. Hats = (is) a plural noun signaled by the
possessive noun mens and the s ending.
Poss.N N
4. Explorers' maps are available.
Speaking = Explorers = (is) a possessive plural noun because of the apostrophe and
the ending s. Maps = (is) a plural noun signaled by the possessive Explorers
and the s ending.
324
N
D Poss.N N
5. Joe pulled the pony's mane.
Speaking = Joe = (is) a noun because of its position as subject. The is the determiner
and ponys a possessive noun because of the apostrophe s. Mane is a noun
signaled by the possessive ponys.
D N
Poss.N
N
6. The class read Dickens' prose.
Speaking = The = (is) the determiner and class the noun. Dickens = (is) a possessive
noun because of the apostrophe s. Prose = (is) a noun signaled by the
possessive Dickens.
D Poss.N N
7. The mothers' tea lasted long.
Speaking = The = (is) the determiner and mothers a plural possessive noun because of
the apostrophe and the s ending.
Poss.N N
D
N
8. Tim's pencil is on the desk.
Speaking = Tims = (is) a possessive noun because of the apostrophe s. Pencil is a noun
signaled by the possessive noun Tims. The = (is) a determiner and desk a
singular noun.
D
N
Poss. N
N
9. Each class read the author's book.
Speaking = Each= (is) the determiner and class is the noun. Authors = (is) a possessive
noun because of the apostrophe s, and book = (is) a noun signaled by the
possessive authors.
D
N
Poss.N N
10. Some men pushed Jim's car.
Speaking = Some = (is) the determiner and men the plural noun because of the plural
form. Jims = (is) a possessive noun because of the apostrophe s. Car = (is) a
noun signaled by the possessive Jims.
325
D
N
Poss.N N
11. Our home is near Jack's house.
Speaking = Our = (is) the determiner and home the noun. Jacks = (is) a possessive noun
because of the apostrophe s. House = (is) a noun signaled by the possessive
Jacks.
D
N
Poss.N N
12. Any boy would like Tom's bike.
Speaking = Any = (is) the determiner and boy the noun. Tomes = (is) a possessive noun
because of the apostrophe. Bike = (is) a noun signaled by the possessive Toms.
D
N
Poss.N N
13. That animal is Joan's cat.
Speaking = That = (is) the determiner and animal the noun. Joans = (is) a possessive
because of the apostrophe s. Cat = (is) a noun signaled by the possessive
Joans.
Poss.N N
D
N
14. Sally's picture is on the wall.
Speaking = Sallys = (is) a possessive non because of the apostrophe s. Picture = (is) a
noun signaled by the possessive Sallys. The = (is) the determiner and wall a
noun signaled by the determiner.
D Poss.N N
15. The man's wife is here.
Speaking = The = (is) the determiner. Mans is a possessive noun because of the
apostrophe s. Wife = (is) the noun signaled by the possessive mans.
D
N
Poss.N N
16. Some girls rode in Jerry's boat.
Speaking = Some = (is) the determiner and girls a plural noun because of the s ending.
Jerrys = (is) a possessive noun because of the apostrophe s. Boat = (is) a noun
because of the possessive Jerrys.
326
D N
Poss.N
N
17. My father borrowed Tom's ladders.
Speaking = My = (is) the determiner and father the noun. Toms = (is) a possessive noun
and ladders a plural noun because of the s ending and signaled by the
possessive Toms.
Poss.N N
D
N
18. Harry's brother came with the men.
Speaking = Harrys = (is) a possessive noun because of the apostrophe s. Brother = (is)
a noun signaled by the possessive Harrys. The = (is) the determiner and men is
a plural noun because of its form. (man/men)
D Poss.N
N
D
N
19. The children's wagons were on the street.
Speaking = The = (is) the determiner and childrens a possessive noun because of the
apostrophe s. Wagons = (is) a plural noun because of the s ending, and
signaled by the possessive childrens. The = (is) the determiner and street is
the noun.
D
N
Poss.N N
20. Our plans are based on Jack's ideas.
Speaking = Our = (is) the determiner and plans a plural noun because of the s ending.
Jacks = (is) a possessive noun because of the apostrophe s. Ideas = (is) a plural
noun because of the s ending, and signaled by the possessive Jacks.
Unit 6
Noun Suffixes
D
N
2. The singer pleased nearly everyone.
Speaking = Singer is a noun because of the determiner the and the suffix er
D
N
D
N
3. The author was a humorist.
Speaking = Author is a noun because of the determiner The. Humor is a noun
because of the determiner a and the suffix ist.
327
D
N
N
4. The Russians practice Communism.
Speaking = Russians is a noun because of the determiner The. Communism is a noun
because of the suffix ism.
D
N
5. His weakness is evident.
Speaking = Weakness is a noun because of the suffix ness and its position as the
object.
D
N
6. The preacher was very unhappy.
Speaking = Preacher is a noun because of the determiner The and the suffix er.
D
N
7. Some differences are obvious.
Speaking = Differences is a noun because of its position as the subject and the suffix
ence. It is signaled by the determiner Some.
D
N
8. His criticism seems unjust.
Speaking = Criticism is a noun because of its position as the subject, the suffix ism,
and signaled by the determiner His.
D N
N
9. The soldiers were terrorists.
Speaking = Soldiers is a noun because of its position as subject and the determiner
The. Terrorists is a noun because of the suffix ist.
D
N
10. The argument appeared useless.
Speaking = Argument is a noun because of its position as subject, the suffix ment, and
the determiner The.
D
N
D
N
11. Some people appreciate your kindness.
Speaking = People is a noun because of its position as the subject. Kindness is a noun
because of the suffix ness.
328
D
N
D
N
12. Those officers caught the gangster.
Speaking = Officers is a noun because of its position as subject and the determiner
Those. Gangster is a noun signaled by the determiner the and the suffix
ster.
D
N
13. My assistant will help you.
Speaking = Assistant is a noun because of its position as subject, the determiner
My, and the suffix ant.
D N
D
N
14. The man is a pantomimic.
Speaking = Man is a noun because of its position as the subject and the determiner
The. Pantomimic is a noun because of the determiner a and the suffix ic.
D
N
D N
15. Some annoyances bother the boys.
Speaking = Annoyances is a plural noun because of its position as the subject, he
plural determiner Some, the s ending, and the suffix ance. Boys a plural
noun signaled by the determiner the and the s ending.
D
N
16. His neatness was appreciated.
Speaking = Neatness is a noun because of its position as the subject, the determiner
His, and the suffix ness.
D N
D N
17. Her sister ate a spoonful.
Speaking = Sister is a noun because of its position as the subject and signaled by the
determiner Her. Spoonful is a noun because of the determiner a and the
suffix ful.
D
N
D
N
18. Your judgment will help the plan.
Speaking = Judgment is a noun because of its position as the subject, the determiner
Your, and the suffix ment. Plan is a noun signaled by the determiner the.
329
D
N
N
19. The girls studied our government.
Speaking = Girls is a plural noun because of the s ending, its position as the subject,
and signaled by the determiner The. Government is a noun because of the
suffix ment.
D
N
20. One difference seemed clear.
Speaking = Difference is a noun because of the suffix ence, its position as the subject,
and signaled by the determiner One.
330
Summary
Noun Signals
1. In basic sentences only, determiners tell us that the word following = a noun.
2. A noun will often occupy the subject position in a basic sentence.
3. Plural endings like s, es, and en often signal nouns,
4. An apostrophe () or apostrophe - s (s) = a signal for a possessive noun.
5. Noun suffixes often signal nouns.
6. Although we have had no unit on this, remember that capitalized words also indicate nouns.
Can you identify the nouns in the following nonsense sentences?
1. His fomps are by the tampster.
Fomps / tampster
libes / turler
Moden / roxes
mabes / dirgdom
dasks / enden
Moshences / stooner
blibism / orgful
keepness / frug
morko / Dirneys
koobes / drup
minnikin / scrops
baktion / cares
331
Unit 8
IDENTIFYING SUBJECT
D N
N
PRONOUNS
GDSUBJECT
2. A girl sat on the swing.
PRONOUNS
Pron.
D N
Pron.
3. The dog was lazy.
It was lazy.
Speaking = Dog is a noun because of its position and signaled by the determiner The.
It is a pronoun replacing dog.
D N
Pron.
4. The boys left early.
They left early.
Speaking = Boys is a plural noun because of its position and signaled by the determiner
The and the sending s. They is the pronoun replacing boys.
N
D N
Pron.
DN
5. Sharon is my name.
I am a girl.
Speaking = Sharon is a noun because of its position as the subject. Name is a noun
signaled by the determiner my. I is a pronoun which replaces the noun Sharon.
Girl is a singular noun signaled by the determiner a.
D N
D N
Pron.
D N
6. A woman sat on the chair.
She sat on the chair.
Speaking = Woman is a singular noun signaled by the determiner A and its position as
the subject. Chair is a noun signaled by the determiner the. She is a pronoun
replacing the noun woman.
D N
DN
Pron.
D N
7. My father helped the man.
He helped the man.
Speaking = Father is a noun signaled by the determiner My and its position as the
subject. Man is a noun signaled by the determiner the. He is a pronoun
replacing the noun father.
332
D N
Pron.
8. The money
is hidden.
It is hidden.
Speaking = Money is a noun signaled by the determiner The and its position as the
subject. IT is a pronoun replacing the noun money.
D N
D N
Pron.
D N
9. The items
lay on the desk.
They
lay on the desk.
Speaking = Items is a plural noun signaled by the determiner The and its position as
the subject and the s ending. They is a plural pronoun replacing the plural
noun items.
D
N
D
N
Pron.
D N
10. My teacher
came into the room.
She
came into the room.
Speaking = Teacher is a noun signaled by the determiner My and its position as the
subject . She is a pronoun replacing the noun teacher.
D
N
D N
Pron.
D N
11. The water
dripped for an hour.
It
dripped for an hour.
Speaking = Water is a noun signaled by the determiner The and its position as the
subject . It is a pronoun replacing the noun water.
N
D N
Pron.
DN
12. Joyce is my name.
I am a girl.
Speaking = Joyce is a noun because of its position as the subject. Name is a noun
signaled but the determiner my. I is a pronoun replacing the noun Joyce. Girl
is a noun signaled by the determiner a.
N
D
N
Pron.
N
13. Your name
is John.
You are John.
Speaking = Name is a noun because of its position as the subject and signaled by the
determiner Your. John is a noun because it is a name. You is a pronoun
replacing name.
D N
D N
Pron.
D
N
14. Some cars
ran off the road.
They ran off the road.
Speaking = Cars is a noun because of its position as the subject and signaled by the
determiner Some. They is a noun replacing cars.
333
Unit 9
D N
Pron.
2. The ball hit him.
Speaking = Ball is a noun signaled by the determiner The and its position as the
subject. Him is an object pronoun.
Pron.
Pron. D N
3. We
met them at the park.
Speaking = We is a subject pronoun because of its position. Them is an object
pronoun because of its position. Park is a noun signaled by the determiner the.
D
N
Pron.
4. The crowds
applauded us.
Speaking = Crowds is a plural subject pronoun because of its position as the subject, the
s ending, and signaled by the determiner The. Us is an object pronoun
because of its position.
N
Pron. D
N
5. Ellen saw me at the movie.
Speaking = Ellen is a noun because of its position as the subject. Me is an object
pronoun because of its position. Movie is a noun signaled by the determiner
the.
Pron.
Pron.
6. His acts displeased me.
Speaking = His is the subject pronoun because of its position as the subject. Me is
an object pronoun because of its position.
N
Pron. D
N
7. Tom took him to the movie.
Speaking = Tom is a noun because of its position as the subject. Him is an object
pronoun because of its position. Movie is a noun signaled by the determiner
the.
Pron.
Pron.
D
N
8. I
saw them at the game.
Speaking = I is a subject pronoun because of its position as the subject. Them is an
object pronoun because its position. Game is a noun signaled by the determiner
the.
334
N
Pron. D N
9. John sold us a ticket.
Speaking = John is a noun because of its position as the subject. Us is an object pronoun
because of its position as the object. Ticket is a noun signaled by the determiner
a.
Pron.
Pron. D
N
10. She gave me some paper.
Speaking = She is a subject pronoun because of its position as the subject. Me is an
object pronoun because of its position as the object. Paper is a noun signaled by
the determiner some.
Pron.
Pron.
11. It flew under him.
Speaking = It is a subject pronoun because of its position as the subject. Him is an object
pronoun because of its position as the object.
Pron.
Pron.
12. They
laughed at her.
Speaking = They is a subject pronoun because of its position as the subject. Her is an
object pronoun because of its position as the object.
Pron.
Pron. D N
13. You
showed me your book.
Speaking = You is a subject pronoun because of its position as the subject. Me is an
object pronoun because of its position as the object. Book is a noun signaled by
the determiner your.
N
Pron. D N
14. The grocer sold me a steak.
Speaking = Grocer is a noun because of its position as the subject and signaled by the
determiner The . Me is an object pronoun because of its position as the object.
Steak is a noun signaled by the determiner a.
Pron.
Pron.
15. He sat by me.
Speaking = He is a subject pronoun because of its position as the subject. Me is an
object pronoun because of its position as the object.
335
Pron.
Pron.
16. She
pushed us.
Speaking = She is a subject pronoun because of its position as the subject. Us is an o
object pronoun because of its position as the object.
Pron.
Pron.
17. It
is for him.
Speaking = It is a subject pronoun because of its position as the subject. Him is an object
pronoun because of its position as the object.
Pron.
Pron.
18. We ran after them.
Speaking = We is a subject pronoun because of its position as the subject. Them is an
object pronoun because of its position as the object.
Pron.
Pron.
19. I
told him about it.
Speaking = I is a subject pronoun because of its position as the subject. It is an object
pronoun because of its position as the object.
D N
Pron.
20. The picture
looks like her.
Speaking = Picture is a noun because of its position as the subject and signaled by the
determiner The . Her is an object pronoun because of its position as the object.
Unit 10
D
N
D
N
IP
D N
3. Many children like a circus.
Many like a circus.
Speaking = Children is a plural noun because of its position and form (child/children),
and signaled by the determiner Many. Circus is a noun signaled by the
determiner a. Many is an indefinite subject pronoun because it is used alone
and its position as the subject.
336
D
N
IP
4. Any day is satisfactory.
Any will do.
Speaking = Day is a noun because of its position as the subject and the determiner
any. Any is an indefinite subject pronoun because of its position as the subject
and it is used alone.
D N
D
N
IP
D N
5. One person lay on the floor.
One lay on the floor.
