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qxp 11/12/06 22:22 Page 3

NPD Interventions Unit

Annual Report
for Accredited Programmes 2005-2006
Intervenitons Report_v18.qxp 11/12/06 22:22 Page 4

Contents
Summary 1
1. Managing the delivery of programmes 2
2. Retention and Attrition 6
3. Targeting 10
4. Analysing the results of the evaluations measures 12
5. Programmes update 14

List of Figures
Figure 1: Actual number of completions by year 2
Figure 2: Proportion of completions by programme 3
Figure 3: Actual Completions (Cumulative) 2005-06 3
Figure 4: Number of referrals made by year 3
Figure 5: Number of orders made compared to completions by year 4
Figure 6: Percentage of starters completing the programmes by year 4
Figure 7: Completion rate by programme commencement for 2005-06 5
Figure 8: Retention rate from referral through to completion 6
Figure 9: Retention rate by year for General Offending Behaviour Programmes
and Drink Impaired Drivers Programme 6
Figure 10: Retention rates by year for Violence Programmes 7
Figure 11: Retention rates by year for Substance Misuse programmes 7
Figure 12: Retention rates for SOTPs 7
Figure 13: Retention from referrals to licenses and orders 8
Figure 14: Retention from orders and licenses to commencements 8
Figure 15: Retention from commencements to completions 8
Figure 16: Comparison of retention rates by programme, prior to commencement
and during the programme 9
Figure 17: Reasons given by staff for offenders failing to complete programmes 9
Figure 18: OGRS scores for General Offending Behaviour Programmes 10
Figure 19: OGRS scores for Substance Misuse Programmes 10
Figure 20: ETS and Think First psychometric pre and post means 12
Figure 21: DID psychometric pre and post means 13
Figure 22: Substance Misuse psychometric pre and post means 13

Appendices
Appendix 1: Profile of programmes by area for 2005-06 16
Appendix 2: Programme Details 18

Table of Abbreviaitons and Acronyms 25

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Summary violence perpetrators were still undertaking the first

This is the fourth annual report for NPS Accredited
Offending Behaviour Programmes. The report
provides statistics on the delivery of Offending
Behaviour Programmes and, where available,
provides comparative performance data with other
years. Offending Behaviour Programmes continue to
show year on year increased completions and overall
effectiveness. The retention of offenders on
programmes has also improved. This year, more
detailed retention data has been compiled regarding
referral to order/licence, to commencement, and then
from commencement to completion.
Key points
The target of 15,000 programme completions was
substantially exceeded. The total number of
completions for all accredited programmes in
2005-06 was 16,824, an increase of 8% compared
with performance in the previous year.
General offending programmes accounted for half
of all completions. Completions of sex offender and
violent offender programmes were proportionate to
the representation of these groups in the probation
caseload.
64% of orders and licences made requiring
attendance at an accredited programme resulted in
a programme start in 2005-06. This resulted in
24,475 programme starts in total; an increase in
the number of commencements from previous
years.
Two thirds of offenders who started a programme
completed them. This figure is slightly down on the
previous year. It is accounted for by the
implementation of domestic violence programmes
late in the financial year. These are lengthy
programmes and, therefore, many domestic
tranche of programmes at the end of the year. It is
also accounted for by a large increase in
programmes started during the year, of which
those starting in the later part of the year will not
complete the programme until the following year, in
particular, the domestic violence programmes.
The overall retention rate of offenders attending the
majority of programmes continues to rise, but
retention appears to be falling amongst offenders
at the stage between order and commencement of
the programme. Actions taken to improve retention
rates over the last few years, especially after
programme commencements, are proving
effective.
Monitoring of targeting to programmes in terms of
risk of reconviction shows a pattern similar to last
year. Approximately 20% of offenders directed to
general offending programmes are low risk of
reconviction (OGRS less than 41). This means
that in one case in every five, assessors are
exercising their discretion and recommending
offenders who would not normally meet the
targeting criteria to programmes.
The results from the intermediate evaluation
measures for general offending programmes,
substance misuse programmes and drink impaired
driver programmes are very positive, showing that
on average offenders improve in terms of these
measures when they complete programmes.
The offending behaviour programmes team in
NPD, in consultation with the Prison Service,
continues to review the provision of Accredited
Offending Behaviour Programmes in the light of
evaluation research and identification of need
within the offender population. The final section of
the report describes future developments.

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1. Managing the delivery 1.3 Accredited programmes vary in length and

complexity. It is important that programme
completions reflect the needs profile of the
of programmes probation population. Figure 2 shows the
percentage of each type of programme which
contributed to the total figure of 16,826
1.1 Effective programme management
completions. It shows general offender
encompasses a number of processes, from
programme completions accounted for
identifying appropriate referrals correctly
almost half of the total. Such results would be
through to reducing rates of attrition. This
expected given that ‘generic acquisitive‘
section details year on year progress made
offenders account for the bulk of the
nationally in this area.
probation caseload and that over half of this
group meets the selection criteria for general
1.2 The national target for all accredited
offending programmes. Domestic violence
programme completions in 2005-06 was
completions account for only 5% of
15,000; this figure was met and substantially
completions because they were not
exceeded. Figure 1 shows that the total
implemented by most areas until well into the
number of programme completions has
financial year. It is expected that the
increased each year, with this year’s total
percentage of domestic violence
standing at 16,826; an increase of 8% on last
programmes in relation to other programmes
year’s figure.
will increase significantly over the coming
year, building towards the target of 1,200 for
Figure 1: Actual number of 2006-7. The level of sex offender
completions by year programmes and other violence programmes
is representative of numbers serving a
community sentence. The fact that the DID
programme accounts for such a large
Completions by Year percentage of programme completions is
18000 unsatisfactory; this group has the highest
16000
14000 retention rates and the need does exist, but
12000 they represent a relatively small proportion of
10000
8000 the probation caseload.
6000
4000
2000
0
2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06

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Figure 2: Proportion of suitable cases is being reached;

completions by programme extrapolations based on OASys data suggest
there is still a large unmet need.

