CHAPTER 1

Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering

Materials? Why?
What are materials?
Materials may be defined as substances of which something is composed or made. Our source of materials comes from the Earths crust and atmosphere.

Why study materials engineering?

Advances in science and technology, changes in materials design and usage, and new engineering fields demand that todays engineers have upto-date knowledge of materials-related issues. Minimum - engineers must have basic knowledge of structure, properties, processing and performance of various classes of engineering materials to be able to choose the right materials or modify properties of existing ones.

Materials Science and Engineering in a Nutshell

Materials Science and Engineering Materials Science Basic knowledge of materials Resultant knowledge of the structure, properties, processing, and performance of engineering materials Materials Engineering Applied knowledge of materials

Materials science deals with basic knowledge about the internal structure, properties and processing of materials. Materials engineering deals with the application of basic and applied knowledge to convert materials into products.
Performance

Materials Tetrahedron
Processing Structure Properties

Types of Engineering Materials

Engineering materials are divided into 3 main or fundamental classes:
Metals Ceramics Polymers What are their important properties? Their internal structural differences?

and 2 processing or applicational classes:

Electronic materials Composites

Recent Material Advances:

Smart materialsmaterials that can sense and respond to external stimulus, much like a living organism Nanomaterialscharacteristic length scale smaller than 100nm. Biomaterials.

Materials From Historical Perspective

Materials define our era:

Stone Age Natural materials e.g. stone, wood, bones, fur Bronze Age Alloys of Tin and Copper for Tools Iron and Steel Age Iron Replaces Bronze Today Silicon Age? Polymer Age? Composite?
Strength/density (Mpa/M3)
2

Aramid fibers, carbon fibers

Composites

Wood 0 stone

Bronze

Cast iron

Steel

Year

1800 1900 2000

Materials From Historical Perspective

Mars robot geologists - Opportunity and Spirit - utilize all the major categories of materials in their structure and equipment: Metals * Ceramics * Composites * Polymers * Electronics

Worlds First Robot Astronaut

NASA and General Motors have come together to develop the next generation dexterous humanoid robot. The robots called Robonaut2 or R2 for short were designed to use the same tools as humans, which allows them to work safely side-by-side humans on Earth and in space. Materials: Aluminum* Nickel* Synthetic carbon.

Major Classes of Materials

Classes may overlap, so some materials fit into more than one class. Metal Iron and Steel Alloys and Superalloys (e.g. aerospace applications) Intermetallic Compounds (high-T structural materials) Ceramics Structural Ceramics (high-temperature load bearing) Refractories (corrosion-resistant, insulating) Whitewares (e.g. porcelain) Electrical Ceramics (capacitors, insulators, transducers, etc.) Chemically Bonded Ceramics (e.g. cement and concrete)

Polymers Plastics and Rubbers Liquid crystals Adhesives

Major Classes of Materials

Electronic Materials (Semiconductors) Silicon and Germanium Photonic materials (solid-state lasers, LEDs)

Composites Particulate composites (small particles embedded in a different material) Laminate composites (golf club shafts, tennis rackets) Fiber-reinforced composites (e.g. fiberglass)

Biomaterials Man-made proteins Biosensors Drug-delivery colloids

Materials Structural Constituent

Molecule: Smallest particle of compound that carries same properties of the compound. Example: A water molecule. H2O = H2 + O2 H2O (Water) = Molecule H (Hydrogen) = Element O (Oxygen) = Element Atom: Basic unit of an element that can undergo chemical change. Atom is composed of 3 sub-atomic particles neutron, proton and electron. When two or more atoms combine, they form a molecule. Element: An element is a type of matter which is in its simplest form composed of only one type of atom. Compound: A compound is a sample of matter that contains two or more elements chemically combined to form a new substance. There are two fundamental types of compounds: ionic and molecular.