Speaking = Person is a noun because of its position as the subject and the determiner
One. One is an indefinite subject pronoun because of its position as the
subject and it is used alone.
D N
Pron.
IP
Pron.
6. Some boys helped us.
Some helped us.
Speaking = Boys is a noun because of its position as the subject and the determiner
Some. Us is an object pronoun because of its position as the object. Some is
an indefinite pronoun because of its position as the subject and it is used alone.
D
N
N
IP
D
N
7. Few people attended the game.
Few attended the game.
Speaking = People is a noun because of its position as the subject and signaled by the
determiner Few. Game is a noun signaled by the determiner the. Few is an
indefinite pronoun because of its position as the subject and it is used alone.
D N
IP
8. Both bats were broken.
Both were broken.
Speaking = Bats is a noun because of its position as the subject and the determiner
Both. Both is an indefinite pronoun because of its position as the subject and
it is used alone.
D
N
IP
9. Some houses were painted.
Some were painted.
Speaking = Houses is a noun because of its position as the subject and the determiner
Some. Some is an indefinite subject pronoun because of its position as the
subject and it is used alone.
337
D
N
D
N
IP
D N
10. Two balls floated on the water.
Two floated on the water.
Speaking = Balls is a noun because of its position as the subject and the determiner
Two. Two is an indefinite pronoun because of its position as the subject and it
is used alone.
D N
IP
11. Each child walked in line.
Each walked in line.
Speaking = Child is a noun because of its position as the subject and the determiner
Each. Each is an indefinite pronoun because of its position as the subject and
it is used alone.
D
N
D N
IP
D
N
12. Many fans were at the game.
Many were at the game.
Speaking = Fans is a noun because of its position as the subject and the determiner
Many. Game is a noun signaled by the determiner the. Many is an indefinite
pronoun because of its position as the subject and it is used alone.
D
N
D
N
IP
D N
13. Some birds were on the lawn.
Some were on the lawn.
Speaking = Birds is a noun because of its position as the subject and the determiner
Some. Some is an indefinite pronoun because of its position as the subject
and it is used alone.
D N
IP
14. Any reading appears satisfactory.
Any appears satisfactory.
Speaking = Reading is a noun because of its position as the subject and the determiner
Any. Any is an indefinite pronoun because of its position as the subject and it
is used alone.
D N
IP
15. Neither boy tried hard.
Neither tried hard.
Speaking = Boy is a noun because of its position as the subject and the determiner
Neither. Neither is an indefinite pronoun because of its position as the subject
and it is used alone.
338
D
N
IP
16. Another plane crashed.
Another crashed.
Speaking = Plane is a noun because of its position as the subject and the determiner
Another. Another is an indefinite subject pronoun because of its position as
the subject and it is used alone.
D N
N
IP
N
17. All cats are animals.
All are animals.
Speaking = Cats is a plural noun because of its position as the subject and the determiner
All, and the s ending. Animals is a plural noun because of its position as the
object and the s ending. All is an indefinite pronoun because of its position as
the subject and it is used alone.
Unit 11
D
N
DP
3. These pencils are sharp.
These are sharp.
Speaking = Pencils is a plural noun signaled by the plural determiner These and the s
ending. These is a demonstrative pronoun because of its position and it is used
alone.
D N
D
N
DP
4. That road has many bumps.
That is very true.
Speaking = Road is a noun signaled by the determiner That. Bumps is a plural noun,
because of the plural determiner many and the s ending. That is a
demonstrative pronoun because of its position and it is used alone.
D N Pron.
DP
Pron.
5. This coat is mine.
This is mine.
Speaking = Coat is a noun signaled by the determiner This and the. Mine is an object
pronoun because of its position as the object. This is a demonstrative pronoun
because of its position and it is used alone.
D
N
DP
6. Those apples appear spoiled.
Those appear spoiled.
Speaking = Apples is a plural noun signaled by the plural determiner Those and the s
ending. Those is a demonstrative pronoun because of its position and it is used
alone.
339
D N
D N
DP D
N
7. This lake has many fish.
This is my ball.
Speaking = Lake is a noun signaled by the determiner This. Fish is a plural noun
signaled by the determiner many. This is a demonstrative pronoun because of
its position and it is used alone. Ball is a noun signaled by the determiner my.
D
N
DP
8. Those buildings are tall.
Those are really tall.
Speaking = Buildings is a plural noun signaled by the plural determiner Those and the
s ending. Those is a demonstrative pronoun because of its position and it is
used alone.
D N
DP
9. That picture is unusual.
That is unusual.
Speaking = Picture is a noun signaled by the determiner That. That is a demonstrative
pronoun because of its position and it is used alone.
D
N
DP
10. These books are dusty.
These are dusty.
Speaking = Books is a plural noun signaled by the plural determiner These and the s
ending. These is a demonstrative pronoun because of its position and it is used
alone.
D
N
DP
11. Those dresses are too large.
Those are too large.
Speaking = Dresses is a plural noun signaled by the plural determiner Those and the s
ending. Those is a demonstrative pronoun because of its position and it is used
alone.
D
N
DP D N
12. That movie was good.
That is my house.
Speaking = Move is a noun signaled by the determiner That. That is a demonstrative
pronoun because of its position and it is used alone. House is a noun because of
the determiner my.
D
N
DP
13. This page is torn.
This is torn.
Speaking = Page is a noun signaled by the determiner This ending. This is a
demonstrative pronoun because of its position and it is used alone.
340
Part II Verbs
Unit 1
Pron.V
341
N
V
N
Pron. N
8. Tom grows apples on his farm.
Speaking = Tom is a noun because of its position as the subject. Grows is the verb.
Apples is a noun because of its position as the object. His is an object pronoun
signaling farm the noun.
D N V
D
N
9. The sun rises each morning.
Speaking = Sun is a noun because of its position as the subject signaled by the
determiner The. Rises is the verb. Morning is a noun because of its position as
the object signaled by the determiner each.
Pron. V
Pron.
N
10. We write to them on Tuesday.
Speaking = We is a subject pronoun because of its position. Write is the verb. Them is
an object pronoun because of its position as the object. Tuesday is noun because
of its position as object.
Pron.V Pron.N D
N
11. I see your ball on the field.
Speaking = I is a subject pronoun because of its position as the subject. See is the verb.
Ball is an object signaled by the determiner your. Field is a noun signaled by
the determiner the.
DN V
D N
12 A deer walks near the fence.
Speaking = Deer is a noun because of its position and signaled by the determiner A.
Walks is the verb. Fence is a noun because of its position as the object and
signaled by the determiner the.
D
N V
13. Each boy sings well.
Speaking = Boy is a noun position as the subject signaled by the determiner Each.
Sings is the verb.
342
Pron.
N
V
D N
14. Her brother walks by the church.
Speaking = Brother is a noun because of its position as the subject signaled by the
pronoun Her. Walks is the verb. Church is a noun because of its position as the
object signaled by the determiner the.
Pron. N V
15. My dog barks loudly.
Speaking = Dog is a noun because of its position as the subject signaled by the pronoun
My. Barks is the verb.
Pron. V D
N
16. She tells that story.
Speaking = She is a subject pronoun because of its position as the subject. Tells is the
verb. Story is a noun because of its position as the object signaled by the
determiner that.
D
N V
17. That man plays hard.
Speaking = Man is a noun because of its position as the subject and signaled by
the determiner That. Plays is the verb.
Pron.V N
18. I like pop.
Speaking = I is a subject pronoun because of its position as the subject. Like is the verb.
Pop is a noun because of its position as the object.
Pron. V
D N
19. We enjoy each meal.
Speaking = We is a subject pronoun because of its position as the subject. Enjoy is the
verb. Meal is a noun signaled by the determiner each and its position as the
object.
D
N
V
20. Most children eat slowly.
Speaking = Children is a noun signaled by the determiner Most, and because of
its position as the subject. Eat is the verb.
343
Directions
See if you can find six verbs to fill the position of the blank in this sentence.
I __eat________ candy.
I __make________ candy.
I __buy________ candy.
I __love________ candy.
I __form________ candy.
I __throw________ candy.
Unit 2
Pron.V-ed D N
2. He broke the window.
Speaking = He = a subject pronoun, broke a past tense verb, window a noun signaled
by the determiner the.
D N V-ed D N
3. A bee stung the man.
Speaking = A = a determiner, bee a noun, stung a past tense verb, man a noun signaled
by the determiner the.
N V-ed D N
4. Father bought a tire.
Speaking = Father = a noun because of its position as the subject, bought a past tense
verb, and tire is a noun signaled by the determiner a.
D N V-ed D N
5. The fielder caught the ball.
Speaking = The = a determiner, fielder a noun, caught is a past tense verb, ball a
noun because of the determiner the.
344
D N V-edD N
6. Each child drew a picture.
Speaking = Each = a determiner, child a noun, drew is a past tense verb, picture is a
noun because of the determiner a.
Pron.V-edDN
7. I ate the cake.
Speaking = I = a subject pronoun, ate a past tense verb, cake is a noun signaled
by the determiner the.
N V-ed
D N
8. Jerry fell into the puddle.
Speaking = Jerry = a noun because of its position, fell is a past tense verb, and puddle is
a noun signaled by the determiner the.
D
N V-ed
9. Some players fought hard.
Speaking = Some = a determiner, players a plural noun because of its position and the
ending s, fought is a past tense verb.
D N V-edDN
10. Most people gave a lot.
Speaking = Most = a determiner, people a noun, gave a past tense verb, lot is a noun
signaled by the determiner a.
D N V-ed D N
11. A ship went by the pier.
Speaking = A = a determiner, ship a noun, went a past tense verb, pier a noun signaled
by the determiner the.
D
N
V-ed
12. Many flowers grew slowly.
Speaking = Many = is a determiner, flowers a noun, grew is a past tense verb.
Pron. V-ed
D N
13. We hopped up the steps.
Speaking = We = is a subject pronoun, hopped a past tense verb, step sis a noun
signaled by the determiner the.
345
Pron.V-edD N
14. I knew the poem well.
Speaking = I = a subject pronoun, knew a past tense verb, poem a noun signaled by
the determiner the.
N V-ed
D N
15. John lay there an hour.
Speaking = John = ship a noun because of its position as subject, lay a past tense verb, hour
a noun signaled by the determiner an.
Pron. V-ed
D N
16. She rose from the bed.
Speaking = She = a subject pronoun, rose a past tense verb, bed a noun signaled by the
determiner the.
D
N
V-ed D N
17. Several students knew about it.
Speaking = Several = a determiner, students a noun, knew a past tense verb, it a noun
signaled by the determiner about.
Pron. V-ed Pron.D N
18. They showed us the pictures.
Speaking = They = a subject pronoun, showed a past tense verb, us an object pronoun,
pictures a noun signaled by the determiner the.
D N V-ed
D N
19. The boys swam to the dock.
Speaking = The= a determiner, boys a noun, swam a past tense verb, dock a noun
signaled by the determiner the.
Pron. V-ed D N
20. They bought the house.
Speaking = They = a subject pronoun, bought a past tense verb, house a noun signaled
by the determiner the.
346
Can you now tell the difference between a past tense verb and the
present tense
V-ed
2. Grace wore a hat.
?
= past
V
3. Grace wears a hat.
= present
V
4. I get up early.
= present
V-ed
5. I got up early.
= past
V
6. She springs to the saddle.
= present
V-ed
7. She sprang to the saddle.
= past
V
8. Most parents pay taxes.
= present
V-ed
9. Most parents paid taxes
= past
V
10. Each boy wants the bicycle.
= present
V-ed
11. Each boy wanted the bicycle.
= past
V-ed
12. A thief stole the money.
= past
V
13. He tries hard.
= past
347
V-ed
14. Judy took the bus this morning.
= past
V
15. We dive with glee.
= present
V-ed
16. We dived with glee.
= past
V-ed
17. Tom took the car that night.
= past
V
18. Tom takes it each day.
= present
V-ed
19. Tom took it each day.
= past
V
20. A thief steals the money.
= past
Unit 3
Pron. Aux.V V
2. She can sing very well.
Speaking = She is a subject pronoun, and can sing is a verb phrase.
N
Aux.V V-ed D N
3. Mother has bought the hat.
Speaking = Mother is a noun because of its position as the subject. has bought is a
verb phrase, and hat a noun signaled by the determiner the.
348
D N Aux.V V Pron.
4. The boy might catch us.
Speaking = Boy is a noun because of its position as the subject signaled by the
determiner The. might catch is a verb phrase, and us an object pronoun.
D N Aux.V V
5. Each boy does try hard.
Speaking = Boy is a noun because of its position as the subject and signaled by the
determiner Each. does try is a verb phrase.
D N Aux.V
V D
N
6. The boys should draw the pictures.
Speaking = Boys is a plural noun because of its position as the subject, signaled by the
determiner The, and the s ending. should draw is a verb phrase, and
pictures a plural noun signaled by the determiner the and the s ending.
Pron.Aux.VVD N
7. He will eat the salad.
Speaking = He is a subject pronoun because of its position as the subject. will eat is a
verb phrase, and salad a noun signaled by the determiner the.
D N Aux.V VPron.
8. The men will hear us.
Speaking = Men is a noun because of its position as the subject and signaled by the
determiner the. will heart is a verb phrase, and us an object pronoun
because if its position.
N. Aux. V V
D N
9. Sandy may know about the plans.
Speaking = Sandy is a noun because of its position as the subject. may know is a verb
phrase, and plans a plural noun signaled by the s ending and determiner the.
Pron. Aux. V V D N
10. I can prove that story.
Speaking = I is a subject pronoun because of its position as the subject. can prove
is a verb phrase, and story a noun signaled by the determiner that.
349
D
N. Aux.V V
11. Most children must rise early.
Speaking = Children is a plural noun because of its position as the subject and its form
(child/children).must rise is a verb phrase.
Pron. Aux.VV D N
12. We shall tear the paper.
Speaking = We is a subject pronoun because of its position as the subject. shall tear is
a verb phrase. Paper is a noun signaled by the determiner the.
N Aux. V V D N
13. Joe might write the letter.
Speaking = Joe is a noun because of its position as the subject. might write is a verb
phrase, and letter a noun signaled by the determiner the.
N Aux.VV D
N
14. Chris did write the letter.
Speaking = Chris is a noun because of its position as the subject. did write is a verb
phrase, and letter a noun signaled by the determiner the.
Pron. Aux.VV D N
15. We shall eat our lunch.
Speaking = We is a noun because of its position as the subject. shall eat is a verb
phrase, and lunch a noun signaled by the determiner our.