Proportion completion by programme type Figure 3: Actual Completions

Domestic
WAC
(Cumulative) 2005-06
Violence
0%
5%
Anger Number of Referrals by Year
Programmes
50,000
5%
45,000
SOTP 40,000
35,000
6% 30,000
25,000
GOBPs 20,000
Substance 43% 15,000
Misuse 10,000
5,000
14% 0
2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06
Year

DID
27%
Figure 4: Number of referrals
made by year

1.4 Figure 3 shows that the cumulative number of Actual Completions (Cumulative) 2005-06
completions each month rose steadily, 18000
confirming that areas are generally delivering 16000

programmes at a consistent rate throughout 14000

12000
the year. The increase at the end of the year
10000
is probably due to the fact that longer 8000
programmes, such as domestic violence and 6000
sex offenders programmes, can take most of 4000

the year to complete. 2000

0
r

ay

ct

ov

ec

ar
Ju
Ap

Ju

Au

Se

Ja

Fe
O

1.5 Programme referrals for 2005-06 numbered

M

47,189, showing an increase of 8% from the

previous year’s 43,843 referrals. Referrals
have now more than doubled since
monitoring began (there were only 22,091
referrals made in 2001-2002), although the
rate of increase has subsided in recent years.
This does not mean that the upper limit of

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1.6 Of these 47,189 referrals, 3,827 were Figure 6: Percentage of starters

converted into licences and 36,035 into a completing the programmes by
community sentence with a requirement to
attend an accredited programme. This year
represents a concordance rate of 84.5%
compared to a rate of 72% achieved in the
The Percentage of Starters Completing the Programme
previous year.

Completions (%)
Figure 5: Number of orders made
80
60
compared to completions by year 40
20
0
Orders and Completions 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-05
Year
50000
40000
1.8 The percentage of programme starters
30000 remaining in the programme and completing
20000 has, however, fallen slightly from 68.2% in
2004-05 to 66% in 2005-06 as shown in
10000
figure 6. This dip in performance can be
0 attributed to two factors. Firstly, the
2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 implementation of domestic violence
Year programmes in many probation areas
Orders occurred during the second half of the year.
Completions Domestic violence programmes are lengthy
and so many areas would not get completions
within this financial year. Secondly, the
continued expansion of substance misuse
1.7 Figure 5 shows that as the number of orders programmes (in particular OSAP) essential to
has increased each year, so have the number meet the needs profile of offenders means
of completions. The figure also demonstrates that a greater number of offenders with
the gap between orders made and prolific offending histories and chaotic
completions, which was closing in previous lifestyles have been referred to programmes
years, widened slightly in 2005-06. This is and this may have impacted on drop out
mainly related to offenders not starting rates.
programmes rather than offenders failing to
complete them.

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Figure 7: Completion rate by 1.10 Completion rates differ by type of programme

programme commencement for reflecting the different needs of the offenders
who typically attend them. The DID
2005-06 programme is designed for a specific group of
offenders who tend to have less criminal
involvement and a more stable lifestyle,
Accredited Programmes Completion Rates 2005-06
therefore completion rates are very good
90% (85%). The CSB is a short reinforcement
Percentage Of Completions

80% programme for those who have already

70% completed ETS or Think First, and therefore
60% the participants tend to be better motivated
50% and more likely to complete. In 2005-06,
40%
completion rates were lowest for the domestic
30%
violence programmes and the Women’s
20%
10%
Programme (WAC) which are new
0% programmes still being implemented.
S rs
t ne SB V
SU
T M s
AC ID
ET Fi O C D
AR AL TP W D
k to C SO
Th
in
O
ne
Programme
1.11 The completion rate for OSAP has increased
significantly during the first year of full
implementation. The 2005-06 completion
figures for OSAP grew from 37% in the
1.9 Figure 7 represents the percentage previous year to 42% and ASRO also showed
completion rate for each programme. It is a small increase.
important to note that the percentages are
throughput figures and do not reflect 1.12 The SOTPs also had a high completion rate.
completion rates for a cohort or specific group Sex offenders tend to be older and more
of offenders. This means that programmes compliant. A greater level of case
which have been recently implemented may management involvement and more
appear to have lower completion rates resources allocated to sex offenders,
because some of those who have because of the perceived risk of serious
commenced the programme will not have harm, may also be relevant.
sufficient time to complete during the year
and they cannot be offset against
commencement from the previous year.

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Figure 9: Retention rate by year

2. Retention and Attrition for General Offending Behaviour
Programmes and Drink Impaired
2.1 Managing attrition and increasing retention
has continued to be a priority for NPD and
Drivers Programme
those who run the offending behaviour
programmes.
Retention Rates: GOBPs & DID

Figure 8: Retention rate from 80%

referral through to completion % age Retention
70%
60%
50%
Retention rate from referral through to 40%
completion 2005-2006 30%
20%
50000
10%
40000
0%
30000 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06
20000 Year
10000

0 Commencements as
Referral Licences and Starters Completions % of Orders
Orders Issued Completions as %
of Commencements

2.2 Figure 8 compares retention at various points

in the process. The number of referrals for
OBPs for 2005-06 was 47,189. Of these,
3,827 were given OBPs on licence and
36,035 on order. The retention rate of
offenders at this stage was 85%. The number
of offenders who then went on to start the
OBP was 25,475, showing a retention rate of
64%. The number of offenders who went on
to complete their programme was 16,826,
showing a retention rate of 66%.
2.3 Figure 9 shows progress in managing
retention over the last four years for general
offending behaviour programmes. From
2002-04 the retention rate was lower after
starting programmes than between order and
commencement. This reversed in 2004-05
reflecting the effective strategies introduced
by treatment managers and tutors to support
offenders attending programmes. The figure
for 2005-06 shows a slight fall in retention
rates both before and after commencement.
However, retention after commencement
remains higher.

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Figure 10: Retention rates by year retention of participants in violence

for Violence Programmes programmes over time.

2.5 Figure 11 illustrates the year on year

Retention Rates: Violence Programmes improvement in retention on substance
90%
misuse programmes as compared with the
80% retention rate pre programme.
%age Retention

70%
60%
50%
Figure 12: Retention rates for
40% SOTPs
30%
20%
10% Retention rates - SOTP programmes
0%
140.0%
2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06
Year 120.0%

Commencements as % of Completions as % of 100.0%

%age Retention

Orders Commencements
80.0%

60.0%

Figure 11: Retention rates by year 40.0%

for Substance Misuse 20.0%

Programmes 0.0%
Referral to order & licence Order & licence to commencement Commencement to completion

i-SOTP C-SOGP N-SOGP TV-SOGP

Retention Rates: Substance Misuse Programmes

80%
2.6 This is the first year that the SOTPs have
70%
%age Retention

60% been included in the annual report.

