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A Method for EstimatingVolume and Rate of Runoff in Small Watersheds

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE

SCS-TP-149 Revised April 1973

ABSTRACT The Soil Conservation Service (SCS) has developed charts ES-1026 and ES-1027 for estimating the instantaneous peak discharge expected from small areas. They provide the peak discharge rate for establishing conservation practices on individual farms and ranches and for the design of waterThe graphs were prepared from computations made by automatic control measures in small watersheds. data processing (ADP). Each graph relates peak discharge to drainage area and rainfall depths for each of (1) a given set of watershed characteristics, (2) different rainfall time distributions and (3) three categories of average watershed slopes. Peak discharges range from 5 to 2,000 cubic feet per second (cfs), drainage areas range from 5 to 2,000 acres, and 24-hour rainfall depths range from 1 to 12 inches. Curve numbers (CN) are used to represent watershed characteristics that influence runoff. Each chart represents one of seven curve numbers ranging from 60 to 90 in increments of 5. Each group of seven charts represents one of the three average watershed slope factors (FLAT, MODERATE, and STEEP) making a total of 21 charts for each of two rainfall time distributions. The procedures for computation of peak discharges by ADP were based upon those in the SCS National Engineering Handbook, Section 4, Hydrology, August 1972. The logic and procedures used for the ADP computation are described. CONTENTS ................................. Introduction ....... ................................ ....... Stormrainfall Rainfall-runoff equation ........................... ....... Watershed lag and time of concentration ....... ................... Watershed shape factor ....... ........................... Use of curve numbers to reflect overland retardance ....... ............ Average watershed slope ....... .......................... Interpolation for intermediate slopes ................... ....... Triangular hydrograph equation ........................ ....... Incremental hydrographs. ....... ........................... Basic procedure for estimating peak discharge without developing a hydrograph ....... Equations and assumptions used in computer solutions for ES-1026 and ES-1027 . ....... Storm rainfall ............................... ....... Rainfall-runoff equations ......................... ....... Watershed lag ............................... ....... Period of runoff affecting peak discharge ................. ....... Incremental peak discharge ......................... ....... Combined peak discharge .......................... ....... Literature cited ............................... ....... Appendix ................................... ....... Page 1 1 4 7 8 8 11 11 11 12 12 17 17 17 17 17 17 18 19 20

A Method for Estimating Volume and Rate of Runoff in Small Watersheds


K. M. Kent (retired), Chief,.Hydrology Soil Conservation Service Branch,

INTRODUCTION Ven Te Chow has described many methods which have been used for determining waterway areas and the design of drainage control structures in small watersheds (I), Some of these methods have been used by the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) for estimating peak discharge rates. These include the rational method (Ramser curves after C. E. Ramser), the Cook method after H. L. Cook, the modified Cook or CW method by M. M. Culp and others, and the methoa by Victor Mockus and others described in the National Engineering Handbook, Section 4, Hydrology (NEH-4) an inservice handbook of SCS (7). SCS has used these methods primarily for the-design of measures for individual farms and ranches. The NEW-4 method provides for the development of a complete hydrograph and involves more detailed computations than the others. It is used primarily for planning and designing larger measures--larger than those for farms and ranches--in watersheds planned under the Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act (Public Law 566, 83d Cong.; Stat. 666), as amended. Using different methods under similar conditions SCS, obtained wide differences in the peak rates. These differences were mainly due to the choice of coefficients and factors inherent in each method rather than to the method itself. The method adopted by SCS is shown in charts ~~-1026 and ~~-1027 (appendix). Guidelines have been established for selecting nationally applicable values for this method's parameters. This set of parameters is expected to provide adequate and more uniform estimates of peak discharges between areas having similar watershed characteristics. A primary requirement was that the method be simple enough to be used by all grades of professional and subprofessional personnel in They all need to make quick, on-the-spot scs. estimates of peak discharge rates for planning and designing soil and water conservation measures. It is further desirable for the method to be closely allied with those in NEH-4. The peak discharge for a small watershed with unusual characteristics can then be computed using the more detailed procedures in NEH-4 but with the same parameters. Specific values are computed for each parameter in contrast to the average values used in the charts. The method described here is generally limited to drainage areas of 2,000 acres or less and to watersheds that have average slopes of less than

The NEH-4 method is generally used 30 percent. for-watersheds exceeding these limits or when the computed peak discharge exceeds 2,000 cfs. There are other circumstances where the method described here may not provide adequate estimates and the NEH-4 method should be used. These are described later under pertinent headings. STORM RAINFALL Stream-gage measurements are rarely available for small watersheds. Generalized rainfall data, however, are available nationally. Therefore it is desirable that the national SCS method for computing peak discharge rates and runoff volumes in small areas use rainfall for their basic input. The Weather Bureau's Rainfall-Frequency Atlases covering the United States, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands provide rainfall-frequency data for areas less than 400 square miles, for durations to 24 hours, and for frequencies from 1 to 100 years (5, 8; 9, 10, 11).Adjustment of rainfall wiX7ZS$?Z-to area is not necessary in the method described because the drainage areas are small. But the distribution of storm rainfall with respect to tme is an important parameter. Two major regions were identified for this purpose. Time distributions for each are tabulated in table 1 and shown in figure 1. Qpe I represents regions with a maritime climate. Type II represents regions in which the high rates of runoff from small areas are usually generated from summer thunderstorms. The type I and type II distributions are based on generalized rainfall depth-duration relationships obtained from Weather Bureau technical The accumulative graphs in figure 2, papers. which are the basis for type I and II distribuwere established by (1) plotting a ratio tions, of rainfall amount for any duration to the 24hour amount against duration for a number of locations and (2) selecting a curve of best fit. Selected curves are shown as dashed lines in figure 2. Note that the type II distribution 2) underestimates the l-hour duration by (fig. about 0.6 inch at Lincoln, Nebr., overestimates it by about 0.5 inch at Mobile, Ala., and is within 0.1 inch on the northwest corner of Utah. The type I distribution underestimates the &hour duration by about 1 inch at Kahuka Point, These variations are within the Oahu, Hawaii. accuracy of rainfall amounts read from the Weather Bureau references.

TIME IN HOURS
1.0

14

15

I6

17

IR

19

70

71

22 -TT f

09

.: : _. ., .j,. j. .:
: : 1 : : : .: i: / j _<. ,. .: :.

Type 1
Type

- Hawaii, coastal side of Sierra Nevada in southern California, and the interior regions of Alaska,

_. ..,i. i

.,.

.,.

IA - Storm distribution represents the coastal side of the Sierra Nevada and the Cascade Mountains in Oregon, Washington, and northern California, and the coastal regions of Alaska. Users requiring peak rates of discharge for these areas can obtain the graphs from the West Regional Technical Service Center, SCS, Portland, Oreg. Remaining United States. Puerto Rico. and Virgin Islands.

fj

:.,

: .:,j,". j i :

.'.'

_. :

i : .:.