N Aux.VV D N
16. Tom will sing for us.
Speaking = Tom is a noun because of its position as the subject. will sing is a
verb phrase, and us an object pronoun.
Pron. Aux.VV-ed D
N
17. They have played all morning.
Speaking = They is a subject pronoun because of its position as the subject. have
played is a past tense verb phrase signaled by the ed ending. Morning is a
noun because of its position as the object.
350
D N Aux. VV
18. The skies could clear soon.
Speaking = Skies is a noun because of its position as the subject and signaled by the
determiner The. could clear is a verb phrase.
D
N Aux.V V Pron.
19. Our parents would want it.
Speaking = Parents is a plural noun because of its position as the subject, the s ending,
and signaled by the determiner Our. would want is a verb phrase, and it an
object pronoun.
Pron. Aux.V V D N
20. We shall avoid the problem.
Speaking = We is a subject pronoun because of its position as the subject. shall avoid
is a verb phrase, and problem a noun signaled by the determiner the.
Unit 4
D N
V-en D N
2. The men have taken their cars.
Speaking = Men is a noun indicated by the determiner The, its form (man/men) and
its position as subject, have taken is a past participle. Cars is a plural noun
indicated by the determiner their and the s ending.
Pron. V D
N
3. He has the pencil.
Speaking = He is a subject pronoun indicated by its position, has is a present tense
verb. Pencil is a noun indicated by the determiner the.
Pron. V-en D N
4. He has taken the pencil.
Speaking = He is a subject pronoun indicated by its position, has taken is a past
participle. Pencil is a noun indicated by the determiner the.
351
N V
D N
5. Jim has the letter.
Speaking = Jim is a noun indicated by its position, has is a present tense verb.
Letter is a noun indicated by the determiner the.
N V-en
D N
6. Jim has written the letter.
Speaking = Jim is a noun indicated by its position, has written is a past participle.
Letter is a noun indicated by the determiner the.
D
N V D N
7. Some boys have the prize.
Speaking = Boys is noun indicated by its position signaled by the determiner Some.
Has is a present tense verb. Prize is a noun indicated by the determiner the.
D N
V-en
D N
8. Some boys have taken the prize.
Speaking = Boys is noun indicated by its position signaled by the determiner Some.
Has taken is a past participle. Prize is a noun indicated by the determiner
the.
D
N V D N
9. Each child has a book.
Speaking = Child is a noun indicated by its position and signaled by the determiner
Each, has is a present tense verb. Book is a noun indicated by the
determiner a.
D N V-en D N
10. Each child has read a book.
Speaking = Child is a noun indicated by its position and signaled by the determiner
Each, has read is a past participle. Book is a noun indicated by the
determiner a.
DN V D N
11. A man has the key.
Speaking = Man is a noun indicated by its position and signaled by the determiner
A, has is a present tense verb. Key is a noun indicated by the determiner
the.
352
D N V-en D N
12. A man has taken the key.
Speaking = Man is a noun indicated by its position and signaled by the determiner
A, has is a past participle. Key is a noun indicated by the determiner the.
353
N N-Aux V D N
8. June does rinse the clothes.
Speaking = June is a noun because of its position. Does is a noun auxiliary and rinse a
present tense verb. Clothes is a plural noun signaled by the determiner the and
the s ending.
D
N V D N
9. Several boys do the work.
Speaking = Boys is a plural noun because of its position and the s ending. Do is a
present tense verb. Work is a noun signaled by the determiner the.
D
N N-AuxV
D N
10. Several boys do loaf in the hall.
Speaking = Boys is a plural noun because of its position, signaled by the determiner
Several, and the s ending. Do is a noun auxiliary, and loaf a present tense
verb. Hall is a noun signaled by the determiner the.
D
N N-AuxV
D N
11. Many birds did fly over the house.
Speaking = Birds is a plural noun because of its position, signaled by the determiner
Many, and the s ending. Did is a noun auxiliary in the past tense, and fly a
present tense verb. House is a noun signaled by the determiner the.
Pron. N-Aux V D N
12. We do go in the afternoon.
Speaking = We is a subject pronoun because of its position. Do is a noun auxiliary, and
go a present tense verb. Afternoon is a noun signaled by the determiner the.
Unit 5
D N Be N
3. The boy is Tom.
Speaking = Boy is a noun because of its position and signaled by the determiner
The. Tom is a noun because of its position as the subject.
354
D N Be+V+ing D
N
4. The boy is walking by the house
Speaking = Boy is a noun because of its position and signaled by the determiner The.
is walking is a present participle verb phrase. Tom is a noun because of its
position as the subject.
Pron. Be
D N
5. You are in my seat.
Speaking = You is a subject pronoun. Are is a present tense of the verb to be. Seat is a
noun because of its position as the subject signaled by the determiner my.
Pron. Be+V+ing D N
6. You are sitting in my seat.
Speaking = You is a subject pronoun. are sitting is a present tense verb phrase. Seat is a
noun because of its position as the object signaled by the determiner my.
Pron. Be
7. He was cold.
Speaking = He is a subject pronoun. Was is the past tense of the verb to be.
Pron.Be+V+ingD N
8. He was buying a hat.
Speaking = He is a subject pronoun. was buying is a past tense verb phrase. Hat is a
noun because of its position as the subject and signaled by the determiner a.
D N Be
D
N
9. The men were in the garage.
Speaking = Men is a noun because of its position and signaled by the determiner The.
Were is the past tense of the verb to be. Garage is a noun signaled by the
determiner the.
D N Be+V+ing
D
N
10. The men were going into the house.
Speaking = Men is a noun because of its position and signaled by the determiner The.
were going is a past tense verb phrase. House is a noun signaled by the
determiner the.
355
Pron. Be D N
11. I am a teacher.
Speaking = I is a subject pronoun. Am is the present tense of the verb to be. Teacher is
a noun signaled by the determiner a.
Pron.Be+V+ing Pron.
12. I am teaching you English.
Speaking = I is a subject pronoun. am teaching is the present tense verb phrase.
English is an object pronoun.
Pron.Be D N
13. He is my friend.
Speaking = He is a subject pronoun because of its position. is a present verb tense, of
the verb to be. Friend is a noun signaled by the determiner my and its
position as the object.
Pron.Be+V+ing Pron.
14. He is helping me.
Speaking = He is a subject pronoun because of its position. is helping a present tense
verb phrase, of the verb to be. Me is an object pronoun because of its position
as the object.
Pron. Be
D
N
15. We are in the house.
Speaking = We is a subject pronoun because of its position. Are is a present tense verb.
House is a noun because of its position signaled by the determiner the.
356
357
Try to identify the verb forms in the sentences below. Draw a line to the correct form to match the
symbol.
.
V-ed
Aux.V
Have+en
Be+V+ing
Have+Be+V+ing
Aux.V
DN
V-ed
D N
8. The boys played for an hour.
Pron. V
9. He bowls frequently.
Pron. V-aux V
10. We shall walk rapidly.
N Be+V+ing D N
11. Jean is trying the problem.
Pron. V-auxV D N
12. He did want the present.
N V-aux+V-ed D N
13. Harry has drowned the ants.
Pron. V-aux +V
14. You may go now.
358
D
N V-ed N Pron.
15. Our parents gave it to us.
Pron. V D
N
16. I write every day
Pron. V
17. She smiles often.
Pron.Be+V+ing D N
18. I am writing the paper now.
N Have+Be+V+ing
19. Jerry has been going too.
Pron. V-aux.
20. You do talk quite loud.
Pron. V D N
21. He was my friend.
Pron. V D
N
22. We have the supplies.
Pron. Have+V-en D N
23. They have ridden the horse.
D
N Be+V+ing
24. Our helpers are stopping now.
359
Part III
Unit 1
Prepositions
Identifying Prepositions
sub. V-ed
2. He jumped over the log.
Speaking = He is a simple subject pronoun, jumped is a past tense verb, and over the
log is a prepositional phrase.
sub. V-ed
3. The book dropped on the floor.
Speaking = Book is the simple subject signaled by The, dropped is a past tense verb,
and on the floor a prepositional phrase.
sub. V-ed
4. He sang for me.
Speaking = He is a simple subject pronoun, sang is a past tense verb, and for me is a
prepositional phrase.
sub. V-ed
5. Harry drove into the garage.
Speaking = Harry is a simple subject, drove is a past tense verb, and into the garage is
a prepositional phrase.
sub. V-ed
6. Judy sat near us.
Speaking = Judy is a simple subject, sat is a past tense verb, and near us is a
prepositional phrase.
sub. V-ed
7. We dove off the board.
Speaking = We is a simple subject pronoun, jumped is a past tense verb, and off the
board a prepositional phrase.
360
sub. V-ed
8. They fought for their liberty.
Speaking = He is a simple subject pronoun, jumped is a past tense verb, and for their
liberty a prepositional phrase.
sub. V-ed
9. She smiled at him.
Speaking = She is a simple subject pronoun, smiled is a past tense verb, and at him is a
prepositional phrase.
sub. V-ed
10. The men walked for hours.
Speaking = Men is a simple subject, walked is a past tense verb, and for hours a
prepositional phrase.
sub.
V-ed
11. The boy with the candy was happy.
Speaking = Boy is a simple subject, was is a past tense verb, and with the candy is a
prepositional phrase.
sub.
V
12. The house near us is old.
Speaking = House is a simple subject, is a present tense verb, and near us a
prepositional phrase.
sub.
V-ed
13. The facts of the matter were obvious.
Speaking = Facts is a simple subject, were is a past tense verb, and of the matter
prepositional phrase.
sub. V-ed
14. A deer stood amid the trees.
Speaking = Deer is a simple subject signaled by A, stood is a past tense verb, and
amid the trees a prepositional phrase.
361
sub.
V
15. That road beyond us is long.
Speaking = Road is a simple subject signaled by That, beyond us a prepositional
phrase, is a present tense verb.
sub. Be +V-ed+ ing
16. Several boys were missing from school.
Speaking = Boys is a simple plural subject signaled by Several, were missing is a to be
past tense verb plus ing, and from school is a prepositional phrase.
sub.
V-ed
17. The robin in the nest flew away.
Speaking = Robin is a simple subject signaled by The, in the nest a prepositional
phrase, and flew is a past tense verb.
.
sub.
V-ed
18. The cover of the book was attractive.
Speaking = Cover is a simple subject, of the book a prepositional phrase, and was a
past tense verb.
.
Unit 2
sub. V-ed P OP
2. They talked (to him).
Speaking = They is the simple subject pronoun, talked the past tense verb, and to
him a prepositional phrase.
sub. V-ed P OP
3. The boys left with Gary.
Speaking = Boys is the simple plural subject, left the past tense verb, and with Gary a
prepositional phrase.
sub. V-ed
P OP
4. Some men laughed (at her).
Speaking = Men is the simple plural subject, laughed the past tense verb, and at her a
prepositional phrase.
362
sub. V-ed P
OP
5. Each pole stood (near a house).
Speaking = Pole is the simple subject pronoun, stood the past tense verb, and near a
house a prepositional phrase.
sub. V-ed P OP
6. Scott played (with Tom).
Speaking = Scott is the simple subject pronoun, played the past tense verb, and with
Tom him a prepositional phrase.
sub. V-ed
OP
363
sub. V
P OP
OP
2. Jack went (with him and me).
sub. V
P OP
OP
3. Mother looked (for shoes and a dress).
sub. V
P
OP
OP
4. He read (about cowboys and cattle).
sub. V
P OP
OP
5. It depends (upon him and me).
sub. V
P OP
OP
6. It looked (like rain or snow).
sub.
V
P
OP
OP
7. We played against Tom and Bill.
sub. V P OP
OP
8. I sat behind Sue and Jane.
In these sentences, watch for phrasal prepositions.
sub.V-ed P
OP
2. I did it in spite of her.
sub. V-ed
P
OP
3. It happened because of him.
sub. V-ed P
OP
4. He went by means of a car.
sub. V-ed P OP
5. They sat ahead of us.
sub. V-ed P
OP
6. We left in spite of the weather.
364
D
N
LV Adj.
2. The clouds (in the sky) are pretty.
Speaking = Clouds is the plural subject signaled by The, are is the verb, in the
sky a prepositional phrase. Are is in our list followed by pretty, which is a
predicate adjective, which helps us understand the subject clouds.
Pron. LV Be+en Adj.
3. She has been quiet (for a minute).
Speaking = She is a subject pronoun, has been is the verb, and for a minute a
prepositional phrase. has been is in our list followed by quiet, which is a
predicate adjective, which helps us understand the subject She.
Pron. V
LV Adj.
4. It does smell good (to me).
Speaking = It is the subject pronoun, does smell is the verb phrase, and to me a
prepositional phrase. Does smell is in our list followed by good, which is a
predicate adjective, which helps us understand the subject It.
D
N LV Adj.
5. The dress looks lovely (on you).
Speaking = Dress is the subject signaled by the, looks is the verb, and on you a
prepositional phrase. Looks is in our list followed by pretty, which is a predicate
adjective, which helps us understand the subject dress.
365
D
N
LV
Adj.
6. That horn sounds awful (to us).
Speaking = Horn is the subject signaled by That, sounds is the verb, and to
us a prepositional phrase. Sounds is in our list followed by awful, which is a
predicate adjective, which helps us understand the subject That.
Pron. Be
Adj.
7. He will be good (for an hour).
Speaking = He is a subject pronoun, will be is the verb, and for an hour a
prepositional phrase. will be is in our list followed by good, which is a predicate
adjective, which helps us understand the subject clouds.
D
N LV Adj.
8. The children are noisy.
Speaking = Children is the plural subject signaled by The, are is the verb. Are is in
our list followed by pretty, which is a predicate adjective, which helps us
understand the subject children. There is no prepositional phrase.
Note: Every sentence does not have a prepositional phrase
method to the sentences below.
D
N
V-ed Adj.
9. The food (on the table) was delicious.
Speaking = Food is the subject signaled by The, was is the past tense verb, and on
the table a prepositional phrase. Was is in our list followed by delicious, which is
a predicate adjective, which helps us understand the subject food.
N LV Adj.
10. Tom is handsome.
Speaking = Tom is the subject, is the verb, Is is in our list followed by handsome,
which is a predicate adjective, which helps us understand the subject Tom. There
is no prepositional phrase.
D
N
LV Adj.
11. The picture (on the wall) is pretty.
Speaking = Picture is the subject signaled by The, is the verb, and on the wall a
prepositional phrase. is is in our list followed by pretty, which is a predicate
adjective, which helps us understand the subject picture.
366
D
N
LV Adj.