Elements

Legend

Structure & Length Scale

Subatomic level (Chapter 2) Involve electrons and nuclei. Electronic structure of individual atoms that defines interactions among atoms (interatomic bonding) Atomic level (Chapters 2 & 3) Arrangement of atoms in materials (Same atoms can have different properties, e.g. two forms of carbon: graphite and diamond. Microscopic structure Arrangement of small grains of material that can be identified by microscopy. Macroscopic structure Structural elements that can be viewed with human eye.
Size, meters 10-12 Atomic structure X-ray & neutron diffraction
-9 Crystal structure 10

Transmission electron microscopy

10-5 Microstructure Scanning electron microscopy Optical microscopy 1

10-3

Macrostructure

Length Scale Critical in Engineering

Properties
Properties are defined as the way a material responds to its environment and external forces. Examples .
Mechanical properties response to mechanical forces, strength, etc. Electrical and magnetic properties response to electrical and magnetic fields, conductivity, etc. Thermal properties related to heat conduction and heat capacity Optical properties include scattering, refractive index . light absorption, light transmission,

Chemical stability in contact with environment - corrosion resistance, catalytic behavior, oxidation Biological properties concerns with biocompatibility, toxicity . Deteriorative properties concerns with deterioration and failure.

Properties (continued)
A property describes a materials behavior
Under well-defined & often idealized conditions Usually expressed as a ratio: Property = materials response environmental stimulus

Examples of material property:

Compliance = dimensional change applied stress dimensional change temperature change

Thermal expansion coeff.

Performance
Performance involves
Two or more properties More complex conditions, for e.g., Environment: temperature and atmosphere Mechanical loads: level, duration and frequency Electrical loads: voltage, frequency . and cycles of any of the above How long a lifetime? & At what cost?

Performance in Three Different High-Temperature Applications: What Materials To Use?

Application Furnace lining for melting steel or glass Turbine blades Temperature High, static RT to high; repeated rapid temp change Atmosphere Highly corrosive, flowing liquids Corrosive; flowing gases Occasionally abrasive (meteoroid impacts) Lifetime Year 1000 cycles (aircraft); 10 000 (cars) Should last several flights

Must survive Space shuttle skin extreme temps Cryogenic to high)

Possible materials to be used in these applications are Furnace: refractory ceramics e.g. Al2O3, SiO2, MgO, Cr2O3, ZrO2 Turbine: Metal superalloy (Ni-Cr-Al-Y) or more recently ceramics (Si3N4) Space shuttle: Porous tiles of pressed SiO2 fibers (ceramics)

Future of Material Science

Design of materials having specific desired characteristics directly from our knowledge of atomic structure.
Miniaturization: Nanostructure materials, with microstructure that has length scale between 1 and 100 nm with unusual properties. e.g. electronic component. Environmental-friendly materials: E.g. biodegradable plastics, green materials, renewable materials .. Learning from Nature: Shells and biological hard tissues can be as strong as the most advanced lab-produced ceramic. Biomimetics (manmade material that imitates nature) are of special interest to researchers in nanotechnology, robotics, artificial intelligence (AI), medical and the military. Possible applications of biomimetics: nano-robot antibodies that seek and destroy cancer cells, artificial organs and limbs, and various electronic devices.

Smart materials: Materials that are able to sense and react to changes in their environment (similar to the traits found in living organism). E.g. airplane wings that can de-ice themselves, buildings that can stabilize themselves in earthquake,

Materials for Future: Mercedes-Benz Biome

The Mercedes Biome was the vehicle that Mercedes Benz designed for the 2010 Design Challenge at the LA Auto Show. The briefs for the 2010 competition were to design a car that weighed less than 1,000 lbs (454 kg), and could carry four people with safety and comfort.

The Mercedes-Benz Biome is an extremely futuristic design. The Biome is an ultra-light vehicle that will be manufactured and operate utilizing green technology.

Solar energy is used to power the vehicle. Energy is stored in a lightweight grown material called Bio-Fibre. It is much lighter than metal or synthetic composites, but stronger than steel when mature. The vehicle can be composted after its lifespan is complete or used as building material.

Goals and Motivation: Materials and Failure

Understand relationship between processing, structure, properties, and performance. Engineering requires consideration of materials. Without the right material, a good engineering design is wasted. Use the right material for the job!

Consider in your engineering discipline what materials that are used and why. Recognize new design opportunities offered by materials selection. Failure is good it advances understanding and materials design.

Thank You Very Much