The Ultimate Timeline of World History

offers an exciting overview of events, de-

velopments and persons in human his-
tory. A continuous timeline in a breath-
taking format, the book spans time and
space from the cave men to the election
of Barack Obama.
While historical texts make most of
the content, cultural-historical entries
are featured above the red line on every
timeline page to add to the picture of
ever changing civilizations. Every unit of
the book consists of a timeline, a bio-
graphy page and one spread dedicated
to the major events of the concerned
period of time.
Section introductions, ca. 700 full
colour illustrations, and an intelligent
index make the book both a lively dis-
play of history and a useful reference
book.
Sales arguments
large fold-outs
intelligent and knowledgeable texts
700 illustrations
reference for the whole family
original gift
The Ultimate Timeline of World History
may be followed by Ultimate Timelines of
... Architecture, ... Art, ... Science
general audience
29,5 x 25 cm / 11.61 x 9.84 inch
136 pages
ca. 700 illustrations
ca. 50000 words
full color on 190 g Offset
hardcover
spring 2011
20 fold-out pages with timelines
no. of volumes
target group
format
pages
illustrations
word count
printing, paper
binding
pub date
special feature
description

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bOOk pAckAgerS
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www.delius-books.de
DeLi US bOOk pAckAgerS www.delius-books.de
THe ULTi mATe Ti meLi ne Of WOrLD Hi STOry: Table of conTenT
The book will have 20 6-page-sections, each consisting of
1 timeline
1 single page Historical Figures
1 double-page Historical Events
While the focus lies on the western world all sections will tie in important events and persons from the rest of the world.
Title, half title, table of content
3000 BCE Prehistory
30001000 BCE First Empires
1000500 BCE Ancient World I: early Greek and Roman empires
500 BCE14 AD In Focus: The Classical Period Hellenistic Greece and the Roman Empire
14500 Ancient World III: Late Antiquity and Great Migrations
5001054 Early Middle Ages
10541250 High Middle Ages
12511492 Late Middle Ages
14921555 Early Modern History: Renaissance
15551648 In Focus: Reformation and Religious wars
16481750 Absolutism
17501815 Era of revolutions
18151848 Restauration
18481900 Industrialization, Civil War in America
19001920 Decline of old empires, World War I
19201939 Interwar period
19391945 In Focus: World Wor II
19451973 Postwar order of the world and Cold War
19731989 Political globalisation
1989today The contemporary world
Index
DeLi US bOOk pAckAgerS www.delius-books.de
THe ULTi mATe Ti meLi ne Of WOrLD Hi STOry: Sample page wi Th fold-ouT Ti meli ne
Simn Bolvar
lead the Wars
of Independence in South America
against the colonial rule of Spain.
18151817 In the
Second Serbian Upri-
sing, Serbia wins its
autonomy fromthe
Ottoman Empire.
1812/1813 Napoleons
campaign in Russia
ends with an expensive
retreat for the French.
1830/1831 After the declaration
of independence of Ecuador and
Venezuela, the Republic of Great
Colombia, founded by Simn Bolvar
in 1821, is dissolved, thus fnally
ending Bolvars dreamof a unifed
Latin America.
1836 Formulation of the
Peoples Charter and the
founding of the Chartist
movement.
18211829 In the Greek War of Independence,
Greece wrestles its independence fromthe Otto-
man Empire with the help of the European powers.
In the sea-battle of Navarino in 1827, the Egyptian
feet, allied to the Ottomans, is defeated.
Invention of the frst
by Briton Ed-
1829 The Roman Catholic
Relief Act in Britain culmi-
nates in the Catholic Emanci-
pation movement.
1830/1831 Rus-
sian troops defeat
a Polish uprising
Poland becomes
incorporated into
18161828 The campai-
gns of the Zulu king
Shaka cause the collapse
of the social and political
order in southern Africa;
hundreds of thousands
die as they fee.
18351841 In the Great
Trek, the Boers migrate into
the interior of South Africa
and found a number of
republics.
1822 Brazil declares its
independence fromPor-
tugal.
1821 Spain re-
cognises the in-
dependence of
Mexico.