12. The problems seem hard.
Speaking = Problems is the plural subject signaled by The, seem is the verb. Seem
is in our list followed by hard, which is a predicate adjective, which helps us
understand the subject problems. There is no prepositional phrase.
N Be + en Adj.
13. Tommy has been ill (for a week).
Speaking = Tommy is the subject, has been is the verb, and for a week a
prepositional phrase. has been is in our list followed by ill, which is a predicate
adjective, which helps us understand the subject Tommy.
Pron. LV-ed Adj.
14. She remained quiet (during the class).
Speaking = She is the subject pronoun, remained is the past tense verb, during the
class a prepositional phrase. Remained is in our list followed by quiet, which is a
predicate adjective, which helps us understand the subject She.
Pron. LV Adj.
15. I feel good (in the morning).
Speaking = I is the subject pronoun, feel is the verb, and in the morning a
prepositional phrase. Feel is in our list followed by good, which is a predicate
adjective, which helps us understand the subject I.
D
N LV Adj.
16. Some men look old (at thirty).
Speaking = Men is the plural subject signaled by Some, look is the verb, and at
thirty a prepositional phrase. Look is in our list followed by old, which is a
predicate adjective, which helps us understand the subject men.
D
N
LV Adj.
17. The problems could be hard (for us).
Speaking = Problems is the plural subject signaled by The, be is the verb, for us a
prepositional phrase. Be is in our list followed by hard, which is a predicate
adjective, which helps us understand the subject problems.
367
N Be-ed+en Adj.
18. Joe had been noisy (in the room).
Speaking = Joe is the subject, had been is the past tense verb, in the room a
prepositional phrase. Had been is in our list followed by noisy, which is a
predicate adjective, which helps us understand the subject Joe.
D
N LV Adj.
19. Some girls appear selfish.
Speaking = Girls is the plural subject signaled by Some, appear is the verb. Appear is
in our list followed by selfish, which is a predicate adjective which, helps us
understand the subject girls. There is no prepositional phrase.
D N
LV-ed
Adj.
20. The boys continued confident.
Speaking = Boys is the plural subject signaled by The, continued is the past
tense verb. Continued is in our list followed by confident, which is a predicate
adjective, which helps us understand the subject boys.
Unit 2
sub.
LV PN
2. The boy (on the raft) is Jerry.
Speaking = Boy is the subject, is the verb, and on the raft a prepositional
phrase. Is is in the list of linking verbs and is followed by Jerry, a
predicate noun, that tells us about or refers to the subject boy.
sub. LV-ed PN
3. It was Judy (with me).
Speaking = It is the subject pronoun, was the verb, and with me a prepositional
phrase. was is in the list of linking verbs and is followed by Judy, a predicate
noun, that tells us about or refers to the subject boy.
sub. LV
PN
4. Helen is the mother (in the play).
Speaking = Helen is the subject, is the verb, and in the play a prepositional phrase. Is
is in the list of linking verbs and is followed by mother, a predicate noun, that
tells us about or refers to the subject Helen.
368
sub. LV PN
5. That is Shirley (at the door).
Speaking = That is the subject, is the verb, and at the door a prepositional phrase.
Is is in the list of linking verbs and is followed by Shirley, a predicate noun, that
tells us about or refers to the subject That.
sub. LV+be PN
6. He will be the hero (of the hour).
Speaking = He is the subject, will be the verb, and of the hour a prepositional
phrase. Is is in the list of linking verbs and is followed by hero, a predicate
noun, that tells us about or refers to the subject He.
sub. LV PN
7. I am a player (on the team).
Speaking = I is the subject pronoun, am the verb, and on the team a prepositional
phrase. Is is in the list of linking verbs and is followed by player, a predicate
noun, that tells us about or refers to the subject I.
sub. LV
PN
8. Those men are friends (of mine).
Speaking = Men is the plural subject, are the verb, and of mine a prepositional
phrase. Are is in the list of linking verbs and is followed by friends, a predicate
noun that tells us about or refers to the subject men.
sub. LV
PN
9. The boy continued (to be) my helper. (to be is understood)
Speaking = Boy is the subject, continued the verb. Continued is in the list of linking
verbs and is followed by helper, a predicate noun that tells us about or refers to
the subject boy.
sub.
LV
PN
10. Harold seemed a stranger (to us).
Speaking = Harold is the subject, seemed the verb, and to us a prepositional phrase.
Is is in the list of linking verbs and is followed by stranger, a predicate noun,
that tells us about or refers to the subject Harold.
369
sub. LV-ed
PN
11. I remained his friend (for years).
Speaking = I is the subject pronoun, remained the past tense verb, and for years a
prepositional phrase. Remained is in the list of linking verbs and is followed by
friend, a predicate noun, that tells us about or refers to the subject I.
sub. LV-ed PN
12. The car looked a wreck (to him).
Speaking = Car is the subject, looked the verb, and to him a prepositional phrase.
Looked is in the list of linking verbs and is followed by wreck, a predicate noun,
that tells us about or refers to the subject car.
sub. LV-ed PN
13. That was Jane (in the hall).
Speaking = That is the subject, was a past tense verb, and in the hall a prepositional
phrase. was is in the list of linking verbs and is followed by Jane, a predicate
noun, that tells us about or refers to the subject That.
sub. LV+Be PN
14. Joe will be a friend (of mine).
Speaking = Joe is the subject, will be the verb, and of mine a prepositional phrase.
will be is in the list of linking verbs and is followed by friend, a predicate noun,
that tells us about or refers to the subject Joe.
sub. LV-ed PN
15. Jim appeared a liar (to the man).
Speaking = Jim is the subject, appeared a past tense verb, and to the man a
prepositional phrase. Appeared is in the list of linking verbs and is followed by
liar, a predicate noun, that tells us about or refers to the subject Jim.
sub. LV
PN
16. That man became a beggar.
Speaking = Man is the subject, became the verb. Became is in the list of linking
verbs and is followed by Jerry, a predicate noun, that tells us about or refers to
the subject man. There is no prepositional phrase.
370
sub. LV PN
17. She became the hostess (for the day).
Speaking = She is the subject pronoun, became the verb, and for the day a
prepositional phrase. Became is in the list of linking verbs and is followed by
hostess, a predicate noun, that tells us about or refers to the subject She.
sub.
LV-ed PN
18. The cat (on the fence) was Tammy.
Speaking = Cat is the subject, was a past tense verb, and on the fence a
prepositional phrase. Was is in the list of linking verbs and is followed by
Tammy, a predicate noun, that tells us about or refers to the subject cat.
sub. LV-ed
PN
19. Joe seemed a stranger (to them).
Speaking = Joe is the subject, seemed a past tense verb, and to them a prepositional
phrase. Seemed is in the list of linking verbs and is followed by stranger, a
predicate noun, that tells us about or refers to the subject Joe.
sub.
LV-ed
PN
20. The building appeared a success.
Speaking = Building is the subject, appeared a past tense verb. Appeared is in the
list of linking verbs and is followed by success, a predicate noun, that tells us
about or refers to the subject building. There is no prepositional phrase.
sub.
LV PN
21. The dog became my pal (for the day).
Speaking = Dog is the subject, became the verb, and for the day a prepositional
phrase. Became is in the list of linking verbs and is followed by pal, a predicate
noun, that tells us about or refers to the subject dog.
sub. LV+en
PN
22. The boy has been a neighbor (to me).
Speaking = Boy is the subject, has been the verb, and to me a prepositional phrase.
Has been is in the list of linking verbs and is followed by neighbor, a predicate
noun, that tells us about or refers to the subject boy.
371
Section 2
sub. LV Pron.
2. That was they (by the house).
sub. LV Pron.
3. The man was he by the car.
sub.
LV Pron.
4. The man by the car was he.
sub. LV Pron.
5. That is he with my father.
sub.LV Pron.
6. It is they near the school.
sub. LV-ed Pron.
7. It was she on the stage.
sub. V Pron.
8. This is I.
sub. LV Pron.
9. It was they beyond the hill.
sub. V Pron.
10. This is he.
sub. LV Pron.
11. That was she in the kitchen.
sub. LV Pron.
12. It is they behind us.
372
Unit 3
sub. V-t
DO
2. An accident caused the trouble for us.
Speaking = Accident is the subject, caused is verb, and for us is a prepositional
phrase. Caused is a linking verb because there is a prepositional phrase. It is
transitive, followed by the direct object trouble.
sub. V-t DO
3. Jack threw a curve at me.
Speaking = Jack is the subject, threw is the verb, and at me is a prepositional phrase.
Threw is a linking verb because there is a prepositional phrase. It is transitive,
followed by the direct object curve.
sub.V-t DO
4. He hit the ball across the field.
Speaking = He is the subject pronoun, hit is the verb, and across the field is a
prepositional phrase. Hit is a linking verb because there is a prepositional phrase.
It is transitive, followed by the direct object ball.
sub.
V-t
DO
5. The fielder caught the fly.
Speaking = Fielder is the subject, caught is the verb. Caught is not a linking verb
because there is not a prepositional phrase. It is transitive, followed by the direct
object fly.
sub. V-t
DO
6. Jim recited his piece at home.
Speaking = Jim is the subject, recited is the verb, and at home is a prepositional
phrase. Recited is a linking verb because there is a prepositional phrase. It is
transitive, followed by the direct object piece.
sub. V-t
DO
7. She studied her lesson at noon.
Speaking = She is a subject pronoun, studied is the verb, and at noon is a
prepositional phrase. Studied is a linking verb because there is a prepositional
phrase. It is transitive, followed by the direct object lesson.
373
sub. V-t
DO
8. Father burned the papers.
Speaking = Father is the subject, burned is the verb. Burned is not a linking verb
because there is not a prepositional phrase. It is transitive, followed by the direct
object papers.
sub. V-t
DO
9. Tom sold his bicycle to him.
Speaking = Tom is the subject, sold is the verb, and to him is a prepositional phrase.
Sold is a linking verb because there is a prepositional phrase. It is transitive,
followed by the direct object bicycle.
sub. V-t DO
10. The boys built a dam across the pond.
Speaking = Boys is the subject, built is the verb, and across the pond is a
prepositional phrase. Built is a linking verb because there is a prepositional
phrase. It is transitive, followed by the direct object dam.
sub. V-t
DO
11. Some girls picked the daisies.
Speaking = Girls is the subject, picked is the verb. Picked is not a linking verb because
there is not a prepositional phrase. It is transitive, followed by the direct object
daisies.
sub. V-t
DO
12. The men grabbed their axes.
Speaking = Men is the plural subject, grabbed is the verb. Grabbed is not a
linking verb because there is not a prepositional phrase. It is transitive,
followed by the direct object axes.
sub. V-t DO
13. He shot a deer in the woods.
Speaking = He is a subject pronoun, shot is the verb, and in the woods is a
prepositional phrase. Shot is a linking verb because there is a prepositional
phrase. It is transitive, followed by the direct object deer.
374
sub. V-t
DO
14. The child found his mother.
Speaking = Child is the subject, found is the verb. Found is not a linking verb
because there is a prepositional phrase. It is transitive, followed by the direct
object mother.
sub. V-t
DO
15. Fred drove the nails.
Speaking = Fred is the subject, drove is the verb. Drove is not a linking verb because
there is not a prepositional phrase. It is transitive, followed by the direct object
nails.
sub. V-t DO
16. The maid served tea at night.
Speaking = Maid is the subject, served is the verb, and at night is a prepositional
phrase. Served is a linking verb because there is a prepositional phrase. It is
transitive, followed by the direct object tea.
sub. V-t DO
17. She lost a dime at the store.
Speaking = She is a subject pronoun, lost is the verb, and at the store is a
prepositional phrase. Lost is a linking verb because there is a prepositional
phrase. It is transitive, followed by the direct object dime.
sub. V-t DO
18. Tom tore his paper into shreds.
Speaking = Tom is the subject, tore is the verb, and into shreds is a prepositional
phrase. Tore is a linking verb because there is a prepositional phrase. It is
transitive, followed by the direct object paper.
sub. V-t DO
19. Sue baked a cake for me.
Speaking = Sue is the subject, baked is the verb, and for me is a prepositional phrase.
Baked is a linking verb because there is a prepositional phrase. It is transitive,
followed by the direct object cake.
375
sub. V-t
DO
20. He threw the eraser to me.
Speaking = He is a subject pronoun, threw is the verb, and to me is a prepositional
phrase. Threw is a linking verb because there is a prepositional phrase. It is
transitive, followed by the direct object eraser.
Because pronouns can substitute for nouns, pronouns can substitute for nouns in the
direct object position.
sub. V-t DO
2. A bee stung me (on my arm).
sub. V-t DO
3. He pushed us (into the water).
sub. V-t
DO
4. Sue told them (about it).
sub. V-t
DO
5. Joe grabbed him (by the collar).
sub. V-t DO
6. Mother told her (about it).
sub.V-tDO
7. I saw it (in the woods).
Notice that the verbs are most often past tense, when using the Direct Object.
Unit 4
sub. V-g I0
DO
2. She gave me an apple (at noon).
Speaking = She is the subject, gave the verb, at noon is a prepositional phrase. The verb
is not linking, but it is transitive with apple the direct object and me the
indirect object.
376
sub.
V-g I0 DO
3. The man (at the dock) showed us a boat.
Speaking = Man is the subject, showed the verb, at the dock is a prepositional phrase.
The verb is not linking, but it is transitive with boat the direct object and us the
indirect object.
sub. V-g I0
DO
4. Father carved John a whistle.
Speaking = Father is the subject, carved the verb. The verb is not linking, but it is
transitive with whistle the direct object, and John the indirect object. There is
no prepositional phrase.
Sub. V-g
I0
DO
5. He told them the lesson (for the day).
Speaking = He is the subject, told the verb, for the day is a prepositional phrase. The
verb is not linking, but it is transitive with lesson the direct object and them
the indirect object.
sub. V-g I0
DO
6. Mary wrote Jane a letter (about home).
Speaking = Mary is the subject, wrote the verb, about home is a prepositional phrase.
The verb is not linking, but it is transitive with letter the direct object and Jane
the indirect object.
sub. V-g I0 DO
7. The usher found us a seat (in front).
Speaking = Usher is the subject, found the verb, in front is a prepositional phrase. The
verb is not linking, but it is transitive with apple the direct object and us the
indirect object.
sub.
V-g I0
DO
8. The girl (near us) gave me the book.
Speaking = Girl is the subject, gave the verb, near us is a prepositional phrase.
The verb is not linking, but it is transitive with book the direct object
and me the indirect object.