.,.. I

IO

11

12

13

14

15

TIME IN HOURS

Figure

l.--Twenty-four-hour

rainfall

distributions

(SCS).

Table

l.--Accumulation

of rainfall

to 24 hours

Time (hours)

Px/P21$ Type 1 Tree II 0 ,035 .076 .125 .194 .156 .219 .254 .303 .362 .515 .583 .624 .654 ----.682 ----.727 ----.767 .830 .926 1.000 .022 .048 ,080 ----.120 ----.147 .1.63 ----.181 .204 .235 .283 .387 .663 .735 .772 a799 .820 .880 .952 1.000

0 2.0 4.0 6.0 2: a.5 9.0 9.5 9.75 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 11.75 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 16.0 20.0 24.0

I7

I I

A/ ,

OL 1

I
6 DURATION (HOURS) !* -4

.L/ Ratio accumulated rainfall to total. Average intensity-duration values used to develop the dashed lines in figure 2 are rearranged to form the type I and II distributions in figure 1. The type I distribution is arranged so that the greatest 30-minute depth occurs at about the IO-hour point of the 24-hour period, the second largest in the next 30 minutes, and the third largest in the preceeding 30 minutes. This alternation continues with each decreasing order of magnitude until the smallest increments fall at the beginning and end of the 24-hour rainfall (fig. 1). The type II distribution is arranged in a similar manner but the greatest 30-minute depth occurs near the middle of the 24-hour period. The selection of the period of maximum intensity for both distributions was based on design consideration rather than meteorological factors. The effective storm period that contributes to an instantaneous peak rate of discharge varies with the time of concentration (T,) of each It is only a few minutes for a small watershed. very short T, and up to 24 hours for a long T,. The effective period for most watersheds smaller than 2,000 acres is less than 6 hours. Because of the "built-in" range of 30-minute intensities the 24-hour duration is equally appropriate for a 5-acre watershed with less than a 30-minute 3

3 DURATION

6
( HOURS 1

12

21

25-year Figure 2 .--Generalized depth-duration relationships Bureau Rainfall Atlases).

frequency rainfall (U.S. Weather

effective storm period as it watershed where the effective up the entire 24 hours.

is for a 2,OOOAacre periods may take

numbers (CN) by the following CN = 1000 10 + s

equation

(fig.

3):

RAINFALL-RUNOFF EQUATION The runoff equation used by SCS was developed by Victor Mockus and others about 1947(1, 2, I). A relationship between accumulated rainfall and accumulated runoff was derived from experimental plots for numerous soils and vegetative cover conditions. Data for land-treatment measures, such as contouring and terracing, from experimental watersheds were included. The equation was developed mainly for small watersheds for which only daily rainfall and watershed data are ordinarily available. It was developed from recorded storm data that included total amount of rainfall in a calendar day but not its distribution with respect to time. The SCS runoff equation is therefore a method of estimating direct runoff from storm rainfall of-1 day or less. The equation

Where : & = accumulated direct runoff. (potential

P = accumulated rainfall maximum runoff). I,

= initial abstraction including surface storage, interception, infiltration prior to runoff. maximum retention.

and

s = potential

The inset in figure 3 shows the initial abstraction (I,) in a typical storm. The relationship between I, and S was developed from experimental watershed data. It removes the necessity for estimating I, for common usage. The empirical relationship used in the SCS runoff equation is: Ia = 0.2s Substituting 0.2s equation follows: for I, in equation (l), the

(2)

& = (P - 0.2s)Z P + 0.8s To show the rainfall-runoff relationship graphically, S values are transformed into

(3)

curve

The S values for CN's ranging from 0 to 100 are tabulated in NEH-4, table 10.1. Research data provided the association of CN's with various hydrologic soil-cover complexes as shown in table 2 for an average antecedent moisture condition. Soils are divided into four hydrologic soil groups: A, B, C, and D. Group A soils have a high infiltration rate even when When thoroughly wet, group % thoroughly wet. soils have a moderate infiltration rate, group C soils a slow infiltration rate, and group D soils a very slow infiltration rate. Table 7.1 of NEH-4 lists more than 9,000 soils and their hydrologic group. The rainfall-runoff chart (fig. 3) is used mostly for estimating the runoff from watersheds for which composite CN's are obtained from listings like those in table 2. The curves can in turn be used to estimate a composite CN for an unlisted watershed characteristic with rainfall and runoff data for only a few years. The rainfall-runoff values for each storm in the short period can be plotted on a facsimile of figure 3. The curve in figure 3 equally dividing the plotted points can be assumed to represent the runoff CN for an average antecedent moisture condition in the watershed. The plotted points are usually widely scattered, representing a change in the value of S in equation (3) and hence a corresponding change in CN from one storm to the next. Most of this difference is the result of variations in soil moisture preceding each storm. Mockus based the antecedent moisture condition (AMC) on the total rainfall in the 5-day period preceding a storm and divided the AMC into three conditions (table 3). Figure 4 demonstrates how the plotted points usually fall between the CN's representing AMC I and AMC III with AMC II equally dividing them. This capability is an advantage to engineers working in foreign countries where, without experimental data on watershed characteristics unique to the local area, a minimum amount of measured data may suffice to establish CN's adequate for the design of small structures. Changes in plant cover between seasons along with changes in land use from year to year can also affect the degree of scatter of plotted P and Q points. Furthermore, if rain gages are not spaced close enough to measure watershed precipitation accurately, this will cause unrealistic scat.ter in the P and Q plotting. The peak discharge computations in ~~-1026 and ES-1027 are based on AMC-II.

RAINFALL

(PI

IN

INCHES

Figure

3.--Solution

of the

runoff

equation,

Q = (P P + 0.2s)Z o 8s

Table

2 .--Runoff curve numbers for hydrologic soil-cover complexes (Antecedent moisture condition II, and I, = 0.2 S)

Land use and treatment or practice Fallow Straight row ............ Row crops Straight row ............ Straight row ............ Contoured ............... Contoured ............... Contoured and terraced Contoured and terraced Small grain Straight row ............ Straight row ............ Contoured ............... Contoured ............... Contoured and terraced Contoured and terraced Close-seeded legumes or rotation meadow Straight row ............ Straight row ............ Contoured ............... Contoured ............... Contoured and terraced Contoured and terraced Pasture or range No mechanical treatment No mechanical treatment No mechanical treatment Contoured ............... Contoured ............... Contoured ............... ..> ...... Meadow ............. Woods ....................... Farmst ads .................. Road& 7 Dirt .................... Hard surface ............

Hydrologic condition

Hydrologic A B

soil C

group D

----

77
72 67 70 65 66 62
65

86 81 78 79 75 74 71. 76

91 88 85 84 82 80 78 84 83 82 81 79 78 85 81 83 78 80 76 86 79 74 81 75 70 71 77 73 70

94 91 89 88 86 82 81 88 87 85 84 82 81

.. ..

Poor Good Poor Good Poor Good Poor Good Poor Good Poor Good Poor Good Poor Good Poor Good Poor Fair Good Poor Fair Good Good Poor Fair Good ----------

.. ..