50% Retentions rates are generally high for all
40% three established programmes. The Internet
30%
20%
Sex Offender Treatment Programme is still
10% being implemented which explains the lower
0% rates of retention. The anomaly in figure 12 is
2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06
that C-SOGP shows a retention rate of over
Year
100% which means more offenders
Commencements as % of Orders commencing the treatment programme than
Completions as % of Commencements were given an order or licence that year.
The reason for this is due to the time elapsing
from order to commencement being greater
2.4 The results for the year 2005-06 represented for some SOTPs because of the need for
in figure 10 show for the first time that further assessments. A number of the
retention is higher during violence referrals who commenced C-SOGP in 2005-
programmes than pre programme. There has 06 would be from the previous year.
been a steady improvement in offender

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Figure 13:
2.7 Figures 13 to 15 present the retention rates in
Retention Rate: Referral to licence and orders a format that allows easier comparison
100.0%
across programmes.
90.0% Average overall retention rate

80.0%
2.8 In terms of retention between referral and
licence or order (figure 13), 85% of all
70.0%

60.0%
referrals lead to an order or licence. The
50.0%

40.0%
highest retention rates are for ASRO and DID.
30.0%
ETS, OSAP and CALM are below average,
20.0% and the lowest rate is for WAC. It is difficult to
10.0% pinpoint why these differences occur.
0.0%
ETS TF OTO CSB DID OSAP ASRO IDAP CDVP ART CALM WAC
However, there does appear to be a
difference in the way the courts respond to
recommendations for WAC and for the other
Figure 14: accredited programmes.

Retention Rate: Order and Licence to Commencements 2.9 Figure 14 presents the level of retention by
100.0%
programme at the stage between
order/licence to starting the offending
90.0%

80.0%

70.0% Average overall retention rate

behaviour programme. The overall level of
60.0%
retention is 63%, with over half of the
50.0%
programmes being above average. The
40.0% lowest retention levels are found in the
30.0% domestic violence programmes, the
20.0% substance misuse programmes, One to One,
10.0% ART and CSB. At this stage, offenders about
0.0%
ETS TF OTO CSB DID OSAP ASRO IDAP CDVP ART CALM WAC to join WAC show good retention, compared
with the previous stage.

Figure 15: 2.10 Figure 15 presents the level of retention by

programme following commencement of the
Retention Rate: Commencement to Completions offending behaviour programme. By this
stage retention has risen from the previous
100.0%

stage to around 66%. Nearly all DID and

90.0%

80.0%

70.0% Average overall retention rate

CSB programmes are completed. The lowest
60.0%
retention levels are found in WAC, IDAP and
50.0%
OSAP.
40.0%

30.0%

20.0%

10.0%

0.0%
ETS TF OTO CSB DID OSAP ASRO IDAP CDVP ART CALM WAC

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Figure 16: Comparison of the cases that fail to complete a programme

retention rates by programme, are accounted for by expiration of the order is
a cause for concern. It suggests areas are not
prior to commencement and succeeding in starting offenders on
during the programme programmes soon enough or re-starting them
quickly enough if they are unable to continue
Retention: prior to programme compared to during programme in the original group through no fault of their
own. No differences were noted regarding
90.0%
the reason for non-completion by type of
Prior to programme
80.0%
During Programme programme.
70.0%

Figure 17: Reasons given by staff

60.0%

50.0%

40.0% for offenders failing to complete

30.0%

20.0%
programmes
10.0%

0.0%
ETS TF OTO CSB DID OSAP ASRO IDAP CDVP ART CALM WAC Reasons for drop out 2005-2006
2%

2.11 Figure 16 shows that for the majority of 0%

programmes the retention rate is greater in 1%

the period that the offender is undertaking the 0% 9%

programme than prior to programme 2%

commencement. This suggests that greater 1%

focus should be placed on offender 2%

supervision and maintaining offender

motivation before programmes begin.
14% 51%
2.12 Figure 17 presents the reasons given by staff
for offenders failing to complete programmes.
These data are collected via the IAPS
database and must conform to a limited 1%

number of categories. Just over half the

failures to complete are put down to breach 17%

proceedings being brought against the

offender. These might be for failing to attend Breached Transferred Custody Employment/Education
the programme but could equally be for Excluded/Rejected Physical/Mental Health Revoked
failure to comply with some other element of Order Expired Re-assessment of suitability Domestic

the order. Revocation is the second most Sickness or ill health Other

common reason which in some instances will

be because the offender was found to be
unsuitable for the intervention at some point
after sentencing, possibly after a more
detailed assessment. The fact that 14% of

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3. Targeting 3.2 Figure 18 shows that 21.3% of all offenders

3.1 Programmes’ effectiveness can be improved
if they are targeted appropriately. Targeting
criteria for programmes are linked to risk and
need. Targeting, in terms of risk of
reconviction, can be monitored using the
OGRS (Offender Group Reconviction Score),
which provides a measure of the likelihood of
reconviction within the next two years. The
largest group of offenders participating in
programmes are medium to high risk.
Overall, around a third of participants are high
risk of reconviction (OGRS over 70); these
are an appropriate group provided that
additional structured work is undertaken. For
programmes which use risk of reconviction as
a criterion, just over 20% of participants are
lower risk; this is a very similar result to last
year.
Figure 18: OGRS scores for
General Offending Behaviour
Programmes
OGRS scores for General Offending Behaviour Programmes
with an order/licence for a general offending
behaviour programme had OGRS scores
which were less than 40. 33.8% had OGRS
scores between 41 and 70 (medium risk of re-
offending) and 44.9% had OGRS over 71
(high risk of re-offending). Thus for this group
79% were correctly targeted in terms of risk.
This means that in around one in five cases
assessors have exercised their discretion and
recommended offenders for programmes
who are below the normal criteria. Assessors
have exercised even greater discretion in
allowing lower risk offenders to participate in
the Women’s Programme. It could be argued
that such large numbers of discretionary
cases are unacceptable, but it may also
indicate that offender managers are
responding to individual offender needs. This
is the first full year of data since the targeting
criteria were changed from 30 to 40 plus,
which might account for some of this
discrepancy, as assessors adjust their
practice.
Figure 19: OGRS scores for
Substance Misuse Programmes