377
sub. V-g I0 DO
9. Father bought Tom a suit.
Speaking = Father is the subject, bought the verb. The verb is not linking, but it is
transitive with apple the direct object and Tom the indirect object.
sub. V-g
I0
DO
10. June gave her sister a dime (for pop).
Speaking = June is the subject, gave the verb, for pop is a prepositional phrase. The verb
is not linking, but it is transitive with dime the direct object and sister the
indirect object.
sub. V-g I0 DO
11. We sent Sue a note (about the meeting).
Speaking = We is the subject, sent the verb, about the meeting is a prepositional phrase.
The verb is not linking, but it is transitive with note the direct object and Sue
the indirect object.
sub.
V-g I0 DO
12. The boy (near us) gave me a ball.
Speaking = Boy is the subject, gave the verb, near us is a prepositional phrase. The verb
is not linking, but it is transitive with ball the direct object and me the indirect
object.
sub. V-g I0 DO
13. Harry gave Jim a push (into the water).
Speaking = Harry is the subject, gave the verb, into the water is a prepositional phrase.
The verb is not linking, but it is transitive with push the direct object and me
the indirect object.
sub. V-g I0 DO
4. Hazel typed me a letter (of thanks).
Speaking = Hazel is the subject, typed the verb, of thanks is a prepositional phrase. The
verb is not linking, but it is transitive with letter the direct object and me the
indirect object.
378
sub. V-g I0
DO
15. I told her the story (at night).
Speaking = I is the subject, told the verb, at night is a prepositional phrase. The verb is
not linking, but it is transitive with story the direct object and her the indirect
object.
sub. V-g I0
DO
16. My father found me the job.
Speaking = Father is the subject, found the verb. The verb is not linking, but it is
transitive with job the direct object and me the indirect object. There is no
prepositional phrase.
sub. V-g
I0
DO
17. I have given him a picture (of me).
Speaking = I is the subject, have given the verb, of me is a prepositional phrase. The
verb is not linking, but it is transitive with picture the direct object and him the
indirect object.
sub. V-g I0
DO
18. He owes me the money (for it).
Speaking = He is the subject, owes the verb, for it is a prepositional phrase. The verb is
not linking, but it is transitive with money the direct object and me the indirect
object.
sub. V-g I0
DO
19. He gave me the painting.
Speaking = He is the subject, gave the verb. The
verb is not linking, but it is transitive
with painting the direct object and me the indirect object.
sub. V-g I0 DO
20. The baker sold us a cake.
Speaking = Baker is the subject, sold the verb. The verb is not linking, but it is transitive
with cake the direct object and us the indirect object.
379
Unit 5
sub.
VI
Adv.
2. The chipmunk chattered (loudly).
Speaking = Chipmunk is the subject, chattered is the verb. There are no prepositional
phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive, but it is intransitive, followed
by the adverb loudly.
sub. VI Adv.
3. Harry walked (in).
Speaking = Harry is the subject, walked is the verb. There are no prepositional phrases.
The verb is neither linking nor transitive, but it is intransitive, followed by the
adverb in.
sub. VI
Adv.
4. We traveled (slowly).
Speaking = We is the subject, traveled is the verb. There are no prepositional phrases.
The verb is neither linking nor transitive, but it is intransitive, followed by the
adverb slowly.
sub. VI Adv.
5. Tom ran (quickly).
Speaking = Tom is the subject, ran is the verb. There are no prepositional phrases. The
verb is neither linking nor transitive, but it is intransitive, followed by the adverb
quickly.
sub. VI Adv.
6. Tom ran (fast).
Speaking = Tom is the subject, ran is the verb. There are no prepositional phrases. The
verb is neither linking nor transitive, but it is intransitive, followed by the adverb
fast.
sub.
VI
Adv.
7. The students danced (merrily).
Speaking = Students is the subject, stayed is the verb. There are no prepositional
phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive, but it is intransitive,
followed by the adverb merrily.
380
sub.
VI Adv.
8. They will leave (soon).
Speaking = They is the subject pronoun, will leave is the verb phrase. There are no
prepositional phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive, but it is
intransitive, followed by the adverb soon.
sub. VI
Adv.
9. She laughed (quietly).
Speaking = She is the subject pronoun, laughed is the verb. There are no prepositional
phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive, but it is intransitive, followed
by the adverb quietly.
sub. VI
Adv.
10. The boy stumbled (onward).
Speaking = Boy is the subject, stumbled is the verb. There are no prepositional phrases.
The verb is neither linking nor transitive, but it is intransitive, followed by the
adverb onward.
sub. VI
Adv.
11. Many boys waited (patiently).
Speaking = Boys is the plural subject, waited is the verb. There are no prepositional
phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive, but it is intransitive, followed
by the adverb patiently.
sub. VI Adv.
12. The sun rises (slowly).
Speaking = Sun is the subject, rises is the verb. There are no prepositional phrases. The
verb is neither linking nor transitive, but it is intransitive, followed by the adverb
slowly.
Note: Remember that the word lists in this book are only examples and
that usually there are many more words like them.
381
Now see how many adverbs you can write to fit in the blank below.
The boy ran slowly
quickly
sweetly
now
soon
always
here
out
not
too
almost
Summary Pattern #6
D
sub. LV D
N
P
OP
2. My father was the president (of the club).
(predicate noun pattern)
Speaking = Father is the subject signaled by My, was is the verb, of the club is a
prepositional phrase. was is in our list of linking verbs followed by president, a
noun signaled by the.
D sub. P
OP V-t
D DO
3. The ship (at the dock) bumped our boat.
(direct object pattern)
Speaking = Ship is the subject, bumped is a past tense verb, at the dock is a
prepositional phrase. bumped is a transitive verb followed by boat, and
signaled by the determiner our.
D sub. LV IO D DO P
OP
4. A man told Tom the story (of the event).
(indirect object pattern)
Speaking = Man is the subject, told is the verb, of the event is a prepositional phrase.
Told is in our list of linking verbs followed by story, a predicate adjective.
382
D sub. VI Adv.
5. The pencil lay there.
(adverb pattern)
Speaking = Pencil is the subject signaled by The, lay is a linking verb, followed by
there, an adverb.
D sub. VI
Adv. P
D OP
6. His dog trotted quietly (down the street).
(adverb pattern)
Speaking = Dog is the subject signaled by the determiner His, trotted is a linking
verb, followed by quietly an adverb. Down the road is a prepositional phrase.
sub. V-g IO D DO P
OP
7. He gave us a lecture (about safety).
(indirect object pattern)
Speaking = He is a subject pronoun, gave is the verb, about safety is a prepositional
phrase. gave is a non- transitive verbs followed by us the indirect object.
Lecture is the direct object.
sub.
LV
Adj. P
D
OP
8. Jean appeared happy (about our plans).
(predicate adjective pattern)
Speaking = Jean is the subject, appeared is the verb, about our plans is a
prepositional phrase. appeared is in our list of linking verbs followed by happy,
an predicate adjective.
D sub. V-t D DO
9. Each boy took his book (to the library).
(direct object pattern)
Speaking = Boy is the subject signaled by the determiner Each, took is a transitive
verb, to the library is a prepositional phrase. Book is a direct object adjective.
sub. LV D N
10. Jim was the leader (of the group).
(predicate noun pattern)
Speaking = Jim is the subject, was is the verb, of the group is a prepositional phrase.
Was is in our list of linking verbs followed by leader, a noun.
Pron. VI
Adv.
P OP
11. She walked gracefully (to him).
(adverb pattern)
Speaking = She is the subject pronoun, walked is a linking verb, to him is a
prepositional phrase. Gracefully is an adverb.
383
D sub. LV PAdj.P D OP
12. The bread tastes good (to the boys).
(predicate noun pattern)
Speaking = Bread is the subject, tastes is the verb, to the boys is a prepositional
phrase. tastes is in our list of linking verbs followed by good, a predicate
adjective.
Pron. V-t D DO P OP
13. We wanted the paper (by noon).
(direct object pattern)
Speaking = We is the subject, wanted is a past tense transitive verb, by noon is
a prepositional phrase. Paper is a direct object.
sub. P OP LV P.Adj.
14. The girl (near me) is Susan.
(predicate adjective pattern)
Speaking = Girl is the subject, is a present tense verb, near me is a prepositional
phrase. is is in our list of linking verbs followed by Susan an adjective.
Pron. VI Adv. P D OP
15. We left early (for the fair).
(adverb pattern)
Speaking = We is the subject, left is a linking verb, for the fair is a prepositional phrase.
Early is an adverb.
sub. V-t D DO P OP
16. Grace drove the car (to church).
(direct object pattern)
Speaking = Grace is the subject. Drove is an intransitive verb, to the church is a
prepositional phrase. Car is a direct object.
sub. V-t DO P OP
17. Mother told Harold (about it).
(direct object pattern)
Speaking = Mother is the subject, told a transitive verb, about it is a prepositional
phrase. Harold is a direct object.
Pron. LV P.Adj.
18. You look unhappy.
(predicate adjective pattern)
Speaking = You is the subject, look is the verb. look is in our list of linking verbs
followed by unhappy, a predicate adjective. There is no prepositional phrase.
384
Pron. LV
D N
P D OP
19. He became the leader (of the boys).
(predicate noun pattern)
Speaking = He is the subject pronoun, became a linking verb, of the boys is a
prepositional phrase. became is in our list of linking verbs followed by leader, a
noun signaled by the, a determiner.
sub. VI
Adv.
20. June talked happily.
(adverb pattern)
Speaking = June is the subject, talked a linking verb. Happily is an adverb. There is no
prepositional phrase.
sub. V
21. Birds fly.
(This can end up as any of the listed)
Speaking = Birds is a plural subject, fly is a verb. The object is assumed, but not stated or
written.
sub. V-g IO D
DO
22. Sue gave me the information.
(indirect object pattern)
Speaking = Sue is the subject, gave is the verb. Me is an indirect object. Information is
the direct object. There is no prepositional phrase.
Pron. LV
D N
P OP
23. He remained my friend (for years).
(predicate noun pattern)
Speaking = He is a subject pronoun, remained is a linking verb followed by friend. For
years is a prepositional phrase.
Pron. V-t DO P D OP
24. I pushed him (into the lake).
(direct object pattern)
Speaking = I is the subject pronoun, pushed is a transitive verb, into the lake is a
prepositional phrase. Him is a direct object pronoun.
D sub. LV P.Adj.
25. Some trees seem tall.
(predicate adjective pattern)
Speaking = Tress is a plural subject signaled by Some, seem is the verb. Seem is in
our list of linking verbs followed by tall, a predicate adjective. There is no
prepositional phrase.
385
D sub. VI Adv.
26. Some trees fell down.
(adverb pattern)
Speaking = Trees is the plural subject signaled by Some. Fell is a linking verb, and
down an adverb. There is no prepositional phrase.
D sub. V-t D DO
27. The trees hit the ground.
(direct object pattern)
Speaking = Trees is the subject signaled by The. Hit is the verb. Ground is a direct
object. There is no prepositional phrase.
D sub.
LV Adj.
28. The bread smells good (to us).
(predicate adjective pattern)
Speaking = Bread is the subject signaled by The. Smells is a linking verb, to us is a
prepositional phrase. Smells is in our list of linking verbs followed by good, an
adjective.
D sub. LV D N P OP
29. Each boy took his pen (with him).
(predicate noun pattern)
Speaking = Boy is the subject signaled by Each, took is a linking verb followed by a
noun pen, with him is a prepositional phrase.
Unit 6
Pron.LV P.Adj
3. She is lovely.
Speaking = She is the subject pronoun, is the verb, and there are no prepositional
phrases. Is is in the list of linking verbs followed by lovely, which describes
the subject. Is is therefore a linking verb in this sentence.
Pron. VI
4. She is (in the pool).
Speaking = Man is the subject, is the verb. in the pool is a prepositional phrase. Is is
in the list of linking verbs but there is no predicate word after it, which describes
or refers to the subject. Is therefore is not linking in this sentence.
386
D N
LV P.Adj
5. The candy tastes good.
Speaking = Candy is the subject, tastes the verb, and there are no prepositional
phrases. Tastes is in the list of linking verbs followed by good, which
describes the subject. Tastes is therefore a linking verb in this sentence.
D N VI
D N
6. The boys tasted the candy.
Speaking = Boys is the subject, tasted the verb. There are no prepositional phrases.
Tasted is in the list of linking verbs, but there is no predicate word after it,
which describes or refers to the subject. Is therefore is not linking in this
sentence.
N
LV
D P.Adj.
7. Jim has been our chairman.
Speaking = Jim is the subject, has been the verb, and there are no prepositional
phrases. Has been is in the list of linking verbs followed by chairman, which
describes the subject. Has been is therefore a linking verb in this sentence.
N
VI
8. Jim has been (with me).
Speaking = Jim is the subject, has been the verb, and with me a prepositional phrase.
Has been is in the list of linking verbs, but there is no predicate word after it
which describes or refers to the subject. Has been therefore is not linking in
this sentence.
Pron. VI
9. They are young.
Speaking = They is the subject pronoun, are the verb, and there are no prepositional
phrases. Are is in the list of linking verbs followed by young, which describes
the subject. Is is therefore a linking verb in this sentence.
Pron. LV
10. They are (in the kitchen).
Speaking = They is the subject pronoun, are the verb, and in the kitchen is a
prepositional phrase. Are is in the list of linking verbs, but there is no predicate
word after it which describes or refers to the subject. Are therefore is not
linking in this sentence.
387
D
N
LV P.Adj.
11. The clock (on the wall) was large.
Speaking = Clock is the subject, was the verb, and on the wall is a prepositional
phrase. Was is in the list of linking verbs followed by large, which describes
the subject. Has been is therefore a linking verb in this sentence.
D
N VI
12. The clock was (on the wall).
Speaking = Clock is the subject, was the verb, and on the wall is a prepositional
phrase. Was is in the list of linking verbs, but there is no predicate word after it
which describes or refers to the subject. Was therefore is not linking in this
sentence.
D N LV P.Adj
13. The boys feel happy.
Speaking = Boys is the subject, feel the verb, and there are no prepositional phrases.
Feel is in the list of linking verbs followed by happy, which describes the
subject. Feel is therefore a linking verb in this sentence.
D
N
VI D N
14. The salesman felt the cloth.
Speaking = Salesman is the subject, felt the verb, and there are no prepositional
phrases. Felt is in the list of linking verbs but there is no predicate word after it
which describes or refers to the subject. Felt therefore is not linking in this
sentence.
Pron. VI
15. It sounds good (to me).
Speaking = Man is the subject, sounds the verb, and to me a prepositional phrase.