2 ;;
63 61 59 73 72 70 77 72 75 69 73 67 68 49 79 69

.. ..

89 85 85 83 83 80 89 84 80 88 83 79 78 83 79 2 89 92

z; :: z; 2: :z
25 6 59 35 60 36 25 59 82 84

a2
87 90

L/ Including

rights-of-way. 6

Table

3.--Curve numbers (CN) for wet (AMC III) and dry (AMC I) antecedent moisture conditions corresponding to an average moisture condition anteceden (AMC II)1 f .

CN for AMC II 100 95 ii; 80 75 :: 60 55 z; 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 11 AMC I.

Corresponding CN's AMC I AMC III

100 100 78
87
70 63 57 98 96 94 91 40 35 31 26 22 18 15 12

z:

88

85 82 78 7-L 2: 60 55
STORM RAINFALL IN INCHES

:3
37 30 22 13

Figure

z 4 2

L.--Limited-gage data used to assign curve numbers to new and unmeasured watershed characteristics.

AMC II. AMC III.

Lowest runoff potential,. Soils in the watershed are dry enough for satisfactory plowing or cultivation. The average condition. Highest runoff potential. Soils in the watershed are practically saturated from antecedent rains.

INCREMENTOF EXCESS RAINFALLORINFLOW

OUTFLOWHYOROGRAPH

WATERSHEDLAG AND TIME OF CONCENTRATION The average slope within the watershed together with the overall length and retardance of overland f-low are major factors affecting the runoff rate through the watershed. Time of concentration (T,) is the time it takes for water to travel from the most hydraulically distant point in a watershed to its outLag (L) can be considered as a weighted let. When runoff from a time of concentration. watershed is nearly uniform it is usually sufficient to relate lag to time of concentration as follows : L = 0.6 T, (5)

I- AD --I

A$ = =
fi+L Where:

I" C.F.S.

A0 = INCREMENTOFSTORM PERIOD IN HOURS A0 = RUNOFFINlNCHESDURlNGPERlOD 4D A = PEAK DISCHARGE IN C.F.S.FURAN INCREMENTOF RUNOFF A = DRAINAGEAREAIN SQUAREMILES Tp= TL, = TlMETOPEAK(=++L)INHOURS TlMEOFBASEf= 2.67 Tp ) IN HOURS

The lag for the runoff from an increment of excess rainfall can further be considered as the time between the center of mass of the excess 7

Figure

5.--Triangular

hydrograph

relationships.

rainfall increment and the peak of its incremental outflow hydrograph (fig. 5). A graph for estimating lag is shown in figure 6. The equation is:

a/w = Ka0.2
Where: K = 209/208.4 (or 1 for practical purposes). shape factor.

(10)

L = Q3*8 (s + 1) o-7
1900 Y.j a/w = watershed Where : L = lag in hours. i! = length divide Y = average percent. 1000 S=CN-10 CN' = A retardance factor approximated by the curve number representing the watershed's hydrologic soil-cover complex. Watershed Shape Factor of mainstream in feet. slope to farthest in Drainage area (acres ) 10 100 1000 l-1 w is average length.

Variation in shape factor with respect to drainage area based on equation (10) is shown in the following tabulation.

of watershed

k/WJ

Ratio 1.58 2.51 3.98

width

of watershed,

area/

The length (1) of the mainstream to the farthest divide was measured on ARS maps of the small experimental watersheds (2, 5; p. 2.2-7) The hydraulic length and area of these watersheds are plotted in figure 7. The relationship is represented by the equation: R = 209 a"s6 Where: R = hydraulic a = drainage length in feet. (7)

area in acres.

The ratio of length (a) to average width (w) of a watershed may be referred to as a "shape factor." It follows from equation (7) that the shape factor varies with drainage area. R = 43,560 Where: w = average width of watershed in feet. (7) for a/w (8)

Substituting the value R in equation (8): w = (43,560 and: w = 208.4 a"s4 Combining equations

of R in equation a"s6)

There are small watersheds that do not conform to the shape factor in equation (10); some deviate considerably. In the example shown in figure 8, the diversion terrace along one side changes the shape in reference to the hydraulic length and average width relationship. Here the a/w factor is 3.75 as compared to a factor of 1.69 based on the general equation (7) used for ~~-1026 and ES-1027 solutions. Example 2 under the heading tlBasic Procedure for Estimating Peak Discharge Without Developing a EIydrographn computes the peak discharge for this watershed to be 43 cfs as compared to 46 cfs obtained from the solution in ES-1027. The ES-1026 and ES-1027 solution provides a higher peak discharge estimate for all watersheds that have diversions or terraces and will result in a greater capacity requirement for the design of a structure. This is generally acceptable and often desirable for the installation of smaller measures. Where the economy of a structure requires close adherence to the lesser design capacity, the peak discharge can be determined manually as shown later in example 2. No attempt has been made to modify the precomputed estimates in ~~-1026 and ES-1027 for special watershed shape factors since those used change with each change in drainage area as shown by equation (10) and the tabulation following it. Use of Curve Numbers to Reflect Retardance Overland

a)/(209

(9)

(7) and (9):

The chart for estimating watershed lag in figure 6 uses Cii's to reflect the retardance effect of surface conditions on the rate at which runoff moves down the slope. A hay meadow or a thick mulch in a forest is associated with

p. = GREATEST FLOW LENGTH IN FEET

Figure

G.--Watershed

lag

(NEH-I-I- January

1971).

(8) 133zl NI 03HS1131WM JO H13N3-l

10

peak discharge means primarily average watershed Slope slope in the direction of overland flow. is readily available at most locations from On larger watersheds existing soil survey data. the gradient of the stream channel becomes an additional consideration in estimating time of of one average slope concentration. An estimate for all the land within watersheds of less than 2,000 acres is adequate for the slope parameter (Y) in equation (6). Average slope is defined under three broad categories for the peak discharge charts ~~-1026 and ES-1027 (table 4). Peak discharges were computed for the slopes shown in the second column and assigned to the broad categories of the Ordinarily the peak first and third columns. discharge values given for one of the three slope categories in ~~-1026 and ES-1027 are adequate for most uses without interpolating between slope categories. Table 4.--Slope factors computations ES-1027. for peak discharge in charts ~~-1026 and

Slope factor Figure B.--Natural altered watershed shape factor by a diversion terrace. FLAT1/ MODERATE STEEP lJ Level

Slope for which computations were made Percent 1 4 16 level.