OGRS score for Substance Misuse Programmes

3000
Number of offenders

2500 1500
Number of offenders

2000 1250
1500 1000
1000 750
500 500
0 250
ETS TF OTO WOMENS CSB
0
0-40 41-70 71+ ASRO OSAP

0-50 51-70 71+

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3.3 Figure 19 provides details of risk

classification for substance misuse
programmes. Correctly targeted offenders
will have an OGRS greater than 50, but there
is no upper limit as many substance misusers
are at high risk of reconviction. 26.7% of all
offenders attending substance misuse
programmes had OGRS below 50. 21.2%
had OGRS scores between 51 and 70
(medium risk of re-offending). 52.1% had
OGRS scores over 71 (high risk of re-
offending). This shows again that the
majority of offenders are appropriately
targeted but with a substantial minority being
below the risk of reconviction criteria.

3.4 Offenders can be allocated to violence and

sex offender programmes either on ‘Risk of
Reconviction’ or ‘Risk of Harm’ criteria.
Therefore, a greater spread of OGRS is to be
expected. For the violence programmes
(ART and CALM) most offenders are in the
high or medium high risk bands. For the
domestic violence programme and the sex
offender programmes, over half those
attending programmes are in the low risk
band. This reflects the fact that many
domestic abusers and sex offenders do not
have significant recorded criminal histories.

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4. Analysing the results of
the evaluations
measures
4.1 The measure of a programme’s effectiveness
rests heavily on a reduction in the type and
severity of reconviction. However,
reconviction studies take a minimum of two to
three years to complete and do not provide
any information on the offender’s short-term
change in attitudes and behaviour.
Psychometric assessments provide an
intermediate measure of the impact of
programmes, reporting on changes in
attitudes and self–reported behaviour during
and immediately after attending a
programme. Psychometrics also provide
feedback regarding quality control issues and
programme development. Currently, there
are a number of measures which assess
various aspects related to offending
behaviour for each group of programmes.
Tests are selected from those available,
based on whether they address the treatment
targets of the programme.
4.2 Psychometrics can provide a proxy measure
of an individual’s change in attitudes and
behaviour but they are not without limitations.
For example, some individuals have difficulty
comprehending the language used within the
tests and others may answer in a way they
feel is most socially acceptable. In either
case the test results are not a true
representation of their actual attitudes and
behaviour. When dealing with large numbers
it can be assumed that such problems will not
overly influence the aggregated results. Any
changes shown on psychometric tests cannot
be attributed directly to attendance of the
NPD Interventions Unit
12
programme because there is no randomised
control group to demonstrate what would
happen if the programme were not present.
Figure 20: ETS and Think First
psychometric pre and post means
Psychometric data for offenders
on ETS and Think First
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Pre-Test Mean
Post-Test Mean
Key
1. Eysenck Impulsivity Scale
2. Gough Socialisation Scale
3. Crime PICS:General Attitudes to Offending
4. Crime PICS: Anticipation of Reoffending
5. Crime PICS: Victim Hurt Denial
6. PICTS: Current Scale
7. PICTS: Cognitive Indolence Scale
8. Social Problem Solving Questionnaire: Aggressive Solution
9. Social Problem Solving Questionnaire: Assertive Solution
10. Passive Solutions
4.3 Figure 20 shows that on average ETS and
Think First participants who completed the
pre and post programme assessments
change in the desired direction on all but one
of the intermediate measures linked to
general offending behaviour programmes.
They are less impulsive, show less pro-
criminal attitudes and thinking, and identify
assertive rather than aggressive solutions to
problems as most appropriate. The only
measure on which offenders do not improve
is the socialisation scale.
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Figure 21: DID psychometric pre better problem solving strategies. Offenders
and post means reported that they were more likely to be in
the contemplation stage of the Stages of
Psychometric Data
Change model prior to the programme and
for Offenders on DID more likely to be in the action stage
80 afterwards, indicating that motivation to
70 change had strengthened while attending the
60
programme. One measure of substance
dependence moved in an unexpected
50
direction. Offenders self reported higher
40
levels of dependence after the programme.
30 Although unexpected, this may not be a
20 negative result. It could be that having
10
completed the programme offenders are
more aware of their level of dependence and
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
more willing to acknowledge it.
Pre-Test Mean
Post-Test Mean
Figure 22: Substance Misuse
Key psychometric pre and post means
1. Alcohol Knowledge Quiz
2. Safe Driving Questionnaire
3. Attitude to Drinking & Driving Psychometric Data for Offenders
4. SPSI: Positive Problem Orientation on ASRO and OSAP
5. SPSI: Rational Problem Solving
35
6. BIS: Total Impulsivity

30

25
4.4 Figure 21 demonstrates that offenders who
20
complete the pre and post programme
assessments improve on all of the 15

intermediate measures linked to treatment 10

targets for the Drink Impaired Drivers
programme. Offenders demonstrate greater 5

knowledge of the effect of alcohol and safe 0

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
driving requirements. They show more
responsible problem solving, less impulsivity Pre-Test Mean
Post-Test Mean
and more pro-social attitudes in relation to
Key
drink driving. 1. DAST
2. Severity of Dependence Scale
3. Short Alcohol Dependence Data Questionnaire
4.5 Regarding the substance misuse measures, 4. CAGE
the results represented in Figure 22 show that 5. Stages of Change: Pre-contemplation
6. Stages of Change: Contemplation
the majority of measures moved in the 7. Stages of Change: Action
8. Stages of Change: Maintenance
desired direction. Again, offenders who 9. BIS (10s)
completed pre and post measures show less 10.Locus of Control
11. SPSI: Positive Problem Orientation
impulsivity, less external locus of control and 12.SPSI: Rational Problem Solving Subscale