Sounds is in the list of linking verbs, but there is no predicate word after it
which describes or refers to the subject. Sounds therefore is not linking in this
sentence.
388
N
VI
D N
16. John sounded the horn.
Speaking = John is the subject, sounded the verb, and there are no prepositional
phrases. Sounded is in the list of linking verbs, but there is no predicate word
after it which describes or refers to the subject. Sounded therefore is not
linking in this sentence.
D
N
LV P.Adj.
17. The perfume smells good.
Speaking = Perfume is the subject, smells the verb, and there are no prepositional
phrases. Smells is in the list of linking verbs, followed by good, which
describes the subject. Smells is therefore a linking verb in this sentence.
Pron. VI
D
N
18. He smelled the perfume.
Speaking = He is the subject pronoun, smelled the verb, and there are no
prepositional phrases. Smelled is in the list of linking verbs, but there is no
predicate word after it which describes or refers to the subject. Smelled is
therefore is not linking in this sentence.
D N LV P.Adj
19. His father grew old.
Speaking = Father is the subject, grew the verb, and there are no prepositional
phrases. Grew is in the list of linking verbs followed by old, which describes
the subject. Grew is therefore a linking verb in this sentence.
D N
VI D
N
20. His father grew some tomatoes.
Speaking = Father is the subject, grew the verb, and there are no prepositional
phrases. Grew is in the list of linking verbs, but there is no predicate word after
it which describes or refers to the subject. Grew is therefore is not linking in
this sentence.
D
N
LV P.Adj
21. The weather continued cold.
Speaking = Weather is the subject, continued the verb, and there are no prepositional
phrases. Continued is in the list of linking verbs followed by cold, which
describes the subject. Continued is therefore a linking verb in this sentence.
389
D N
VI
D
N
22. The students continued the lesson.
Speaking = Students is the subject, continued the verb, and there are no
prepositional phrases. continued is in the list of linking verbs, but there is no
predicate word after it which describes or refers to the subject. Continued is
therefore is not linking in this sentence.
Pron. VI
D
N
23. She turned the switch (on the stove).
Speaking = She is the subject pronoun, turned the verb, and on the stove is a
prepositional phrase. Turned is in the list of linking verbs, but there is no
predicate word after it which describes or refers to the subject. Are therefore
is not linking in this sentence.
D
N
LV P.Adj
24. The weather turned cold.
Speaking = Weather is the subject, turned the verb, and there are no prepositional
phrases. Turned is in the list of linking verbs followed by cold, which
describes the subject. Turned is therefore a linking verb in this sentence.
Pron.
LV D P.Adj.
25. It could be the man.
Speaking = It is the subject pronoun, be the verb, and there are no prepositional
phrases. Be is in the list of linking verbs, followed by man, which describes
the subject. Be is therefore a linking verb in this sentence.
N
VI
26. Jerry could be outside.
Speaking = Jerry is the subject, be the verb, and there are no prepositional phrases.
Be is in the list of linking verbs, but there is no predicate word after it which
describes or refers to the subject. Be therefore is not linking in this sentence.
Pron.
VI
27. He could be (in the house).
Speaking = He is the subject pronoun, be the verb, and in the house a prepositional
phrases. Be is in the list of linking verbs, but there is no predicate word after it
which describes or refers to the subject. Be therefore is not linking in this
sentence.
390
Pron.VI P.Adj.
28. It was he (near us).
Speaking = It is the subject pronoun, was the verb, and near us is a prepositional
phrase. Was is in the list of linking verbs, followed by he, which describes the
subject. Was is therefore a linking verb in this sentence.
D N VI
29. The men were (near us).
Speaking = Men is the subject, were the verb, and near us is a prepositional phrase.
Were is in the list of linking verbs, but there is no predicate word after it which
describes or refers to the subject. Be therefore is not linking in this sentence.
D N LV
P.Adj.
30. The dog appeared hungry.
Speaking = Dog is the subject, appeared the verb, and there are no prepositional
phrases. Appeared is in the list of linking verbs followed by hungry, which
describes the subject. Is is therefore a linking verb in this sentence.
Unit 7
D sub. VI D N Adv.
3. The boys left the house early. (modifies left)
Speaking = Boys is the subject, left the verb. There are no prepositional phrases. The
verb is neither linking nor transitive. Early modifies the verb left.
sub. VI Adv.
4. John fell down (by the steps). (modifies fell)
Speaking = John is the subject, fell the verb, by the steps a prepositional phrase. The
verb is neither linking nor transitive. Down modifies the verb fell.
Adv. sub. VI
5. Quickly he ran (up the hill). (modifies ran)
Speaking = He is a subject pronoun, fell the verb, and up the hill a prepositional
phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Quickly modifies the verb ran.
391
sub. VI
Adv.
6. Mary worked rapidly (for her mother). (modifies rapidly)
Speaking = Mary is a subject, worked the verb, and for her mother a prepositional
phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Rapidly modifies the verb
worked.
sub. VI
Adv.
7. They talked (to each girl) quietly. (modifies talked)
Speaking = They is a subject pronoun, talked the verb, and to each girl a
prepositional phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Quietly modifies
the verb talked.
Adv. D sub. VI
DN
8. Slowly the dog scratched his ear. (modifies scratched)
Speaking = Dog is a subject, scratched the verb. There is no a prepositional
phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Slowly modifies the
verb scratched.
D sub. VI Adv.
9. Our baby cried loudly (for an hour). (modifies cried)
Speaking = Baby is the subject, left the verb, and for an hour a prepositional
phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Loudly modifies the verb cried.
sub. Be+ing N Adv.
10. She is playing ball now. (modifies is playing)
Speaking = She is a subject pronoun, is playing a verb phrase. There are no
prepositional phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Now modifies
the verb phrase is playing.
sub. VI
Adv.
11. He laughed merrily (at the kitten). (modifies laughed)
Speaking = He is a subject pronoun, laughed the verb. and at the kitten a
prepositional phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Merrily modifies
the verb laughed.
392
393
D sub.Adv.VID N
19. Soon he will be a man.
(modifies be)
Speaking = He is a subject pronoun, be the verb. There are no prepositional phrases.
The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Will modifies the verb be.
D sub. VI Adv.
20. The bird fell there (by the tree).
(modifies fell)
Speaking = Bird is the subject, fell the verb, and on her way a prepositional phrase.
The verb is neither linking nor transitive. There modifies the verb fell.
Adv. sub. VI Pron. D P.Adj.
21. Quickly he gave him the pencil. (modifies gave)
Speaking = He is a subject pronoun, gave the verb. There are no prepositional
phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Quickly modifies the
verb gave.
D sub. VI
Adv.
22. The plane flew (over us) swiftly.
(modifies flew)
Speaking = Plane is the subject, flew the verb, and over us a prepositional
phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Swiftly modifies the
verb flew.
sub. VI Adv.
23. I jumped down (on the ground).
(modifies jumped)
Speaking = I is a subject pronoun, jumped the verb, and on the ground a prepositional
phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Down modifies the verb jumped.
Adv.
sub.VI Pron.
24. Immediately she left us.
(modifies left)
Speaking = She is a subject pronoun, left the verb. There are no prepositional phrases.
The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Immediately modifies the verb left.
sub. VI Adv. D
N
25. Mary was often the chairman. (modifies was)
Speaking = Mary is a subject, was the verb. There are no prepositional phrases. The verb
is neither linking nor transitive. Often modifies the verb was.
394
D sub. VI D
N
Adv.
26. The boxer hit his opponent hard. (modifies hit)
Speaking = Boxer is the subject, hit the verb. There are no prepositional phrases. The
verb is neither linking or transitive. Hard modifies the verb hit.
sub. VI
D
N Adv.
27. He walked past the house rapidly.
(modifies walked)
Speaking = He is a subject pronoun, walked the verb. There are no prepositional
phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Rapidly modifies the verb
walked.
Adv. D sub. VI
Adv.
28. Suddenly the dog became friendly.
(modifies became)
Speaking = Dog is the subject, became the verb. There are no prepositional phrases. The
verb is neither linking nor transitive. Suddenly and friendly both modify the verb
left.
Adv. sub. VI
D
N
29. Laboriously he copied the letter. (modifies copied)
Speaking = He is a subject pronoun, copied the verb. There are no prepositional phrases.
The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Laboriously modifies the verb copied.
sub. Adv. VI D
N
30. Bill gracefully rode the horse.
(modifies rode)
Speaking = Bill is the subject, rode the verb. There are no prepositional phrases. The
verb is neither linking or transitive. Gracefully modifies the verb rode.
Adv. sub. VI
31. Now he seems quiet.
(modifies seems)
Speaking = He is a subject pronoun, seems the verb. There are no prepositional phrases.
The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Now modifies the verb seems.
395
Unit 8
sub.
LV Int. PA.
396
sub. LV Int. PA
8. Tom was quite healthy (for a boy).
Speaking = Tom is the subject, was a verb. For a boy is a prepositional phrase. Was
is in our list of linking verbs followed by healthy, a predicate adjective. Quite is
an intensifier modifying healthy, an adjective.
sub. LV Int. PA
9. Darlene is very pretty.
Speaking = Darlene is the subject, is the verb. There are no prepositional phrases. Is
is in our list of linking verbs followed by pretty, a predicate adjective. Very is an
intensifier modifying pretty, an adjective.
sub. LV Int.
PA
10. We were unusually glad (about it).
Speaking = We is the subject pronoun, were a verb. About it is a prepositional
phrase. Were is in our list of linking verbs followed by glad, a predicate
adjective. Unusually is an intensifier modifying glad, an adjective.
Sub. LV Int. PA
11. He is not cheerful (around us).
Speaking = He is the subject pronoun, is a verb. around us is a prepositional phrase.
Is is in our list of linking verbs followed by cheerful, a predicate adjective. Not
is an intensifier modifying cheerful, an adjective.
sub. LV
Int. PA
12. The water looked quite clear (to me).
Speaking = Water is the subject, looked a verb. To me is a prepositional phrase.
Looked is in our list of linking verbs followed by clear, a predicate adjective.
Quite is an intensifier modifying clear, an adjective.
sub. LV Int. PA
13. It is too cold (in the room).
Speaking = It is the subject pronoun, is the verb. In the room is a prepositional
phrase. Was s in our list of linking verbs followed by cold, a predicate adjective.
Too is an intensifier modifying thin, an adjective.
397
sub. LV
Int. PA
14. Jane has been unusually sad (about it).
Speaking = Jane is the subject, has been a verb phrase. About it is a prepositional
phrase. Has been is in our list of linking verbs followed by sad, a predicate
adjective. Unusually is an intensifier modifying sad, an adjective.
sub.
LV Int. PA
15. His clothes looked quite dirty.
Speaking = Clothes is the subject, looked the verb. There are no prepositional phrases.
Looked is in our list of linking verbs followed by dirty, a predicate adjective.
Quite is an intensifier modifying dirty, an adjective.
sub. LV
Int.
PA
16. He seems extremely angry (with us).
Speaking = He is the subject pronoun, seems the verb. With us is a prepositional
phrase. Seems is in our list of linking verbs followed by angry, a predicate
adjective. Extremely is an intensifier modifying angry, an adjective.
sub. LV Int. PA
17. The boy became really happy.
Speaking = Boy is the subject, became the verb. There are no prepositional phrases.
Became is in our list of linking verbs followed by happy, a predicate adjective.
Really is an intensifier modifying happy, an adjective.
Unit 8
398
399
sub. VI
Int. Adv.
10. He listened (to me) very eagerly.
Speaking = He is a subject pronoun, listened the verb. To me is a prepositional phrase.
The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Eagerly is a how adverb modifying the
verb listened. Very is an intensifier modifying the adverb eagerly.
sub.
VI
Int. Adv.
11. Jim has eaten too quickly.
Speaking = Jim is the subject, has eaten a verb phrase. There are no prepositional
phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Quickly is a how adverb
modifying the verb has eaten. Too is an intensifier modifying the adverb
quickly.
sub. VI Int. Adv.
12. A squirrel dashed very fast (by us).
Speaking = Squirrel is the subject, dashed the verb. By us is a prepositional phrase.
The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Fast is a how adverb modifying the
verb dashed. Very is an intensifier modifying the adverb fast.
sub. VI
Int. Adv.
13. The tenor sang unusually well.
Speaking = Tenor is the subject, sang the verb. There are no prepositional phrases.
The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Well is a how adverb modifying the
verb sang. Unusually is an intensifier modifying the adverb well.
sub. VI Int. Adv.
14. She read too slowly (for the part).
Speaking = She is the subject, read the verb. For the part us is a prepositional phrase.
The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Slowly is a how adverb modifying the
verb read. Too is an intensifier modifying the adverb slowly.
sub. VI
Int. Adv.
15. He proved the problem very easily.
Speaking = He is a subject pronoun, proved the verb. There are no prepositional
phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Easily is a how adverb
modifying the verb proved. Very is an intensifier modifying the adverb easily.
400
sub. VI
Int. Adv.
16. We went (to town) very unwillingly.
Speaking = We is a subject pronoun, went the verb. To town is a prepositional phrase.
The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Unwillingly is a how adverb modifying
the verb went. Very is an intensifier modifying the adverb unwillingly.
Unit 9
sub. VI Adv. N.
2. He jumped ten feet (over the brook).
Speaking = He is a subject pronoun, jumped the verb, and over the brook is a
prepositional phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Ten feet is an
adverbial noun.
sub. VI
Adv. N.
3. Our dog was worth fifty dollars.
Speaking = Dog is the subject, was worth a verb phrase. There are no prepositional
phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Fifty dollars is an adverbial
noun.
sub. VI
Adv. N.
4. I saw him last week.
Speaking = I is the subject pronoun, saw a verb. There are no prepositional phrases.
The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Last week is an adverbial noun.
Sub. VI Adv. N.
5. He met me last night (at the park).
Speaking = He is a subject pronoun, met the verb, and at the park is a
prepositional phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Last
night is an adverbial noun.
sub. VI Adv. N.
6. She walked ten miles (to town).
Speaking = She is a subject pronoun, walked the verb, and to town is a prepositional
phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Ten miles is an adverbial noun.
401
sub. VI
Adv. N.
7. He was there (in the house) that day.
Speaking = He is a subject pronoun, was the verb, and in the house is a prepositional
phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. That day is an adverbial noun.
sub. VI
Adv. N.
8. We drove (over the roads) all morning.
Speaking = She is a subject pronoun, walked the verb, and over the roads is a
prepositional phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. All morning is
an adverbial noun.