Average slope range Percent 0 to 3 3 to 8 8 or more

Conversely, a low CN's and high retardance. bare surface is associated with high CN's and The CN's denoting retardance low retardance. are the same as those used for estimating the depth of runoff from rainfall (table 2). The ADP solutions for charts ~~-1026 and ES-1027 used the same CN' for computing watershed lag in equation (6) as the CN for depth of runoff in equation (3). There are unusual situations for which a common CN and CN' does not provide an adequate estimate of peak discharge. One example is a watershed in which the soils have a high infiltration rate (hydrologic soil group A or B) but no surface cover and are on rather steep slopes. Here the CN for estimating depth of runoff is small because of the hydrologic soil group class. Once the soil is saturated and runoff has commenced, however, the overland retardance (CN') for the bare surface is greater than the CN representing the hydrologic soil complex number. In special situations where it is believed that a closer approximation of lag or time of concentration can be made and where a closer peak discharge determination is warranted, the manual solution described later should be made and compared with the results in ~~-1326 or ES-1027. Average Watershed Slope Slope method for computing

to nearly for

Interpolation

Intermediate

Slopes

If a closer estimate of peak discharge is needed than that provided in ~~-1026 and ES-1327 for the three slope categories, the value can be determined by interpolation between 1 percent (FLAT), 4 percent (MODERATE), and 16 percent The estimate is made simpler by in(STEEP). terpolating along a straight-line plot of peak against slope on log-log paper (fig. 9). The straight-line plot on log-log paper can also be used to extrapolate peak discharge values for slopes steeper than 16 percent. But other parameters than those in equation (6) may need to be considered for average watershed slopes steeper than 33 percent. TRIANGULAR HYDROGRAPH EQUATION The triangular hydrograph is a practical representation of excess runoff with only one It has been rise, one peak, and one recession.

as used in this

L = drainage

area lag.

INCREMENTAL HYDROGRAPHS Total storm rainfall rarely if ever occurs Because rainuniformly with respect to time. fall gage data and the variation of rainfall with time are lacking in most small watersheds, it is desirable that variations in rainfall with respect to time be standardized for the design of soil and water conservation measures. To use equation (11) for other than uniform storm rainfall, it is necessary to divide the storm into increments of duration (AD) and compute corresponding increments of runoff (AQ) (fig. 5). The peak discharge equation for an increment of runoff is: (12)
c

Where

A is in square miles.
AVERAGEWATERSHEDSLOPEIN PEACENl

AQ is in inches. Figure Y.--Logarithmic discharge interpolation for intermediate of peak slopes. AD and L are in hours. A% is in cfs.

very useful in the design of soil and water conservation measures. Its geometric makeup can be easily described mathematically, which makes it very useful in the processes of estimating discharge rates. SCS developed the following equation to estimate the peak rate of discharge for spillway and channel capacities for conservation measures and water-control structures: qp = (KAQ)/T~ Where: qp = peak rate of discharge. to the (11) (2, 2, 1)

The constant, K, in equation (11) becomes 484 when the peak discharge is computed in units of cfs for the triangular hydrograph (fig. 5). The ordinates of the individual triangular hydrographs for each Aqpare added to develop a composite hydrograph (fig. lc)). Note how each incremental hydrograph is displaced one AD to the right for each succeeding time increment. BASIC PROCEDUREFOR ESTIMATING PEAK DISCHARGE WITHOUT DEVELOPING A HYDROGRAPH The plotting and summation of unit hydrograph ordinates (fig. 10) require more time than desirable or necessary to obtain only the peak discharge (qp) for a design storm. The peak discharge, without the further development of the entire composite hydrograph, is all that is required for most SCS applications. For these the solution can be reduced to the period of runoff or of excess rainfall that directly affects the peak rate corresponding to a given watershed lag (L). A relationship between AD and L can be chosen that enables the summation of only a single ordinate from each incremental hydrograph within the effective runoff period to compute the peak discharge. The usual choice is to make AD equal to one-third the time to peak (Tp) (fig. 11). If AD is taken to equal Tp/3 then the equation for AD is:

A = drainage area contributing peak rate. Q = storm runoff. K = a constant. Tp = time to peak. as:

Time to peak (Tp) is expressed Tp=$+L Where: D = storm duration.

4AD -4

AD c-

2AD+

Figure

lO.--Composite hydrograph from hydrographs for storm increments AD. AD = 0.4L (13) Figure 12.--Effective peak-producing most effective increment. period and

Where : Tp = (ADl2) and Tp = 3 AD The effective peak-producing runoff period is TAD with the fifth increment AD, being the most intense runoff increment (fig. The peak 12). discharge for each increment (Aq,) can be computed by equation (12) using: AQ., = Mass Q2 - Mass Q1 AQ2 = Mass Q, - Mass Q, etc. (14) + L (fig, 5)

13 are the proportional contributing to the been obtained for The product (y)Aq for each of the seven increments of runoff ar8 added to obtain the composite peak rate (qp). The summation equation is: q = C 0.2Aq, + + 0.4Aq, + o.6Aq3 + o.8Aq 4 (:I51

The y values

in figure

l.OAq,

+ $Aq6 f yb, '

SELECTAD = l/3 Tp OR Tp = 3 AD SINCET = w@- +L AD = 0.4~ p 2 '

Figure

Il.--Making time

AD equal to peak.

to one-third

the

Figure

13.--Proportional parts of incremental hydrographs that contribute to the composite peak.

The equations were solved by ADP to get the peak-discharge rates for ~~-1026 and ES-1027. These equations can be solved manually by following the examples given here. Example l.-Given a loo-acre watershed with runoff characteristics represented by CN 80 in table 2. The average slope of the watershed is The peak discharge is required for a 1 percent. The watershed is lo-inch rain in 24 hours. located in the area covered by the type II curve in figure 1.

TAD = 7(0.33) hour TAD = 2.31 hours Step T.--Prepare a tabulation based on a type II distribution in table 1; P,, = 10 inches and runoff (Q) for CN 80 from figure 3: Time (hours) 10.0 Mass P (inches) Mass Q (inches)

PxjP24

Step l.--Estimate the hydraulic watershed by equation (7): R = 209aos6 R = 209(100)"'6 R = 3,300 feet
Step 2.-- Read watkrshed lag R = 3,300 feet; Y = 1 percent

length

of the

LO.5 11.0 Il.5 II.75


12.0

12.5 l.3.0

0.181 .204 .235 .283 .387 .663 .735 .772

1.81
2.04

2.35 2.83 3.87 6.63 7.35 7.72

0.44 .59 .78


1.12

1.94 4.36 5.02 5.36

from figure and CN 80: (13),

6 for

L = 0.83 hour Step 3.--Compute AD from equation assuming AD = Tp/3: AD = 0.4L AD = 0.4(0.83) AD = 0.33 hour Step 4.--Compute the effective runoff period for TAD: peak-producing

Plot mass Q Step 6.--Prepare working curve. Select midpoint of maxiversus time (fig. 14). This mum increment of runoff (11.88 hours). will be the same for most type II distributions, but it will occur later where initial abstracprior to tion (I, = 0.2s) has not been satisfied Mark the curve with the 7AD begin11.75 hours. ning at10.39hours for the selected midpoin-t minus 4.5AD.

11.88 - 4.5(0.33)
Step T.--Prepare ous peak discharge computations (table 5).