1830 Belgiumdeclares
its independence from
the Netherlands; the
country draws up a liberal
constitution in 1831.
1823 In the so-cal-
led Monroe Doc-
trine, US president
James Monroe criti-
cises European colo-
nisation in the we-
stern hemisphere.
1825 Decembrist uprising of
liberal-minded ofcers and
intellectuals against the new
Russian Tsar Nicholas I.
1815 Napoleon leaves Elba
and seizes power in France
again, ruling for one
hundred days. He is ultima-
tely defeated on the 18th
of June at the Battle of
Waterloo.
1814/1815 After the fall of Napoleon, Europe is
re-arranged at the Congress of Vienna. The Ger-
man Confederation is created as a result.
1830 French troops
occupy Algiers.
Liberty guides
the people
(Eugne Delacroix,
1830)
1835 The fairytales of the Danish
author and poet
Andersen are published.
1825 The Stockton
and Darlington Rail-
way in north-eastern
England is the frst
public rail service
designed for passen-
ger travel.
1831 Realist French author
and playwright Honor de
Balzac publishes La Peau de
chagrin as part of his novel
sequence La Comdie hu-
maine.
1835 Felix Mendelssohn
conductor of the Leipzig Gewandhaus
Orchestra.
Bieder-
is culturally
1820 1830
1848 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels publish
the Communist Manifesto; they call on the
proletariat to rise up in revolution in order to
create a classless society.
1830/1831 Rus-
sian troops defeat
Polish uprising;
Poland becomes
incorporated into
18621890
Prussian minister
president and
German chancellor
from1871,
Bismarck
German unity under
Prussian leader-
ship.
1848 The February Revolu-
tion in France overthrows
King Louis Philippe. The Se-
cond Republic is proclaimed.
1851 The Great Exhibition in
London is the frst world fair of
culture and industry. The Crys-
tal Palace is constructed out of
cast iron and glass by Joseph
Paxton.
1849 The Califor-
nian gold rush
reaches its high
point.
18371901 During the reign
of Queen Victoria, called the
Victorian era, the British
Empire stands at the zenith
of its powers.
1830 The July Revolution forces the reactionary French King
Charles X of Bourbon to abdicate. Louis Philippe of Orlans
becomes King of the French (until 1848).
1840 The Treaty of Waitangi between the
British and the native Maoris establishes
British rule in NewZealand.
18471874
Carlist Wars
series of civil
wars between
liberals and con-
servatives, en-
gulf Spain.
18401842 First of the
OpiumWars of Britain
against China; Hong Kong
becomes a British colony.
1848/1849 Beginning in France, a series of revolu-
tions unsettle all of Europe. Newsocial classes
demand a share of power. In most states, including
Germany, the uprisings are brutally suppressed.
Liberty guides
the people
(Eugne Delacroix,
1830)
1835 The fairytales of the Danish
author and poet Hans Christian
Andersen are published.
Felix Mendelssohn appointed
conductor of the Leipzig Gewandhaus
Orchestra.
18451849 A devastating
potato blight leads to an
extended famine in Ireland
and a wave of emigration
to the United States.
1840 1850
1861 Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia-Piedmont, from the
House of Savoy, becomes the frst king of a united Italy.
1852 Napoleon III. Bona-
parte, French president
since 1848, founds the
Second Empire (until 1870).
1859-1861 With the support of
France against Austrian opposition,
Italian nationalists manage to unify
Italy, called Risorgimento (The
Resurgence).
1867 Das Kapital, a critique of the political
economy and one of the most signifcant
works of Karl Marx, is an analysis of criti-
cism of capitalist society with wide-ranging
consequences in the workers movement
and in the history of the 20th century.
18481850 The German-Danish
War consists of minor military con-
ficts over Schleswig-Holstein and
particularly the Duchy of Schleswig
between the German Confederation
and the Kingdom of Denmark.
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels publish
; they call on the
proletariat to rise up in revolution in order to
18561860 In the Second
Opium War, the British force
the Chinese market to open
up, resulting in the collapse
of the internal market.