Adv. N.
sub.VI
9. Three times the car ran (around the track).
Speaking = Car is the subject, ran the verb, and around the track is a prepositional
phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Three times is an adverbial
noun.
sub. VI
Adv. N.
10. John waited two hours (in the depot).
Speaking = John is the subject, waited the verb, and in the depot is a prepositional
phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Two hours is an adverbial
noun.
sub.
VI Adv. N.
11. We shall go this afternoon (to him).
Speaking = We is a subject pronoun, shall go a verb phrase, and to him is a
prepositional phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. This afternoon
is an adverbial noun.
sub. VI
Adv. N.
12. He sat quietly five minutes.
Speaking = He is a subject pronoun, sat the verb, and there are no prepositional phrases.
The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Five minutes is an adverbial noun.
sub. VI
Adv. N.
13. We backed up one inch.
Speaking = We is a subject pronoun, backed the verb, and there are no prepositional
phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. One inch is an adverbial
noun.
402
Adv. N. sub. VI
14. Four days it rained.
Speaking = It is a subject pronoun, rained the verb, and there are no prepositional
phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Four days is an adverbial
noun.
sub. VI
Adv. N.
15. The book was worth five dollars.
Speaking = Book is the subject, was worth a verb phrase, and there are no
prepositional phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Five dollars is
an adverbial noun.
sub. VI
Adv. N.
16. The butter was worth sixty cents.
Speaking = Butter is the subject, was worth a verb phrase, and there are no
prepositional phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Sixty cents is
an adverbial noun.
sub. VI
Adv. N.
17. We offered it (to him) five times.
Speaking = We is a subject pronoun, offered a verb, and to him a prepositional
phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Five times is an adverbial
noun.
sub. VI
Adv. N.
18. His hat was worth ten dollars.
Speaking = Hat is the subject, was worth a verb phrase, and to him a prepositional
phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Ten dollars is an adverbial
noun.
sub. VI
Adv. N.
19. She went (to town) this morning.
Speaking = She is a subject pronoun, went a verb, and to town a prepositional
phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. This morning is an adverbial
noun.
403
sub. VI
Adv. N.
20. I shall pay you next month.
Speaking = I is a subject pronoun, shall pay a verb phrase. There are no prepositional
phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Next month is an adverbial noun.
sub. VI Adv. N.
21. It dropped six inches.
Speaking = It is a subject pronoun, dropped a verb. There are no prepositional phrases.
The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Six inches is an adverbial noun.
sub.
VI
Adv. N.
22. You must walk two miles (during the day).
Speaking = You is a subject pronoun, must walk a verb phrase, and during the day a
prepositional phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Two miles is an
adverbial noun.
sub.
VI
Adv.
N.
23. He will come (to me) tomorrow morning.
Speaking = He is a subject pronoun, will come a verb phrase, and to me a
prepositional phrase. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Tomorrow
morning is an adverbial noun.
sub. VI Adv. N.
24. Jim came last night.
Speaking = Jim is the subject, came a verb. There are no prepositional phrases. The
verb is neither linking nor transitive. Last night is an adverbial noun.
sub. VI
Adv. N.
25. The car was worth ninety dollars.
Speaking = Car is the subject, was worth a verb phrase, There are no prepositional
phrases. The verb is neither linking nor transitive. Ninety dollars is an
adverbial noun.
404
Part V
Adjectives and Sentence Patterns
Section 2
Unit 1
Adjective Position
D Adj. N V
D Adj. OP
2. A red sun disappeared below the distant horizon.
Speaking = Sun is the subject signaled by A, red is an adjective modifying sun,
disappeared the verb. Below the distant horizon is a prepositional phrase.
Distant is an adjective modifying the noun horizon.
D Adj. N V
D Adj. OP
3. A white cake sat on the round table.
Speaking = Cake is the subject signaled by the article A, sat the verb. White is an
adjective modifying cake. On the round table is a prepositional phrase.
Round is an adjective modifying table, a noun signaled by the.
D Adj. N Aux.VVPron.
4. An ordinary man can do it.
Speaking = Man is the subject signaled by the article An. Ordinary is an adjective
modifying man. Can is an auxiliary verb, do the verb. It is an object pronoun.
D N
LV
D Adj. OP
5. Some poles were on the green grass.
Speaking = Poles is the plural subject, signaled by the plural article Some. Were
is a linking verb, and on the green grass a prepositional phrase. Green is an
adjective modifying the object grass.
D Adj. N V-ed
6. Many little ants crawled away.
Speaking = Ants is the plural subject signaled by the plural article Many. Little is an
adjective modifying ants. Crawled is the past tense verb.
405
406
407
408
Unit 2
D NA
N
V-ed
3. The picture frame was painted.
Speaking = Frame is a noun signaled by the determiner the, and its position as the
subject of the sentence. Picture is a noun adjunct because it will fit into a noun
position. Example: The picture was painted.
D Adj.
N
VI
OP
4. The football coach talked (to us).
Speaking = Coach is a noun signaled by the determiner the, and its position as the
subject of the sentence. Football is an adjective modifying coach. There is no
noun adjunct or appositive noun, because football does not fit into the noun
position.
Pron. VI N D App.N D OP
5. I knew Tim, the boy (with the hat).
Speaking = I is a subject pronoun, knew is the past tense verb. Tim is a noun because of
its position as the object. Boy is an appositive noun, signaled by the determiner
the and meaning the same thing as Tim, or adding to our knowledge of Tim.
N
D NA VI
OP
6. Rollo the clown ran (toward us).
Speaking = Rollo is the subject because of its position. Clown is a noun adjunct signaled
by the determiner the. Clown is a noun adjunct, because it can fit into the
noun position. Example: The clown ran (toward us).
D NA N
V-ed D
N
7. A wall chart revealed the information.
Speaking = Chart is the subject because of its position and signaled by the determiner
A. Information is a noun because of its position as the object and signaled by
the determiner the. Wall is a noun adjunct, because it can fit into the noun
position. Example: A wall revealed the information.
Pron. VI
Adj.
OP
8. We went (to summer school).
Speaking = We is a subject pronoun, went is the past tense verb. There is no noun
adjunct, or appositive noun.
409
Pron. VI
D OP D App.N
9. We talked (with the man), our teacher.
Speaking = We is a subject pronoun, talked is the past tense intransitive verb. Man is a
noun because of its position as the object of the preposition with. Teacher is
an appositive noun, signaled by the determiner our and meaning the same
thing as man, or adding to our knowledge of man.
D NA
N V-ed
10. The freight train rumbled by.
Speaking = Train is the subject because of its position and signaled by the determiner
The. Freight is a noun adjunct, because it can fit into the noun position.
Example: The freight rumbled by.
DN
D App.N V-ed
11. His chair, a wreck, was thrown away.
Speaking = Chair is a subject signaled by the determiner His. Wreck is a an appositive
noun, signaled by the determiner a and meaning the same thing as chair, or
adding to our knowledge of chair.
What is the predicate adjective test for the adjective and the subject position for
410
411
Pron.V-ed D Adj. N
9. It was a desolate country.
Speaking = It is a subject pronoun. Was is a past tense verb. Desolate modifies country, a
noun signaled by the determiner a. Desolate cannot replace country so is an
adjective.
N NA
N
V-ed
N
10. The principle reason seemed sound.
Speaking = Reason is a noun signaled by the determiner The. Seemed is a past tense
verb. Sound is a noun signaled by its position as the object. Principle is a noun
adjunct, because it adds to or can replace reason. (The principle seemed sound.)
412
POSITIVE
COMPARATIVE
SUPERLATIVE
Bright
brighter
brightest
Difficult
Majestic
Brown
Tasty
Blissful
Fruitful
Wide
Costly
Shrill
more difficult
more majestic
browner
more tasty
more blissful
more fruitful
wider
more costly
shriller
Directions:
Soon
Bravely
Merrily
Quickly
Slowly
Freely
Loyally
Fast
Sadly
Honestly
Truthfully
Wisely
Devoutly
Broadly
sooner
more brave
more merry
quicker
slower
freer
more loyal
faster
sadder
more honest
more truthful
wiser
more devoutly
broader
413
soonest
the bravest
the merriest
the quickest
the slowest
the freest
the most loyal
the fastest
the saddest
the most honest
the most truthful
the wisest
the most devoutly
the broadest
LV PA D N
2. Jane seemed sad that day.
Speaking = Jane is the subject. Seemed is a linking verb. Sad is a predicate adjective
applied to Jane. Day is a noun signaled by the determiner that and its
position as object.
sub. V-ed Adv.
OP
3. The boys drove later (to the farm).
Speaking = Boys is the plural subject signaled by the determiner The and the s
ending. Drove is a past tense verb modified by later, an adverb. Farm is a
noun signaled by the determiner the and its position as object of the
preposition.
D sub. V-ed Adv. OP
4. His house appeared old (to us).
Speaking = House is the subject signaled by the determiner His. Appeared is a past
tense verb modified by old, an adverb. Us is a noun signaled by the determiner
the and its position as object of the preposition.
sub. V-ed Adv.
5. Jean sewed neatly.
Speaking = Jean is the subject, because of its position. Sewed is a past tense verb
modified by neatly, an adverb.
D sub. V-ed Adv.
OP
6. The boy jumped high (over the fence).
Speaking = Boy is the subject signaled by the determiner The. Jumped is a past
tense verb modified by high, an adverb. Fence is a noun signaled by the
determiner the and its position as the object of the preposition.
sub. V-ed Adv. D Pron.
7. Grace seemed happy about it.
Speaking = Grace is the subject because of its position. Seemed is a past tense verb
modified by happy, an adverb. It is an object pronoun signaled by the
determiner about.
414
Pron.V-ed Adv.
OP
8. It tasted delicious (to me).
Speaking = It is the a subject pronoun because its position. Tasted is a past tense
verb modified by delicious, an adverb. Me is a noun signaled because of
its position as object of the preposition to.
D sub.
V-ed PA
OP
9. Our room continued cold (for an hour).
Speaking = Room is the subject signaled by the determiner Our. Continued is a past
tense verb. Cold is a predicate adjective, because it is found in the predicate
side, and modifies the subject room. Hour is a noun, signaled by the
determiner an, and its position as object of the preposition.
D sub. V-ed Adv.
OP
10. The dog ran quickly (into the house).
Speaking = Dog is the subject signaled by the determiner The. Ran is a past tense
verb modified by quickly, an adverb. House is a noun signaled by the
determiner the and its position as object of the preposition.
Pron. V-ed Adv. OP
11. She sang well (for us).
Speaking = She is the subject pronoun because if its position. Sang is a past tense
verb modified by well, an adverb. Us is an object pronoun as the object of
the preposition.
D sub.
V-ed
Adv.
12. The student appeared confident.
Speaking = Student is the subject signaled by the determiner The. Appeared is a
past tense verb modified by confident, an adverb. The object is assumed.
Pron. V PA
OP
13. He is glad (about the outcome).
Speaking = He is a subject pronoun, because of its position. Is is a present tense
verb. Glad is a predicate adjective, because it is found in the predicate, and
modifies the subject. Outcome is a noun signaled by the determiner the
and its position as object of the preposition about.
415
416
Pron. LV
PA
20. It seemed inquisitive.
Speaking = It is the subject pronoun. Seemed is a linking verb. Inquisitive is a predicate
adjective because it is found in the predicate and modifies the subject.
D Adj. sub. V-ed Adv.
2I. The graceful deer walked away.
Speaking = Deer is the subject signaled by the determiner The. Graceful is an adjective
because it modifies deer. Walked is a past tense verb modified by away, an
adverb.
Pron. LV D Adj. N
22. I saw a graceful deer.
Speaking = I is a subject pronoun because of its position. Saw is a past tense linking
verb. Deer is a noun signaled by the determiner a and modified by graceful,
an adjective.
D Adj. sub. V-ed Adv.
23. A cold wind blew hard.
Speaking = Wind is the subject signaled by the determiner A, and modified by cold,
an adjective. Blew is a past tense verb modified by hard, an adverb.
D Adj. sub. V-ed Adv.
24. The white snow drifted lazily.
Speaking = Snow is the subject signaled by the determiner The and modified by
white, an adjective. Drifted is a past tense verb modified by lazily, an
adverb.
D Adj. sub. V-ed. D N
25. A brilliant sun shone that day.
Speaking = Sun is the subject signaled by the determiner A and modified by brilliant,
an adjective. Shone is a past tense verb. Day is a noun signaled by the
determiner that.
417
418
419
420
~~ D
N
V-g D N
D
N
9. My mother baked a cake that week.
~~
sub.
IO
DO
~~ D
N
V
D N
10. Some kites sailed high (in the air).
~~
sub.
OP
~~ D
N
V-g
N
D N
11. The usher found Mary a seat.
~~
sub.
IO
DO
~~ D N V-ed D N
D N
12. The bird built a nest (in the tree).
~~
sub.
DO
OP
~~ N
LV
PN
D N
13. John became president (of the class).
~~ sub.
OP
~~ N LV D
PN
D
N
14. Joe is the chairman (of the group).
~~ sub.
DO
OP
~~ N V-t D N
D
N
15. Jan hit the ball (over the fence).
~~ sub.
DO
OP
~~ N
LV
D
PN
16. Susan became an actress.
~~ sub.
DO
~~ D N V-t D N
17. Each boy took his book.
~~
sub.
DO
421
~~ D
N
V-t
D N
18. The monkey learned the trick.
~~
sub.
DO
~~ D N
N LV PN
19. The boy (near me) is Tom.
~~
sub.
OP
DO
~~ D
N
V-g N D N
20. Our teacher read Jim the story.
~~
sub.
IO
DO
~~ N LV D PN
21. Tom was a friend.
~~ sub.
DO
~~ D
N
LV
D PN
22. The coach injured his leg.
~~
sub.
DO
~~ D N
D
N V-t N
23. The boy (on the grass) is Tim.
~~
sub.
OP
DO
~~ D
N
LV
D
PN
24. Many games entertained the men.
~~
sub.
DO
~~ D
N
V-t
N
25. All people want peace.
~~
sub.
DO
~~ N V-t D N
D N
26. He told the man (about a path).
~~ sub.
DO
OP
422
~~ D N V-t D N
D N
27. The fish had a scar (on its side).
~~
sub.
DO
OP
Unit 7
Contrasting forms
writes - writer
v-t
I want to be a writer.
maker make
v-t
abuse abuse
N
v-t
v-t
v-t
v-t
v-t
423
NOUN OR ADJECTIVE?
child childish
Adj.
joy - joyous
Adj.
messy - mess
N
Adj.