= 10.39
for instantaneThe increment in

TIME IN HOURS

Figure

lb.--Working

curve

for manual computation

from type

II

storm

distribution,

table

1.

14

Table

5.--Example 1, computations neous peak discharge

for

instanta-

Step 3.--Read watershed lag (L) from figure or compute L from equation (6):

(1) Increment

(3) (2) Mass Time runoff Honrs Inches ---e 10.39 10.72 11.05 11.38 11.71 12.04 12.37 12.70 3.55

(4)

(5)

(6)
yd

(7) Y(Acl) Cfs 1.8 4. 0 8.2 46.8 211.3

AQ A& Inches Cfs 3.12 .13 .18 .77 2.78 .42 .22 9.1 9.9 13.7 55.5 211.3 31.9 16.7

L = 0.1 (approx.) Step li.--The 24-hour, 25-year frequency rainfall for Cohocton, N. Y., in the Weather Bureau Atlas is 4.3 inches. Use type II distribution. Step 5.--Compute AD from equation (13) assuming AD = Tp/3: AD = 0.4L AD = 0.4(0.1) = 0.94 hour peak-producing

0.2 .4 .6 .8 1.0

.67
.80 .98 1.75 4.53 4.95 5.17

Step 6.--Compute the effective runoff period for TAD: TAD = T(C.04) hour

213 21.3
113 5.6 FEZ31

TAD = 9.28 hour Step T.--Prepare a tabulation from data in steps 1 and 4 for the period in step 6, solving for Q by using equation (3) or by reading Q from figure 3: P = 4.3 inches; Time (hours) S = 2.2 inches. Mass P (inches 1 0.283 .387 .663 table 1, type II 1.22 1.66 2.85 distribution. Mass & (inches) 0.20 .44 1.26

11 FK~ equation (12) Aq = 76.0 (AQ) ?J See figure 13 ai qp = 300 (approx) from ES-1027, Rev. e-15-71 sheet 5 of 21.

column 1 and the time in column 2 correspond with the beginning and end of each incremental period, AD, in figure 14. The runoff (Q) in column 3 is read from the curve in figure 14. Column 4 is the incremental runoff for each AD. Peak discharge for each increment of runoff is computed by equation (12) and tabulated in column 5. Column 6 lists the proportion of incremental peak that contributes to the total peak as shown in figure 13. Column 7 is the summation of proportionate parts of each incremental peak in equation (15). Example 2.--Given watershed W-II, 13.8 acres located at Cohocton, N. Y. The watershed is in cultivation with good conservation treatment in effect; its soils are predominantly in hydrologic soil group C. The average watershed slope is 20 percent and hydraulic length k is measured as 1,500 feet following the course of the diversion terrace (fig. 8). The peak discharge for a 25year frequency storm is desired for AMC II. Step I.--Select CN from table 2 based on the watershed description: CN = 82 Step 2.--Compute S from equation (4):

11.5 11.75 12.0 lfFrom

Step 8.--Prepare working curve (fig. 15) from data in step 7. Step 9.--Prepare computations for instantaneous peak discharge (table 6). 'Ihe peak discharge for this example is rounded to 43 cfs, as computed manually, and by estimating lag (L) on the actual hydraulic length (a) along the diversion terrace. The peak discharge obtained from ES-1027 (sheets 19 and 20), with R based on equation (7) and not the measured length along the diversion terrace, is: 9 for STEEP, CN 80, 13.8 acres, and P = 4.3 inches is 43 cfs. q for STEEP, CN 85, 13.8 acres, and P = 4.3 inches is 50 cfs. By interpolation, q for STEEP, CN 82, 13.8 acres, and P = 4.3 inches is l+& cfs. Converting from the 16-percent slope for STEEP to a 20-percent slope would not add more than 1

s=1ooo-10
CN 82

~~1ooo~10
:. s = 2.2

Table

6.--Example 2, computations neous peak discharge (1)

for

instanta-

(2)
Time Hours --11.743'

Increment

(3) Mass runoff Inches

(4) AQ

(5)

(6)
Y

(7) Y(Aci)
Cfs .7

Inches
0.04

&'I CfS 3.5


9.6

11.702/ 0.39
0.43 0.11 11.78
0.8

0.2
0.4

3.8 6.8 9.0 11.3 7.5 3.8


G

0.54 0.13 11.3 11.3 11.3 11.3 11.3 0.6 0.8 1.0 213 l/3 0.67 0.13 0.13 0.13

11.82 11.86

0.80
0.93 1.06

0.6

11.90 11.94 11.98

0.13 1.19
0.4

TOTAL = lag = 484 A (AQ) _ +j +L

(484) (13.8) (AQ) = 87.0 AQ


(0.02 + 0.1)
640

0.2

dli.88 d11.70

- 4.5 AD = 11.88 - 4.5cO.4) + AD = il.70

= 11.70

+ 0.04 = 11.7'4 hours (etc.)

0 1.5

11.6

11.7

11.8

11.9

12.0

Step 2.--Read watershed lag from figure 6 for a' = 2G,OOO feet; Y = 8 percent and CN' 60: L = 2.1 hours Step 3.--Compute ing AD = ~~16: AD from equation AD '= 0.38 hour

TIME IN HOURS (16), assum-

Figure

15.--Working

curve

for

example 2.

or 2 cfs by extrapolation on log-log paper as was suggested for special cases (fig. 9). It may be concluded that the ES-1027 charts overestimate the peak discharge in this example This is due by about 3 cfs or 7 percent. mainly to the alteration of the watershed shape factor by the diversion terrace. Example 3.--This example demonstrates the need for making AD smaller -than 0.4L as used in the previous two examples. To keep it less than 0.5 hour and more commensurate with the increment of maximum storm intensity in table 1, it is set equal to l/6 Tp instead of l/3 Tp and it follows that: AD = 0.182~ Given a 2,000-acre watershed with average slope of 8 percent located Point, Oahua, Hawaii. An estimate discharge for a 25-year frequency desired. Step l.--Estimate the hydraulic watershed by equation (7) or read R = 20,000 feet 16

Step 4.--Compute the effective runoff period for 15AD: 15AD = 15(0.38) 15AD ='5.7 hours

peak-producing hour

Step 5.--Prepare a tabulation based on a type I distribution in table 1; P24 = 10 inches and CN 60: Time (hours)
PxlP24

Mass P (inches)

Mass Q (inches) 0.00 .oo

(16)
CN 60 and an on Kahuka of the peak rainstorm is length of the from figure 7:

6.00 7.00 8.00 8050


9.00 9.50 10.00 11.00

9.75

10.50 IL.50 12.00

0.125 .156 .1g4 .219 .254 0303 a362 .515 .583 .624 .654 .682

1.25 1.056
1.94

2.l.9 2.54 3.03 3.62 5.15 5.83 6.24 6.54 6.82

-05
.lO

.18 .35 .59 I.39 1.82 2.08 2.28 2.47

Step 6.--Prepare data in step 5. Step 7.--Prepare ous peak discharge

working

curve

(fig. for

16) from instantane-

computations (table 7).