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5. Programmes update
No major new programmes were developed or
launched in 2005-06. Analysis of offenders’ risk and
need using OASys data indicated that there were no
major gaps in programme provision. The main focus
of the Offending Behaviour Programmes team has
been improving performance and creating
efficiencies in the delivery and support of
programmes whilst maintaining quality.
Work, where possible, has been taken forward jointly
with H. M. Prison Service. Good progress was made
on the training strategy. The generic core training
module was written, piloted and quality assured, and
accepted by the CSAP. It will be implemented
nationally in 2006-07. The core training module will
become the initial training provided for all prison and
probation staff before they become tutors. It will
equip them with basic groupwork competencies and
an understanding of the theory and techniques of
under-pinning cognitive behavioural programmes.
This means that programme specific training will be
shortened, tutors will be able to move much more
easily from delivering one programme to another or
between prison and probation locations, and there
will be efficiencies for probation areas, because
duplication in training content will be reduced.
Progress has also been made in developing a joint
HMP/Probation audit. It is intended to develop an
audit which focuses more clearly on factors which are
important in delivering quality programmes while
placing less unnecessary requirements on delivery
teams.
The quality support strategy has been published.
This strategy endorses the role of the treatment
manager as pivotal in maintaining quality of delivery.
The first joint treatment manager event was held in
March 2006, when the theme was improving quality
of delivery.
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LIAM and RP
Two new modules have been designed and piloted
during the year. They are the low intensity alcohol
module, LIAM, and the relapse prevention module,
RP. The former is being piloted in 4 areas and the
latter in 3 areas.
OASys data was analysed regarding offenders'
substance misuse need and gaps in provision were
identified for particular groups of offenders, in
particular relating to alcohol misuse (with drug
misuse provision being available via the local DATs).
Alcohol misusing offenders with OGRS scores below
that required to access a substance misuse and
offending accredited programme formed one such
group. Those offenders attending other accredited
programmes such as CALM, IDAP, GOBP, etc. but in
need of some structured intervention to address
alcohol related offending needs were identified as the
other group.
LIAM is a 12 session module based upon three
existing substance misuse accredited programmes:
DID; OSAP and ASRO. It is being piloted in groups
and with individuals and the initial delivery stage is
due to be reviewed in December 2006. Thereafter
the module will be amended and piloted again in
2007. It is hoped to increase the number of pilot
areas to expedite throughput, hence the evaluation
and national launch. This is anticipated to occur later
in 2007.
RP has been designed as a follow on module
consolidating learning from ASRO and OSAP. It is 10
sessions duration and is planned to be delivered to
groups and individuals as part of the pilot. Delivery is
dependent upon programme completions; therefore
timeframes are less clear cut.
Both pilots will continue into the 2007-08 business
year.
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Future Developments
Cognitive Skills - Think First / ETS
Refresh
The ETS and Think First programmes have been in
use for some time and require updating to reflect
current practice. A joint project with HMPS has been
launched to develop a new national programme that
will replace both programmes and can be used in
both services. Stakeholders will be consulted and
recent advances in cognitive behavioural techniques
incorporated. The new draft programme will be ready
for piloting in July 2007 until December 2007, when it
will be taken for approval to CSAP.
Instrumental Violence Module
The Offending Behaviour Programmes team are
investigating the need for a programme or module for
offenders who use violence instrumentally. The
existing violence programmes cater primarily for
offenders whose violence is associated with a
heightened emotional state, such as anger, or is
reactive to a stressful situation. There are some
offenders who use violence or the threat of violence
mainly in order to achieve their aims in a more
calculating manner. The domestic violence
programmes and the Cognitive Self-Change
programmes run by HMP cater for some of these
offenders. OBPT are examining if this group is large
enough in the community sentenced population to
justify developing a specialist intervention. A
systematic review of the literature has been
commissioned to investigate what type of intervention
might be best suited to this group.
Future plans for SOTPs
By the end of the financial year, the Internet Sex
Offending Treatment Programme (i-SOTP) will be in
place across probation areas in England and Wales.
All 42 probation areas wish to take the programme
and have submitted Implementation Plans to this
effect within the year and many areas predict first
programme completions for within the first year. The
internet programme enables us to address better this
particular type of offending and target the more
general sex offending treatment programme better on
other types of sexual offending. During this financial
year the Adapted Sex Offender Treatment
Programme is being piloted across six probation
areas: this programme is designed to cater for
developmentally disabled sex offenders and is
catering fro previously unmet risk and need.
Evaluation
Research and evaluation will focus on offender
feedback over the forthcoming year. As part of this
work programme there will be an examination of the
factors which impact upon the level of offender
retention. NPD will work closely with areas and
compile data through offender focus groups in the
field, structured interviews and questionnaires.
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Appendix 1: Profile of programmes by area for 2005-06

Think First ETS OTO Cog Booster ASRO OSAP ART CALM C-SOGP
Region/Area
West Midlands
Staffordshire x x x x
Warwickshire x x x x x
West Mercia x x x x x
West Midlands x x x x x

North East
County Durham x x x
Northumbria x x x x
Teesside x x x

East of England
Bedfordshire x x x
Cambridgeshire x x x x
Essex x x x x
Hertfordshire x x
Norfolk x x x x x
Suffolk x x x x

North West
Cheshire x x x
Cumbria x x x
Lancashire x x x x
Greater Manchester x x x x
Merseyside x x x

East Midlands
Derbyshire x x x x x x
Leicestershire & Rutland x x x x x x
Lincolnshire x x x x
Northamptonshire x x x x x
Nottinghamshire x x x

Yorks & Humberside

Humberside x x x x x
North Yorkshire x x x x
South Yorkshire x x x x
West Yorkshire x x x

South East
Hampshire x x x
Kent x x x x x
Surrey x x x x
Sussex x x x
Thames Valley x x x

South West
Avon & Somerset x x x
Devon/Cornwall x x x
Dorset x x x
Gloucestershire x x x
Wiltshire x x

London x x x x x x

Wales
Dyfed/Powys x x x
Gwent x x x x x
North Wales x x x x x
South Wales x x x x

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N-SOGP TV-SOGP IDAP CDVP DID WAC

Region/Area
West Midlands
Staffordshire x x
Warwickshire x x
West Mercia x x
West Midlands x x x