18531856 During the
Crimean War, British, French,
and Ottoman armies stop
the Russian expansion in the
regions around the Black Sea.
1867 The Austro-Hungarian Compromise
transforms the Austrian Empire into the
Austro-Hungarian double monarchy.
18621890 As
Prussian minister
president and
German chancellor
from 1871, Otto von
Bismarck imposes
German unity under
Prussian leader-
ship.
1854 US warships land in
modern Tokyo to force Japan
to open up to trade with the
west.
February Revolu-
in France overthrows
King Louis Philippe. The Se-
cond Republic is proclaimed.
1861 The abolition of
serfdom in Russia.
Great Exhibition in
is the frst world fair of
culture and industry. The Crys-
tal Palace is constructed out of
cast iron and glass by Joseph
18571858 The British suppress
an uprising in India against colo-
nial rule and depose the last
Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah II.
He was exiled to Burma, where he
died in 1862, thus bringing the
Mughal dynasty, reigning since the
16th century, to an end.
A spectre is haunting
Europe, the spectre of
Communism
(The Communist Manifesto, 1848)
18471874 The
Carlist Wars, a
series of civil
wars between
liberals and con-
servatives, en-
gulf Spain.
First of the
of Britain
Hong Kong
becomes a British colony.
series of revolu-
unsettle all of Europe. New social classes
demand a share of power. In most states, including
Germany, the uprisings are brutally suppressed.
1871 After the fall of Paris, the radical socialist
and communist forces seize power in March
1871, and form the Paris Commune, which
was brutally suppressed in May.
1863 The Swiss Henry
Dunant founds the Inter-
national Red Cross.
1869 The Suez Canal is constructed.
1859 English scientist
Charles Darwin pub-
lishes Origin of Species
by Means of Natural
Selection, laying the
foundations of the
theory of evolution.
1860/1861 After the election of Abraham
Lincoln, an opponent of slavery, as president,
the slave-owning southern states (the confe-
derates) secede from the USA. The American
Civil War begins and lasts until 1865.
1868 The Meiji restoration ends the rule
of the shoguns in Japan. Under the Meiji
emperor, who ruled until 1912, the
modernisation of Japan begins along
western lines.
1870 Italian troops occupy Rome on September
20th; end of the Papal State. Pope Pius IX beco-
mes a prisoner in the Vatican.
18731874
Spanish Republic
18611872 President
Benito Jurez implements
liberal reforms in Mexico; he
manages to drive out French
troops after a civil war (until
1866/67).
1870 John D. Rockefeller
founds the Standard Oil
Company.
1871 King Wilhelm I of
Prussia is proclaimed
man Kaiser at the founda-
tion of the German Reich
under Prussian leadership.
1860
1870
, a critique of the political
economy and one of the most signifcant
works of Karl Marx, is an analysis of criti-
cism of capitalist society with wide-ranging
consequences in the workers movement
and in the history of the 20th century.
A spectre is haunting
Europe, the spectre of
Communism
(The Communist Manifesto, 1848)
After the fall of Paris, the radical socialist
and communist forces seize power in March
Paris Commune, which
was brutally suppressed in May.
Dunant founds the Inter-
is constructed.
1875 The Ottoman Empire, the sick man of the
Bosporus, is forced to declare state
bankruptcy as a result of mismanagement.
18701871 In the Franco-
Prussian War, the Germans
defeat France; the new Ger-
man Reich becomes a power-
ful force in Europe and wins
Alsace and Lorraine.
Italian troops occupy Rome on September
. Pope Pius IX beco-
1870 After the defeat at Sedan
on September 1st, Napoleon III,
Emperor of France, is captured
by Prussian troops; on Septem-
ber 4th, the Third French Repu-
blic is proclaimed.
18811884 In Russia there are a series
of pogroms against the Jewish population.
The government passes laws against Jews.
18731874 First
Spanish Republic.
1877 The British Queen Victoria takes the title
Empress of India.
1870 John D. Rockefeller
founds the Standard Oil
Company.
1871 King Wilhelm I of
Prussia is proclaimed Ger-
man Kaiser at the founda-
tion of the German Reich
under Prussian leadership.