EQUATIONS AND ASSUMPTIONS USED IM COMPUTER sommo~s FOR CMRTS ~~-1026 AND ~~-1027 Storm Rainfall Fifteenand 30-minute increments of aceumulated-to-total ratios of rainfall were used with both type I and II distributions shown in figure I. The 15-minute increments extended through the most intense l-hour period of each distribution. Twenty-four-hour storms were generated accordingly for each distribution for those rainfall depths shown in the ES charts. Rainfall-Runoff Equations

Runoff (Q) was computed accumulatively from the two accumulated rainfall distributions and their increments described. This solution was made for all rainfall depths and for each of the seven Cm's included in the ES charts by the following equations: & = (P - 0.2s): P + 0.8s and Figure 16 .--Working Affecting curve for example 3. (3) TIME IN HOURS

s=L!!!Z-,,
CN

(17)

Period

of Runoff

Peak Discharge

Watershed

Lag

Lag time (L) was computed for I-, 4-, and 16percent slopes (Y) for each of the seven Cm's in the ES charts and for each of the following drainage areas (a): 5 10 100 1,000 acres to 100 acres by IO-acre increments to 1,000 acres by 20-acre increments to 2,000 acres by 50-acre increments were:

The computer program related the incremented periods (AD) of storm runoff to lag (L) as in (example 3): AD = 0.182 L

(16)

The programmed equations L= ,o.e

(s + 1) 0.7 1goo Y".h


aJ-6

The peak producing storm period for this relationship is 15 AD (table 7, example 3). The computer solution determined the time at which the midperiod of the most intense 15minute increment of accumulated runoff occurred. This was at 9.875 hours for the type I distribution and 11.875 hours for the type II distribution. It computed the time at the beginning of the effective period (15AD) as: (7) (17) Incremental 9.875 - 9.5 AD for 11.875 - 9.5 AD for Peak Discharge peak discharge was computed of runoff (AQ) within the type type I II

v. = 209

CN' for computing CN from table 2.

T, is approximated

by the

The instantaneous for each increment

17

Table

7.--Example 3, computations neous peak discharge

for

instanta-

effective period (IsAD) the following equation:

described

according

to

(1)
Increment

Mass Time runoff Hours Inches ---0.00 6.27/


6.6521 7.03 7.41 7.79 8.17

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)
Y(k) Cfs 0 0 0
5

Aq = q(AQ) Combined Peak Discharge

(18)

AQ Inches 0.00

A& Cfs 0 0 0 13 20
26 40 59 152 660 205

Y 0.1 .2
.3 .4 .5

.oo .oo .oo .02 .02


.04 .03 .07 .04 .06

The incremental peaks (As's) were combined in the computer program in a manner similar to the manual solution shown in table 7, example 3.

.oo

10
16 28 47 137 660 171

.6
.7 .a .9

8.5:
8.93 9.31 9.69

.ll .17
.09 .26 .23 .49 1.49 .31 516 4/6 316 216 116
x.80

1.00

1.0

10.07
10.45 lo.83

2.00
2.17

.20
.17

132 112
99 86

88
56 33 1.4

11.21
11.59 11.97

2.32 2.45

.15 .13

TOTAL q =

lzG- cfs

1/ aq = 484
g+,

(AQ)

= ,,,(P~f~i

(AQ)

= 660 (AQ)

zf ?f

9.88 - 9.5AC = 9.88 - 9.5c.38)

= 6.27

6.27 + AD = 6.27 + .38 = 6.65 hours(etc.)

18

LITERATURE CITED (1)

(2)

(3)

(4)
(5)

(6) (7)

1962. Hydrologic determinaChow, Ven te. tions of waterway areas for the design of drainage structures in small drainage basins. 111. Engr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 462, 104 p. Ogrosky, Harold O., and Victor Mockus. 1964. Hydrology of agricultural lands. In Handbook of applied hydrology, Ven te ?%OFJ, ed., (sec. 21), 97 p. McGraw-Hill Book co. ) New York. U.S. Agricultural Research Service. 1963. Hydrologic data for experimental agricultural watersheds in the United States 1956,-59. Misc. Publ. 945. 611 n, 1960. Selected runoff events for small agricultural watersheds in the United States. 374 P. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. 1960. Design of small dams (appendix A). 611 p. U.S. National Weather Service. 1973. Rrecipitation-frequency atlas of western United States. NOAA atlas No. 2, v. l-11. U.S. Soil Conservation Service. 1972. Hydrology. Nat. Eng. Handb., sec. 4. 547 p.

(8) U.S. Weather Bureau.

1963. Probable maximum precipitation and rainfall-frequency data for Alaska for areas to 400 square miles, durations to 24 hours, and return periods from 1 to 100 years. Tech. Paper 47. 69
P.

(9)

(10)

1962. Rainfall-frequency atlas for the Hawaiian Islands for areas to 200 square miles, durations to 24 hours, and return periods from 1 to 100 years. Tech. Paper 43. 1961. Generalized estimate of probable maximum precipitation and rainfall-frequency data for Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands for areas to 400 square miles, durations to 24 hours, and return periods from 1 to 100 years. Tech. Paper 42. 94 p. 1961. Rainfall-frequency atlas of the United States for durations from 30 minutes to 24 hours and return periods from 1 to 100 years. Tech. Paper 40. 115 P.

(11)

19

-APPENDIX

PEAK RATES OF DISCHARG TYPE I STORM DISTRIBUTI


SLOPES - FLAT CURVE NUMBER - 60
24 HOUR RAINFALL FROM US WB TP-43, TP-47, B (Revised) TP-40

DRAINAGE AREA IN ACRES


STANDARD DWG. NO.

ES- 1026
SHEET DATE 1 OF 6-1-71 21

PEAK RATES OF DISCHARGE FOR SMALL WATERSHEDS TYPE I STORM DISTRIBUTION


SLOPES - FLAT CURVE NUMBER - 65
24 HOUR RAINFALL FROM US WB TP-43, TP-47, 8. (Revised) TP-40

DRAINAGE AREA IN ACRES


STANDARD DWG NO.

ES- 1026
SHEET --.-OF 2 DATE 6-l-71 21 __

1 PEAK RATES OF DISCHARGE FOR SMALL WATERSHEDS TYPE I STORM DISTRIBUTION


SLOPES - FLAT CURVE NUMBER - 70
24 HOUR RAINFALL FROM US WB TP-43, TP-47, & (Revised) TP-40

DRAINAGE AREA IN ACRES


STANDARD DWG. ND.

ES- 1026
SHEET DATE

OF

21

6-I-71

~~__r_l__-~j.~SH SLOPES FL/Al-

24 HOUR RAINFALL FROM US WB TP-33, TP-47, B (Revised) TP-40

DRAINAGE

AREA

IN ACRES
STANDARD DWG NO

ES- !026
SHEET -- 4 DATE OF

2!