North East
County Durham x x x
Northumbria x x x
Teesside x x

East of England
Bedfordshire x x x
Cambridgeshire x x x
Essex x x x
Hertfordshire x x x x
Norfolk x x x
Suffolk x x x

North West
Cheshire x x x
Cumbria x x x
Lancashire x x x
Greater Manchester x x x
Merseyside x x x

East Midlands
Derbyshire x x
Leicestershire & Rutland x x
Lincolnshire x x
Northamptonshire x x
Nottinghamshire x x

Yorks & Humberside

Humberside x x
North Yorkshire x x x
South Yorkshire x x x
West Yorkshire x x x

South East
Hampshire x x
Kent x x x
Surrey x x x
Sussex x x x
Thames Valley x x x

South West
Avon & Somerset x x x
Devon/Cornwall x x x
Dorset x x
Gloucestershire x x x
Wiltshire x x

London x x

Wales
Dyfed/Powys x x
Gwent x x
North Wales x x
South Wales x x x

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Appendix 2: Programme Details

Probation Offending Behaviour Programmes
General Offending Programmes

PROGRAMME Enhanced Think First One to One Cognitive Women’s

Thinking Skills Skills Acquisitive
Booster Crime
Description of Addresses thinking An offence-focused Teaches a range of problem Designed to Based on MI
Programme and behaviour programme that solving skills in order to reinforce techniques – works
associated with addresses thinking change behaviour and the learning from with women in each
offending. Employs and behaviour. underpinning thoughts. general stage.
a sequenced series Phase 1 teaches Attitudes and values related offending Emphasis on emotional
of structured problem solving to offending. programmes, management and
exercises designed skills, phase 2 through skills building healthy
to teach inter- applies to offending, rehearsal and relationships
personal problem phase 3 rehearses relapse
solving skills self management prevention
and social skills
Status Accredited Accredited Accredited Accredited Accredited
Target Group Male & female Male & female Male & female. Medium to Male and female Female. OGRS 31 plus
medium to medium medium to high risk medium high risk of offenders who (or OASys 40 plus)
high risk (OGRS 41 (OGRS 41–100), but reconviction (OGRS 41 to have already over-ride
–100), but where an where an individual is 100), but where an completed a Women who have a
individual is scoring scoring 75 and over individual is scoring 75 and general offender current conviction of an
75 and over the the sentence plan over the sentence plan programme. acquisitive nature or
sentence plan should should identify should identify additional there is a pattern of
identify additional additional work to work to reflect the higher previous offending or
work to reflect the reflect the higher risk risk (the equivalent OASys the current offence has
higher risk (the (the equivalent range would be 50-160 with an underlying
equivalent OASys OASys range would offenders over 100 requiring motivation of an
range would be 50- be 50-160 with additional work) acquisitive nature
160 with offenders offenders over 100
over 100 requiring requiring additional
additional work) work)
Selection Criteria Level and range of Level and range of Level and range of cognitive Previous Level and range of
cognitive skills cognitive skills skills deficits assessed completion of cognitive skills deficits
deficits assessed deficits assessed through General offender general offender assessed through
through OASys through General matrix programme and OASys
scores offender matrix Complex pattern of personal evidence that
problems, personal they have
characteristics that make benefited from
group learning difficult. the original
GOBP.
Exclusion Criteria Lacks the offending Lacks the offending Lacks the offending related Has failed to Serious mental health
related needs, related needs, needs, serious mental benefit issues, inability to meet
serious mental health serious mental health health problems, inability to sufficiently from the learning outcomes
problems, inability to problems, inability to meet the learning outcomes the original e.g. sever drug
learn in a group learn in a group e.g./severe drug programme. dependency
setting setting dependency
Programme 20 sessions of 2-2.5 22 sessions of 2-2.5 21 sessions of 1 to 1.5 10-12 x2-2.5 31 sessions of 2 hours
Sessions hours hours hours hour sessions each. Additional work
depending on will be needed for the
group size – higher risk women or
normally10 those with greater need
Pre-programme None specified 4 pre programme 1 pre programme 1 pre 1 preparation session
sessions motivational session programme held by tutors
session.
Post programme None specified 4 sessions + 2 None specified Relapse Non-specified
optional sessions) prevention work
with manager
Core Programme 4 –10 weeks (40 – 50 6 – 22 weeks (44 to Up to 11 weeks @ 2 4 – 10 weeks Twice a week for 16
Duration hours total) 55 hours excluding sessions per week (21 to 32 (20 to 25 hours weeks. 3 times a week
(excl. pre and post pre and post hours total) in total) for 11 weeks
sessions) sessions) Suspension of up to 6
weeks – restart after
individual assessment at
appropriate point.
Suspension 6 weeks or
longer – restart at beginning
Group size Minimum 4, Minimum 4, Individual delivery Minimum 4, Optimum 8-10
Maximum 12, Maximum 12, Maximum 12, Min 3
Optimum 10 Optimum 10 Optimum 8
Implementation Complete Complete Complete From March Sept 03
2003