Adj.
snow - snow
N
Adj.
Adj.
Adj.
424
Unit 8
VERB OR ADJECTIVE?
weaken weak
Adj.
Adj.
deepens deep
V
Adj.
Adj.
Adj.
thick thicken
V
Adj.
enlarge large
V
Adj.
shorten short
Adj.
425
ADJECTIVE OR ADVERB?
glad gladly
Adj.
Adv.
sad sadly
Adv.
Adj.
Adj.
Adv.
Adj.
Adv.
normally normal
Adj.
Adv.
Adj.
Adv.
cheerful cheerfully
Adv.
Adj.
immediate immediately
Adv.
Adj.
9. He did it immediately.
426
Unit 9
Adv.
Adv.
Adv.
Adv.
We worked daily.
weekly week
Adv.
We tried weekly.
part apart
Adv.
Adv.
Adv.
427
ADVERB OR PREPOSITION?
about about
N
4. He notified us before.
along along
N
428
Phrase or Clause
4. to me.
5. when she talks.
6. during the day.
7. after the ball game.
8. after the ball game was over.
9. We went to the game.
10. within the room.
11. while she was dancing.
12. before the noon hour.
13. since the game began.
14. The game began.
15. in the kitchen.
16. I went into the kitchen.
17. after we went into the kitchen.
18. when he saw us.
19. which you know.
20. by him.
21. I know him.
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
phrase
dependent clause
phrase
phrase
independent clause
independent clause
phrase
dependent clause.
phrase
dependent clause
independent clause
phrase
independent clause
dependent clause
dependent clause
dependent clause
phrase
independent clause
429
Unit 2
Complex Sentences
9. He is a pilot.
I read it.
430
Unit 3 Complex Sentences 2
2. We told nobody about it.
We knew it.
(although)
We got home.
(though)
4. We rode along.
Nothing happened.
(until)
(because)
(since)
(after)
You go.
(lest)
(before)
He found it.
431
(even though)
Unit 4
Test yourself by writing the names and what they signal in the right columns.
NAME
1. who
2. after
3. however
4. and
5. as
6. still
7. accordingly
8. while
9. but
10. whom
11. hence
12. as though
13. if
14. yet
15. so that
16. which
17. or
18. before
19. than
20. therefore
21. nevertheless
22. because
23. until
24. consequently
25. since
26. though
27. moreover
28. unless
29. although
30. that
(Two uses )
WORD SIGNALS?
relative or adjective clauses
subordinate clause
compound sentence
compound sentence
subordinate clause
compound sentence
compound sentence
subordinate clause
compound sentence
relative or adjective clauses
compound sentence
subordinate clause
subordinate clause
compound sentence
subordinate clause
relative or adjective clauses
compound sentence
subordinate clause
subordinate clause
compound sentence
compound sentence
subordinate clause
subordinate clause
compound sentence
subordinate clause
subordinate clause
compound sentence
subordinate clause
subordinate clause
relative or adjective clauses
compound sentence
432
(so that)
Unit 5
6. He stooped.
8. John is a person.
+
= He met a boy who was lame.
433
Unit 6
Adjective modifiers
Adj. sub.
V-t
Adj.
V-t
Adj.
Adj.
Adj.
V-t
Adj.
Adj.
sub
V-t
Adj.
V-t
Adj.
V-t
sub V-t
434
sub
Adj.
V-t
Adj.
V-t
Unit 7 Simple, Compound, or Complex
sub. V
Simple sentence
sub aux
V-t
2. The boy gave Tom an apple, but he did not eat it.
Compound sentence
sub V-g
Complex sentence
sub
V-g
sub aux
Compound Sentence
V-t
Compound Sentence
sub V-g
Complex sentence
sub. V
Simple Sentence
Compound Sentence
Simple Sentence
435
sub.
sub. V
Simple Sentence
Compound Sentence
sub. V
V-g
Simple Sentence
13. If I don't take the test now, she will fail me.
sub V
Compound Sentence
sub
sub
Simple Sentence
Simple Sentence
sub
17. The ruler was on the floor, and the pencil was next to it.
sub V
Compound Sentence
Simple Sentence
Simple Sentence
sub V-g
V-g
sub aux
V-t
20. He must trip the lever, or he must wait for another ten minutes.
sub
V-g
Complex sentence
Compound Sentence
21. The janitor cleaned the room while I was in the hall.
Unit 9
Forming Noun Clauses
436
Compound Sentence
5. It is beyond me.
6. Father wondered
It happened to us.
7. It is a mystery.
9. The is
I cannot see.
10. It is obvious.
Unit 10
sub. V
2. That he is my friend is true.
sub. V
sub. V
3. The trouble is [that she is afraid].
sub. VI
sub. VI
4. We know of [whom you speak].
sub. V-ed
sub. V-ed
5. He knew [that Tim was there].
sub. VI
sub. VI
437
sub. V
7. How he does his work is a mystery.
sub. VI
sub. VI
8. The present will be given to [whomever you want].
sub. V-en
sub.
V-t
10. The difficulty has been [that he will not try].
sub.
VI
sub. VI
11. Father wondered [what happened to us].
sub. VI
sub. VI
12. This is not good for [whomever you choose].
sub. V
13. Why he does not do his work is a problem.
sub. VI sub.
VI
14. The reason is [that I cannot see].
sub. V
15. That he knows his lesson is a fact.
sub. VI
sub. VI
16. I shall reply to [what you requested].
sub. V
17. How he does it is easy.
sub.
VI
sub.
VI
438
Part VIII
Unit 1
Identifying Initiatives
sub. LV
DO
2. I wanted [to watch].
sub. V
PN
3. His plan was [to watch].
sub.
Adj. V-t
4. His desire [to watch] was evident.
sub. V
DO
5. He hurried [to watch].
sub. V
6. [To sing] is fun.
sub. V-ed DO
7. I wanted [to sing].
sub. VI
PN
8. His plan is [to sing].
sub. Adj. V-t
9. The idea [to sing] was good.
sub. V-ed
DO
10. We waited [to sing].
sub. VI
PN
439
sub.
Adj. V-t
13. Sharon's plan [to dive] appeared a failure.
[To dive] = an infinitive used as the adjective phrase.
sub. LV
PN
14. [To dive] is a real thrill.
sub. V-ed DO
15. Jim went [to dive].
Unit 2
Infinitive Phrases
sub. LV
DO
LV DO
440
441
Unit 3
Identifying Articles
sub. V-t
Part. DO
2. He caught the [bouncing] ball.
sub. Part.
V-t DO
3. The frog, [jumping], evaded us.
sub.V-t
Part. DO
4. I saw the picture of the [sinking] ship.
sub. V-t
Part. DO
6. They carried water to the [burning] building.
sub. V- t Part.
7. The boy, [running], fell on the sidewalk.
Part. sub.
V-t
8. The [wrecked] car was towed away.
sub. V-t
Part. DO
9. He set up the [folding] chairs.
sub.
V-t.
Part. DO
10. The teacher gave us our [graded]papers.
Part. sub.
V-t
DO
11. [Diving] frogmen recovered the money.
sub. V-t.
Part. DO
12. He closed the [sliding] door.
sub. V-t.
Part. DO
13. We found the [stolen] necklace.
sub.
V-t
Part. DO
15. They always wanted a [sailing] ship.
442
Unit 4
Participial phrases
Adv
DO sub. V-t
2. [Having done his lesson], Jerry left.
~ [Having done his lesson] modifies the noun Jerry. This is the adverb pattern.
Adj.
PN sub. V-t DO
3. [Hearing the story], we went home.
~ [Hearing the story] modifies the noun we. This is the predicate adjective pattern.
sub.
PN
V-t DO
4. The man, [being seen for the first time], impressed us.
~ [being seen for the first time] modifies man. This is the predicate adjective pattern.
IO
sub. V-g DO
5. [Giving the book] to his sister, John ran out.
~ [Giving the book] modifies John. This is the indirect object pattern.
sub.
Adj.
V-t
6. The child, [playing by the brook], fell in.
~ [playing by the brook] modifies child. This is the predicate adjective pattern.
DO.
sub. V-t
7. [Walking to school], she felt quite happy.
~ [Walking to school] modifies she. This is the direct object pattern.
Adj.
sub V-t Adv.
8. [Seeing the beautiful lake], we jumped in for a swim.
~ [Seeing the beautiful lake] modifies we. This is the predicate adjective pattern.
sub.
Adj.
V-t
Adv.
9. Fred,[stopping by the house], waited patiently.
~ [stopping by the house] modifies Fred. This is the predicate adjective pattern.
443
PN
sub V-t
10. [Smiling broadly], she stepped into the room.
~ [Smiling broadly] modifies she. This is the predicate noun pattern.
IO
sub. Adv. V-g DO
11. [Taking the hot potato in his hands], he quickly dropped it.
~ [Taking the hot potato in his hands] modifies he. This is the indirect object pattern.
sub.
Adj.
V-t
12. Tom, [hearing the noise on the patio], went outside immediately.
~ [hearing the noise on the patio] modifies Tom. This is the predicate adjective pattern.
DO
sub V-g
IO
13. [Hurrying to the station], father forgot his suitcase.
~ [Hurrying to the station] modifies father. This is the direct object pattern.
sub.
Adv. V-t
14. The dog, [watching us quietly], lay by the door.
~ [watching us quietly] modifies dog. This is the adverb pattern.
Adj.
sub. V-t
15. [Reading the book], Judy relaxed in her chair.
~ [Reading the book] modifies Judy. This is the predicate adjective pattern.
sub.
DO
V-t
16. The soldier, [carrying the flag high], marched proudly by.
~ [carrying the flag high], modifies soldier. This is the direct object pattern.
sub.
Adj.
V-t
17. The boys, [drilled to perfection], performed very well.
~ [drilled to perfection], modifies boys. This is the predicate noun pattern.
Unit 5
Identifying Gerunds
sub. LV DO
2. I like [camping].
sub. LV
OP
3. She told of his [singing].
444
sub. LV PN
4. My hobby is [fishing].
sub. LV PN
5. His pleasure is [eating].
sub. LV
DO
6. [Flying] seems difficult.
sub. LV
DO
7. Joe tried [rowing].
sub. LV PN
8. [Stealing] is unlawful.
sub. LV
OP
9. The artist lived by [painting].
sub. LV
DO
10. June tried [studying].
sub. LV PN
11. Her difficulty is [spelling].
sub.
LV
DO
12. [Working] requires effort.
sub. LV
DO
13. They liked [working].
sub. LV
DO
14. [Fishing] takes patience.
sub. LV PN
15. Joe's problem is [writing].
445
sub.
LV
OP
16. The teacher complained of his [running].
Running = a gerund used as the object of the preposition.
sub. LV DO
OP
17. [Soaking] is good for some clothes.
sub. LV DO
18. Their pastime was [golfing].
Unit 6
Gerund Phrases
OP
IO
sub. LV
DO
2. [(By cleaning) my room] every day, I received an allowance.
Gerund phrase as a predicate adjective.
Gerund phrase has the OP pattern.
sub. LV
OP
3. We are not [good (at doing problems)].
Gerund phrase as a indirect object.
Gerund phrase has the OP pattern.
sub.
LV
4. [Singing loudly] is a lot (of fun).
Gerund phrase as a subject.
Gerund phrase has the Adv. pattern.
sub. V-g
IO
DO
5. Terry wanted [golfing as an activity].
Gerund phrase as a predicate adjective.
Gerund phrase has the IO pattern.
446
sub. LV
DO
6. I enjoy [playing ball (with the boys)].
Gerund phrase as a predicate noun.
Gerund phrase has the DO pattern.
sub.
LV
OP
DO
7. We did not know (of his coming) yesterday.
Gerund phrase as a predicate adjective.
Gerund phrase has the OP pattern.
OP
DO sub. LV
8. (After [giving me) the ball], Jane walked away.
Gerund phrase as a predicate noun.
Gerund phrase has the DO pattern.
sub.
LV DO
9. [Having a new car] was a novelty.
Gerund phrase as a predicate noun.
Gerund phrase has the subject pattern.
sub. LV DO
10. [Talking about people] is not wise.
Gerund phrase as a predicate noun.
Gerund phrase has the subject pattern.
sub. LV DO
11. [Flying a kite] is easy (on some days).
Gerund phrase as a predicate noun.
Gerund phrase has the subject pattern.
OP sub.
LV
12. [(In taking our share)], we felt satisfied.
Gerund phrase as a predicate noun.
Gerund phrase has the OP pattern.
sub. LV
OP
13. He tried [diving quickly (from the board)].
Gerund phrase as a indirect object.
Gerund phrase has the adverb pattern.
447
sub. LV
DO
14. [Being a leader] has its problems.
Gerund phrase as a predicate noun.
Gerund phrase has the DO pattern.
Unit 7
Identifying Verbals
sub. LV PN
2. [To write] is not easy.
sub. LV
PN
3. [Writing] plays seems hard.
DO
sub.
LV
4. [Kicking the ball] (to left field), Jim then dropped back.
sub. LV
5. He wanted [to get away] (from the blockers).
sub. LV
6. [Tackling] players helped (on each play).
sub. LV Adj. DO
7. The coach tried [winning] plays.
sub. LV Adj
DO
8. His object is [to win] the game.
sub. LV
9. The [fumbling] fullback was tackled.
sub. LV Adv. DO
10. Joe liked [being] an end.
448
sub. LV
Adj. OP
11. He was (on the [winning] side).
sub. LV
DO
12. [Playing] football is my delight.
sub. LV
IO
DO
13. We tried [to play] football every evening.
sub. LV
DO
14. [Running], the player dodged his opponents.
sub.
PN
LV
DO
15. The guard, [lunging forward], tackled the fullback. Lunging forward is a gerund used as a predicate adjective.
sub. LV
DO
16. They played a [passing game] (in the first half).
sub. LV
17. [To get] to the goal line, Joe ran hard.
sub. LV
DO
18. [Diving] (across the line), he scored a touchdown.
Diving is a participle modifying the prepositional phrase (across the line).
sub. LV
Adj. DO
19. Our side was the [winning] team.
sub.
LV
DO
20. [Passing and tackling] won the game (for us).
449
Unit 8
Unit 9
450
Unit 10
Assignment Using ideas from the constructions above, try to see how many different
additions you can make to a basic verb pattern.
Write this on the lines below.
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____________________________________________
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____________________________________________
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451
You can find support files for this book on its homepage URL.
www.makingconversationworkforyou.com
www.makingconversationworkforyou-teacher.com
452