6-l-7,

_--__

S OF DISCHARGE F ---

ALL WATERSHEDS

SLOPES - FLAT CURVE NUMBER - 80


24 HOUR RAINFALL FROM US WB TP-43, TP-47, & (Revised) TP-40

DRAINAGE AREA IN ACRES


STANDARD DWG. NO.

ES- 1026
SHEET 5 DATE OF 6-1-71

21

PEAK RATES OF DISCHARGE FOR SMALL W TYPE I STORM DISTRIBUTION

SHEDS

SLOPES - FLAT CURVE NUMBER - 90


24 HOUR RAINFALL FROM US WB TP-43, TP-47, 8 (Revised) TP-40

DRAINAGE AREA IN ACRES


STANDARD DWG. NO.

ES- 1026
SHEET -DATE

OF

21

6-1-71

PEAK RATES

I= DISCHARGE FOR SMALL WATERSHEDS

TYPE I ST
SLOPES MODERATE

CURVE NUMBER - 60
24 HOUR RAINFALL FROM US WB TP-43, TP-47, B (Revised) TP-40

DRAINAGE AREA IN ACRES


STANDARD DWG. NO.

ES- 1026
SHEET DATE

OF

21

6-I-71

SLOPES

MCDERATE

24 HOUR RAINFALL FROM US WB V-43, TP-47, & (Revisedj TP-40

DRAINAGE AREA IN ACRES


STANDARD DWG NO.

ES- 1026
SHEET DATE 11 OF 21 6-l-71

24 HOUR WiNFALL 7P-47, & (Revised)

FROM US WB V-43, TP-40

DRAINAGE AREA IN ACRES


STANDARD DWG ND

ES- 1026
SHEET DATE 12 OF

21

6-1-71

SLOPES

MODERATE 85

CURVE NUMBER

24 HOUR RAINFALL FROM US WB P-43, TP-47, 8, (Revised) TP-40

PEAK RATES OF DISCHARGE FOR SMALL W TORM DISTRIBUTI


SLOPES STEEP CURVE NUMBER - 60
24 HOUR RAINFALL FROM US WB TP-43, TP-47, 8 (Revised) TP-40

DRAINAGE AREA IN ACRES


STANDAKD DWG. ND.

ES- 102fi
SHEET DATE 15 DF 21 6-l-71

PEAK RATES OF DISCHARGE FOR SMALL ~A~E~S~EDS

SLOPES - STEEP CURVE NUMBER - 65


24 HOUR RAINFALL FROM US WB TP-43, TP-47, & (Revised) TP-40

DRAINAGE AREA IN ACRES


STANDARD DWG. NO.

ES- 1026
SHEET DATE

16

OF

21

6-l-71

SLOPES

STEEP 75

CURVE NUMBER

24 HOUR RAINFALL FROM US WB TP-43, TP-47, & (Revised) TP-40

1000 900 800 700 600

2 500 E 400 ii

-.

m 7 0 z LL 2 4 5 0 E

8:
80 70
60

50 40

DRAINAGE

AREA

iN ACRES
STANDARD DWG NO.

ES- 1026
SHEET &OF DATE 6-1-71 21

SLOPES

STEEP

24 HOUR RAAINFALL FROM US A8 V-43, IP-47, 8 (Revised) TWO

BRAINAGE

AREA

IN ACRES
STANDARD DWG. ND. ES1026 9 OF 21 B

SHEET

PEAK RATES OF DISCHARGE FOR SMALL WATERSHEDS TYPE I STORM DISTRIBUTIBN


SLOPES STEEP 85 CURVE NUMBER

24 HOUR RAINFALL FROM US WB TP-43, TP-47, 8, (Revised) TP-40

STANDARD DWG. NO.

ES- 1026
SHEET ZOF DATE 6-1-71

21

PEA

ATES OF DISCHARGE FOR SMALL WATERSHEDS TYPE I STORM DISTRIBUTION


SLOPES STEEP - -- 90 CURVE NUMBER

24 HOUR RAINFALL FROM US WB TP-43, TP-47, 8 (Revised) TP-40

DRAINAGE

AREA

IN ACRES
STANDARD DWG NO

ES- 1026
SHEET&OF DATE b-i-71 -__- 21

PEAK RATES OF DISCHARGE FOR SMALL WATERSHEDS TYPE II STORM DISTRIBUTION


CURVE NUMBER 60

24 HOUR RAINFALL FROM US WB TP 40

906 800 700 600 a


Z

. I

,,,

500

DRAINAGE AREA IN ACRES


STANDARD DWG NO

ES-1027
SHEET 1 DATE OF21 2-15 -71

---

PEAK RATES OF DISCHARGE FOR SMALL WATERSHEDS TYPE II STORM DISTRIBUTION


SLOPES - FLAT CURVE NUMBER - 65
24 HOUR RAINFALL FROM US WB TP.40

1000

900 800 700

_,,

.:

, I

,... . ^

* ..; ,".1

;,*,,

[L k
t; t 0 m 2
Z

200

100 90 80

0 2 w a 30 20

DRAINAGE AREA IN ACRES


STANDARD DWG. ND.

ES-1027
SHEET >DATE OF21
2-15 -71

PEAK RATES OF DISCHARGE FOR SMALL WATERSHEDS TYPE II STORM DISTRIBUTION


SLOPES - FLAT CURVE NUMBER - 70
24 HOUR RAINFALL FROM US WB TP-40

DRAINAGE AREA IN ACRES


STANDARD DWG. NO,

ES-1027
SHEET L-OF& DATE 2-15 -71

SLOPES - FLAT CURVE NUMBER - 75


24 HOUR RAINFALL FROM US WB TP-40

DRAINAGE AREA IN ACRES


STANDARD DWG. NO.

ES-1027
SHEET DATE

2-

OFA Z-15 -71

PEAK RATES OF DISCHARGE FOR SMALL WATERSHEDS TYPE II STORM DISTRIBUTION


SLOPES FLAT CURVE NUMBER - 80
24 HOUR RAINFALL FROM US WB TP~40

a In uJhco& 2000 r . :: a $ .I 8 3i?s$E ,. _,_,

cl 8

00 me

8 8 ssss m ID r.COm-

8 R

,. , 600 * ^ I I .,, I .,. ., .

I ., a ., ,,..a

_,.

DRAINAGE AREA IN ACRES


STANDARD DWG. NO.

ES-1027
SHEET 2-e DATE OF 21 2-15 - 71

PEAK RATES OF DISCHARGE FOR SMALL WATERSHEDS TYPE IT STORM DISTRIBUTION


SLOPES FLAT &5 CURVE NUMBER

24 HOUR RAINFALL FROM US WE! TP-40

STANDAKu DWG. NO,

ES-1027
SHEET aDATE OF 21 2-15 -71

PEAK RATES OF DISCHARGE FOR SMALL WATERSHEDS TYPE II STORM DISTRIBUTION


SLOPES FLAT CURVE NUMBER - 90
24 HOUR RAINFALL FROM US WE TP-40

1000 * 900 800 700 600 n g 500 400

g 300 @L w * a + 200 i LL

DRAINAGE AREA IN ACRES


STANDARD DWG. NO.