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Violence Programmes
PROGRAMME Aggression
Replacement
Training
Description of Aims to reduce
Programme aggressive behaviour
through teaching social
skills, anger management
techniques and improved
moral reasoning
Status Accredited
Target Group Male & female offenders,
OGRS 41 to 100 but
where an individual is
scoring 75 and over the
sentence plan should
identify additional work to
reflect the higher risk.
(the equivalent OASys
range would be 50-160
with offenders over 100
requiring additional work)
AND/OR
Medium or above risk of
harm in the community
(OASys). High or very
high risk requires further
structured work or a
sequenced programme to
be provided.
Selection Criteria Current aggressive
offence and/or
established pattern of
aggressive behaviour.
Deficits measured in
OASys in 2 of the
following areas; social
skills, emotional
management, perspective
taking and moral
development
Exclusion criteria Offenders who are
primarily instrumentally
violent & domestic
violence offenders.
Programme Sessions 18 sessions of 2 hours.
Pre-programme 5 sessions
Post programme 5 sessions
Core Programme 6 to 12 weeks (36 hours
Duration total)
(excl. pre and post
sessions)
Group Size Minimum 3 maximum10
Implementation Complete Nov 2002
22:23 Page 19
CALM Cognitive Self
Change Block 6
Aims to reduce An integral part of a
aggressive and programme which starts
offending behaviour in prisons and continues
which is related to poor in the community.
emotional management Reinforces learning from
through teaching social the prison-based blocks,
skills, emotional applies it to the
management community setting and
techniques and REBT maintains an up to date
relapse prevention plan.
Accredited Accredited
Males only, OGRS 41 High-risk seriously violent
to 100 but where an male offenders
individual is scoring 75
and over the sentence
plan should identify
additional work to
reflect the higher risk.
(the equivalent OASys
range would be 50-160
with offenders over 100
requiring additional
work)
AND/OR
Medium or above risk
of harm in the
community (OASys).
High or very high risk
requires further
structured work or a
sequenced programme
to be provided.
Current offence of Release from prison
aggression or loss of having started the
emotional control programme
and/or previous pattern
of aggression or loss of
emotional control.
Deficits, measured by
OASys, in 2 of the
following areas: social
skills, emotional
management,
perspective taking and
pro-criminal attitudes.
Primarily instrumentally Not applicable
violent & domestic
violence offenders.
24 sessions of 2 –2.5 One-to-one sessions in
hours. the context of licence
appointments
None specified. N/a
None specified. N/a
8 to 24 weeks Maximum until the end of
the licence or until ended
by risk management
decision
Minimum 3 N/a
maximum10
In progress – 17 out of In progress.
25 areas
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Sex Offender Programmes
PROGRAMME C-SOGP (West
Midlands)
Description of Aims to reduce offending by
Programme adult male sex offenders
Status Accredited
Target Group Adult males within normal IQ
range who commit any type of
sexual offence. Also accept
voluntary referrals e.g. from
Social Services
Selection Criteria Sexual offence
Exclusion criteria General exclusion criteria
apply some discretion to take
total denial of any incident
Programme Sessions 50 hour induction module.
Low risk/low deviancy men
then go directly to 50 hour
Relapse Prevention
Programme. High risk/high
deviancy men undertake full
programme (250 hours)
consisting of 6 modules. Men
can join at the beginning of
each module.
Men who have successfully
completed Prison SOTP can
go directly to the Relapse
Prevention Programme.
Pre-programme Flexible sessions included in
Offender Manager’s pack
Post programme Monitoring risk factors and
reinforcement included in
Offender Manager’s pack
Core Programme Either 100 hours or 260 hours
Duration depending on risk/deviancy
(excl.pre and post profile
sessions)
Group Size 8 optimum. Max 10
Implementation Completed
NPD Interventions Unit
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TV-SOGP (Thames N-SOGP (Northumbria I-SOTP
Valley Programme)
Programme)
Aims to reduce offending Rolling programme which aims Aims to reduce offending by
by adult male sex to reduce offending by adult non-contact internet sex
offenders and to provide male sex offenders offenders
support to partners of
perpetrators
Accredited Accredited Partially Accredited
Adult males within normal Adult males within normal IQ Adult males with normal IQ who
IQ range who commit any range who commit any type of commit non-contact internet
type of sexual offence. sexual offence. Also accept related sex offences
Also accept voluntary voluntary referrals e.g. from
referrals e.g. from Social Social Services range
Services
Sexual offence Sexual offence Internet sexual offence
General exclusion criteria General exclusion criteria apply High deviancy or contact offence
apply plus total denial of plus total denial of any incident
any incident
10 consecutive day Offenders assessed as High 70 hours focusing on internet
Foundation Block Risk/Deviance attend Core related offending.
Victim Empathy block Programme (144 hrs min.)
twice weekly sessions of followed by Relapse Prevention
2 hours (60 hours) (36hrs), giving total programme
Life Skills block twice length of 180 hours. Low
weekly sessions of 2 risk/deviance offenders will
hours (40 hours) normally complete individual
Relapse prevention work with Offender Manger
weekly sessions of 2 followed by relapse prevention
hours (44 hours) module. Offenders released from
Partners programme prison will follow similar route
weekly sessions of 2 depending on assessment.
hours (36 hours) Sessions are normally run for
High risk/high deviancy 3.5 hours during the day, but can
men do whole be run as two evening sessions
programme, low risk, low a week. The Core Programme is
deviancy men can miss a rolling group and the RP
out Life Skills block. module is closed.
Men who have
successfully completed
Prison SOTP can go
directly to the Relapse
prevention programme
Flexible sessions Offender Manager’s pack Flexible sessions included in
included in Offender Offender Manager’s pack
Manager’s pack
Monitoring risk factors Monitoring risk factors and Monitoring risk factors and
and reinforcement reinforcement included in reinforcement included in
included in Offender Offender Manager’s pack Offender Manager’s pack
Manager’s pack
Either 196 hours for high Either 180 hours for High 70 hours
risk/high deviancy men or risk/deviance or 36 hours plus
156 hours for low risk/low individual work for low
deviancy men risk/deviance
8 optimum. Max 10 8 optimum. Max 10 1-2-1 or group up to 10 and 8
optimum
Completed Completed Implementation across NPD
2006-07
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Substance Misuse Programmes

PROGRAMME ASRO Drink Impaired Drivers OSAP PRISM

Description of Modular group work Programme combines cognitive Modular group work programme. Programme for One to One
Programme programme. Aims to behavioural work and education. Aims to teach offenders the skills delivery. Aims to teach offenders
teach offenders the Aims to reduce the risk of future required to reduce or stop the skills required to reduce or
skills required to reduce drink related driving offences substance misuse stop substance misuse
or stop substance
misuse
Status Accredited Accredited Partially Accredited Accredited
Target Group Male and female Male Male and female offenders who Male and female medium to high Male and female medium to high
& female medium to commit a drink drive related risk of offending (OGRS 50–100 risk of offending (OGRS 50–100
high risk (OGRS offence. Priority to be given to or OASys scores above 64), but or OASys score above 64), but
50–100 or OASys those whose offence has an where an individual is scoring 75 where an individual is scoring 75
scores above 64, but aggravating factor e.g. high (OASys 100) and over the (OASys 100) and over the
where an individual is reading, accident or repeat sentence plan should identify sentence plan should identify
scoring 75 (OASys offence additional work to reflect the additional work to reflect the
100) and over the higher risk higher risk
sentence plan should
identify additional work
to reflect the higher
risk)