1885 Serbo-Bulgarian War: Serbia declares
war against Bulgaria but is defeated in the
Battle of Slivnitsa. As a result of the war, Euro-
pean powers acknowledged the act of Unifca-
tion of Bulgaria
1882 Britain
secures its con-
trol over the
Suez Canal and
the whole of
Egypt.
1885 Karl Benz
builds the frst au-
tomobile, which is
driven for the frst
time in Mannheim
in 1886.
18791884 In the War of
the Pacifc, Chile, with
European aid, secures the
control of saltpetre
against Peru and Bolivia.
Ul t i mat i ve Ti me Li ne | 55/56
1870
1880
1861 Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia-Piedmont, from the
House of Savoy, becomes the frst king of a united Italy.
1852 Napoleon III. Bona-
parte, French president
since 1848, founds the
Second Empire (until 1870).
1859-1861 With the support of
France against Austrian opposition,
Italian nationalists manage to unify
Italy, called Risorgimento (The
Resurgence).
1867 Das Kapital, a critique of the political
economy and one of the most signifcant
works of Karl Marx, is an analysis of criti-
cism of capitalist society with wide-ranging
consequences in the workers movement
and in the history of the 20th century.
18481850 The German-Danish
War consists of minor military con-
ficts over Schleswig-Holstein and
particularly the Duchy of Schleswig
between the German Confederation
and the Kingdom of Denmark.
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels publish
; they call on the
proletariat to rise up in revolution in order to
18561860 In the Second
Opium War, the British force
the Chinese market to open
up, resulting in the collapse
of the internal market.
18531856 During the
Crimean War, British, French,
and Ottoman armies stop
the Russian expansion in the
regions around the Black Sea.
1867 The Austro-Hungarian Compromise
transforms the Austrian Empire into the
Austro-Hungarian double monarchy.
18621890 As
Prussian minister
president and
German chancellor
from 1871, Otto von
Bismarck imposes
German unity under
Prussian leader-
ship.
1854 US warships land in
modern Tokyo to force Japan
to open up to trade with the
west.
February Revolu-
in France overthrows
King Louis Philippe. The Se-
cond Republic is proclaimed.
1861 The abolition of
serfdom in Russia.
Great Exhibition in
is the frst world fair of
culture and industry. The Crys-
tal Palace is constructed out of
cast iron and glass by Joseph
18571858 The British suppress
an uprising in India against colo-
nial rule and depose the last
Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah II.
He was exiled to Burma, where he
died in 1862, thus bringing the
Mughal dynasty, reigning since the
16th century, to an end.
A spectre is haunting
Europe, the spectre of
Communism
(The Communist Manifesto, 1848)
18471874 The
Carlist Wars, a
series of civil
wars between
liberals and con-
servatives, en-
gulf Spain.
First of the
of Britain
Hong Kong
becomes a British colony.
series of revolu-
unsettle all of Europe. New social classes
demand a share of power. In most states, including
Germany, the uprisings are brutally suppressed.
1871 After the fall of Paris, the radical socialist
and communist forces seize power in March
1871, and form the Paris Commune, which
was brutally suppressed in May.
1863 The Swiss Henry
Dunant founds the Inter-
national Red Cross.
1869 The Suez Canal is constructed.
1859 English scientist
Charles Darwin pub-
lishes Origin of Species
by Means of Natural
Selection, laying the
foundations of the
theory of evolution.
1860/1861 After the election of Abraham
Lincoln, an opponent of slavery, as president,
the slave-owning southern states (the confe-
derates) secede from the USA. The American
Civil War begins and lasts until 1865.
1868 The Meiji restoration ends the rule
of the shoguns in Japan. Under the Meiji
emperor, who ruled until 1912, the
modernisation of Japan begins along
western lines.
1870 Italian troops occupy Rome on September
20th; end of the Papal State. Pope Pius IX beco-
mes a prisoner in the Vatican.
18731874
Spanish Republic
18611872 President
Benito Jurez implements
liberal reforms in Mexico; he
manages to drive out French
troops after a civil war (until
1866/67).