ES-1027
SHEET LOF& DATE Z-15-71

--

PEAK RATES OF DISCHARGE FOR SMALL WATERSHEDS TYPE II STORM DISTRIBUTION


SLOPES MODERATE CURVE NUMBER - 60
24 HOUR RAINFALL FROM US WB TP-40

700 600,

_,

,,

/
c-l Ei z Z -

/p/y3oo

100 7c 6C 50 4c 30

8 cc Q $ 0 5 it

./

40 / /

20

10 9

a
7 6

DRAINAGE AREA IN ACRES


STANDARD DWG. NO.

ES-1027
SHEET 8OFL2.L DATE Z-15-71 _

PEAK RATES OF DISCHARGE FOR SMALL WATERSHEDS TYPE II STORM DISTRIBUTION


SLOPES - MODERATE CURVE NUMBER 65

24 HOUR RAINFALL FROM US WB TP-40

1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200, . "

." :: ' ~ _..^, ,,_ .e ,,,.

.; 700 600

"

/Y /
, I _I /

400 300

40 / 3o

I
/

STANDARD DWG. NO.

ES-1027
SHEET -9 DATE OF & 2-15 -71

PEAK RATES OF DISCHARGE FOR SMALL WATERSHEDS TYPE It- STORM DISTRIBUTION
SLOPES - MODERATE CURVE ,NUMBER - 70
24 HOUR RAINFALL FROM US WB TP-40

1000 900 KHI

700 600 500

1 . .* _., I ., .

E 400 Y fJ7 300 E + z IL 0 m = Z ?J lx z $ a z iti! 200

,..

300

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20

, A..

,.

/60

30

10 9 8 7 6 s

STANDARD DWG. NO.

ES 1027
SHEET & DATE OF 21 Z-15-71

PEAK RATES OF DISCHARGE FOR SMALL WATERSHEDS TYPE II STORM DISTRIBUTION


SLOPES MODERATE 7L CURVE NUMBER

24 HOUR RAINFALL FROM US WB TP-40

w a + 200 z LL 0 z " Z 2 2 2 E 2 k! 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20

It 8 7 6 5

STANDARD DWG. NO.

ES-1027
SHEET -- 11 DATE OF 21 2-15-71

PEAK RATES OF DISCHARGE FOR SMALL WATERSHE TYPE III STORM


SLOPES - MODERATE CURVE NUMBER 80

24 HOUR RAINFALL FROM L!S WB TP-40

I 700

I,

,,I , I . I,

.^, ,,.

.A.,,,/

.! 400 300

+ w

200

200

,,

\? / /,

10

STANDARD DWG. ND.

ES-1027
SHEET -i&. DATE OF 21 2-15-71 _

PEAK RATES OF DISCHARGE FOR SMALL WATERSHEDS TYPE II STORM DISTRIBUTION


SLOPES MODERATE 85 CURVE NUMBER

24 HOUR RAINFALL FROM US WB TP-40

800 700 600 n 500

;; .

STANDARD DWG. NO,

ES-1027
DATE 2-15 -71

PEAK RATES OF DISCHARGE FOR SMALL WATERSHEDS TYPE II STORM DISTRIBUTION


SLOPES - MODERATE CURVE NUMBER - 90
24 HOUR RAINFALL FROM US WB TP-40

1000 900 800 700 600 n 500 E 400

I+ 300 cc aw F 200 ti IL 0 iii 3 100 90 Z 80 70 g 60 s 50 = v) 0 z it 40 30 20 I


I

I,._

a.* .I*,;I
,II

' 50 .. -, 40 -,30 .." ' 20

.,"

10 9

7 6 5

DRAINAGE AREA IN ACRES


STANDARD DWG. NO.

ES-1027
DATE 2-15 -71

PEAK RATES OF DISCHARGE FOR SMALL WATERSHEDS TYPE II STORM DlSTiXlBUTlON


SLOPES STEEP CURVE NUMBER 60
24 HOUR RAINFALL FROM US WB TP-40

09:: 800
n 5 700 600 500 400 300

s 300 cc k L 200 w LL c-l m = 100 90 z 80 -

200

100 : 90 80 70 60 50 6 40

' 30 ' 20

i> / /

/ ;O
8 7

STANDARD DWG. rj0

ES-1027
DATE Z-15-71

PEAK RATES OF DISCHARGE FOR SMALL WATERSHEDS TYPEII STORM DlSTRlBtJTlON


SLOPES STEEP 65 CURVE NUMBER

24 HOUR RAINFALL FROM US WB TP-40

1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300

200

STANEARD DWG. NO

ES-1027
DATE 2-15 -71

PEAK RATES OF DkHARGE

FOR SMALL WATERSHEDS

TYPE II STORM DISTRIBUTION


SLOPES - STEEP CURVE NUMBER - 70 . ..,l
24 HOUR RAINFALL FROM US WB TP-40

..*-

DRAINAGE AREA IN ACRES


STANDARD DWG. NO.

ES-1027
SHEET LOF& DATE 2-15 -71

PEAK RATES OF DISCHARGE FOR SMALL WATERSHEDS TYPE II STORM DISTRIBUTION


SLOPES STEEP CURVE NUMBER - 75
24 HOUR RAINFALL FROM US WB TP-40

DRAINAGE AREA IN ACRES


STANDARD DWG. NO.

ES-1027
SHEET 18 DATE OF 21 z-15-71

PEAK RATES OF DISCHARGE FOR SMALL WATERSHEDS TYPE II STORM DISTRIBUTIOti


SLOPES - STEEP CURVE NUMBER - 80
24 HOUR RAINFALL FROM US WB TP-40

DRAINAGE AREA IN ACRES


STANDARD DWG. NO,

ES-1027
SHEET 19 DATE OF 21 2-15 -71

PEAK RATES OF DISCHARGE FOR SMALL WATERSHEDS TYPE II STORM DISTRIBUTION


SLOPES _ STEEP CURVE NUMBER - 85
24 HOUR RAINFALL FROM US WB TP-40

8
.7 6

DRAINAGE AREA IN ACRES


STANDARD DWG. NO.

ES-1027
SHEET 2 DATE OF a2-15 -71

7 PEAK RATES OF DISCHARGE FOR SMALL WATERSHEDS TYPE II STORM DISTRIBUTION


SLOPES STEEP 90 CURVE NUMBER

24 HOUR RAINFALL FROM US WB TP-40

1% 800 700 600 n 500 ci 2 * El a L w L 0 z 0 z _ s 5 $ 5 z 2 400 300 200

1;; 80 70 60 40 50

30 20

10 9 8 7 6

DRAINAGE AREA IN ACRES


STANDARD DWG. NO.

ES-1027
SHEET -- 21 DATE
c

OF

21

2-15 -71

GP0/1973/726-779/493/1301

Note: ES 1027, 21 of 21 is the last page of TP-149.

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