Selection Criteria Offending is related to Drink drive related offence and Offending is related to substance Offending is related to substance
substance misuse, relevant skills or knowledge misuse misuse.
offender sufficiently deficits Offender sufficiently stable and Offender sufficiently stable &
stable & motivated. motivated. motivated.
Exclusion criteria As for general As for other GOBPs. Not As for general offending As for general behaviour
offending behaviour suitable for problem drinkers programmes programmes
programmes until they are stabilised. The
programme is unlikely to be
suitable for offenders with more
than four previous convictions
who are likely to have a wider
range of criminogenic needs
which cannot be met by this
programme.
Programme Sessions 20 sessions of 2.5 14 sessions of 2.5 hours to be 26 sessions of 2.5 hours. Twenty sessions from between
hours. Programme has delivered weekly Programme has modular 45 and 120 minutes. Sessions
modular structure. structure. Can be delivered from recommended
Sessions can be one to three times per week. twice weekly for sessions 1
delivered from one to – 4,
three times per week. weekly for sessions 5-12
and
2 x weekly or weekly for
sess. 13 - 20
Pre-programme Written guidance re 4 pre programme sessions 3 pre programme sessions Written guidance re preparatory
preparatory work for work for offender managers
offender managers
Core Programme 10 - 20 weeks (50 14 weeks ( 35 hours in total) 12- 24 weeks 10 - 20 sessions (50 hours in
Duration hours in total) total)
(excl.pre and post
sessions)
Post programme None specified, other Written guidance offender Minimum 4 maintenance None specified, other than action
than action post managers which details further sessions with case worker post programme report
programme report optional work in 6 areas
depending upon the progress
which the offender made in the
core programme
Group Size 8-12 Minimum 4, Maximum 12, 8-12 Not applicable
optimum 10
Implementation Completed Completed Pilot commenced June 2003 Under review

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Domestic Violence
PROGRAMME
Description of Programme
Status
Target Group
Selection Criteria
Exclusion Criteria
Programme Sessions
Pre-programme
Post programme
Core Programme Duration
(excl. pre and post
sessions)
Group size
Likely Implementation Date
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11/12/06 22:23 Page 22
CDVP
CBT Domestic Violence
Sequential programme for
male perpetrators of
medium to high risk of
harm. Based on CSC and
similar to prison dv
programme. Includes
interagency risk
assessment/info exchange
management; victim
contact; proactive offender
management and core
groupwork.
Accredited
Male offenders who were
or are in heterosexual
relationships with
medium & medium/high
risk of harm offenders
Use of SARA , male,
offence committed in
context of dv
In denial; Severe mental
health issues, inability to
meet learning outcomes
e.g. severe drug
dependency
25 groupwork sessions of
2 hrs Sequential but
flexible. Can be delivered
2/3 times per week.
9 individual sessions
including pre and post
3 pre programme
individual sessions plus
one pre group
4 relapse prevention
sessions
9-13 weeks
8-12
completed
IDAP
CBT Offender focussed,
challenging attitudes and
beliefs Teaches non
controlling behaviour
strategies, and enhanced
victim empathy. Includes
interagency risk
assessment/info exchange
management;
victim contact;
proactive offender
management and core
groupwork.
Accredited
Male offenders, in/were in
heterosexual relationships,
who are of medium to high
risk of harm
Spousal Abuse Risk
Assessment tool (SARA)
male, offence committed in
context of dv
In denial; Serious mental
health problems, inability
to meet the learning
outcomes e.g./ severe
drug dependency
27 group sessions of 2
hours, delivered weekly,
modular rolling
programme; 13 individual
sessions including pre and
post
4 individual sessions plus
one group orientation
At least four relapse
prevention session with
offender manager
Probably not less than 27
weeks in total plus pre and
post sessions
8- 12
completed
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Research Portfolio

PROGRAMME Black and Asian Low Intensity Alcohol

Research Misuse
Description of Test out the added value Programme for individuals
of supporting modules with alcohol related offending
Programme attached to a GOBP who are not dependent and
Self Development do not meet the criteria for
module with a ASRO or OSAP
GOBP delivered to
a black and Asian
only group and to
mixed groups
Status Research Research
Target Group Male & female medium to Male or female below OGR 50
high risk (ORGS 41–100)
Selection Criteria Meets GOBP criteria, Alcohol related offending not
motivated. suitable for ASRO or OSAP
Exclusion Criteria As for GOBP. Excused
SD not motivated after MI
Programme SD Module 4 sessions
Sessions
Pre-programme
Post programme
Core programme SD 8-10 hrs. 10 2 hour sessions
Duration
(excl. pre and post
sessions)
Group size SD 4-12 1-2-1 0r up to 12 Group
Review of Pilot 2005
stage

Last Updated November 2006

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Table of Abbreviaitons and Acronyms

ASRO Addressing Substance Related Offending
ART Aggression Replacement Training
BIS Barrett Impulsivity Scale
CALM Controlling Anger and Learning to Manage it
CDVP Community Domestic Violence Programme
CSAP Correctional Services Accreditation Panel
C-SOGP Community Sex Offender Group Programme
CSB Cognitive Skills Booster
DATs Drug Action Teams
DID Drink Impaired Driver Programme
DV Domestic Violence
EPTM Effective Practice Training Manager
E-OASYS Electronic Offender Assessment System
ETS Enhanced Thinking Skills
GOBP General Offending Behaviour Programme
IAPS Interim Accredited Programmes Software
IDAP Integrated Domestic Abuse Programme
i-SOGP Internet Sex Offending Group Programme
LCB Locus of Control
N-SOGP Northumbria Sex Offender Group Programme
NPD National Probation Directorate
NPS National Probation Service
NPSISS National Probation Service Information System Strategy
OASys Offender Assessment System
OBPT / OBPU Offending Behaviour Programmes Team / Unit
OGRS Offender Group Reconviction Score
OSAP Offender Substance Abuse Programme
OTO One to One programme
PICTS Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles
PIM Programme Implementation Manager
RP Relapse Prevention
SOTPs Sex Offender Treatment Programmes
SPSI Social Problem Solving Inventory
SU Substance Use
TV-SOGP Thames Valley Sex Offender Group Programme
WAC Women’s Acquisitive Crime / Women’s Programme
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