1870 John D. Rockefeller
founds the Standard Oil
Company.
1871 King Wilhelm I of
Prussia is proclaimed
man Kaiser at the founda-
tion of the German Reich
under Prussian leadership.
1860 1870

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18041810 The Fulani War in

present day Nigeria and Cameroon.
Islamic reformer Usman dan Fodio
assembled a Fulani army to lead in
jihad against the Hausa kingdoms
of the north and established his
Fulani Empire.
1811 With the extinction
of the Mameluk military
aristocracy, Muham-
med Ali Pasha secures
his rule over Egypt.
1804 Napoleon
Bonaparte decrees
the Code civil
on March 21st.
since 1811/1812 Simn Bolvar and
Jos de San Martin lead the Wars of
Independence in South America against
the colonial rule of Spain.
18151817 In the
Second Serbian Upri-
sing, Serbia wins its au-
tonomy from the
Ottoman Empire.
1805 British admiral Horatio Nel-
son defeats the French feet at the
Battle of Trafalgar.
18011809 Thomas Jeferson
becomes third president of the
United States of America.
18091848 Klemens Wenzel
Prince von Metternich, as the
chancellor of Austria, shapes the
political landscape of Europe in
the frst half of the 19th century
with his conservatism. The Met-
ternich System is based on an
extended network of diplomacy and
1804 Imperial coronation of
Napoleon, on the 2nd Decem-
ber.
1812/1813 Napoleons campaign in Russia
ends with an expensive retreat for the French.
18081813 The struggle against Napoleons troops
in Spain develops into bloody guerrilla warfare.
1807/1810 The author Germaine de Stal-
Holstein, who had been forced to leave
France because of her opposition to Napo-
leon, writes her most signifcant work, On
Germany (De LAllemagne). She shapes the
image of the country of poets and thinkers.
1830/1831 After the declaration
of independence of Ecuador and Vene-
zuela, the Republic of Great Colom-
bia, founded by Simn Bolvar in 1821,
is dissolved, thus fnally ending
Bolvars dream of a unifed Latin
America.
1836 Formulation of the
Peoples Charter and the
founding of the Chartist
movement.
18211829 In the Greek War of Independence,
Greece wrestles its independence from the Ottoman
Empire with the help of the European powers. In the
sea-battle of Navarino in 1827, the Egyptian feet,
allied to the Ottomans, is defeated.
1861 Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia-Piedmont, from the
House of Savoy, becomes the frst king of a united Italy.
1852 Napoleon III. Bona-
parte, French president since
1848, founds the Second
Empire (until 1870).
1859-1861 With the support of France
against Austrian opposition, Italian
nationalists manage to unify Italy,
called Risorgimento (The
Resurgence).
1867 Das Kapital, a critique of the political
economy and one of the most signifcant works
of Karl Marx, is an analysis of criticism of capi-
talist society with wide-ranging consequences
in the workers movement and in the history of
the 20th century.
1822 Invention of the frst
power loom by Briton
Edmund Cartwright.
18481850 The German-Danish War
consists of minor military conficts over
Schleswig-Holstein and particularly the
Duchy of Schleswig between the Ger-
man Confederation and the Kingdom of
Denmark.
1848 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels publish the
Communist Manifesto; they call on the prole-
tariat to rise up in revolution in order to create a
classless society.
18561860 In the Second
Opium War, the British force
the Chinese market to open up,
resulting in the collapse
of the internal market.
1829 The Roman Catholic
Relief Act in Britain culminates
in the Catholic Emancipation
movement.
1830/1831 Russian
troops defeat a Polish
uprising; Poland
becomes incorporated
into the Russian Empire.
18531856 During the Crimean
War, British, French, and Otto-
man armies stop the Russian
expansion in the regions
around the Black Sea.
18351841 In the
Great Trek, the Boers
migrate into the interior of
South Africa and found a
number of republics.
18161828 The campai-
gns of the Zulu king
Shaka cause the collapse
of the social and political
order in southern Africa;
hundreds of thousands
die as they fee.
1867 The Austro-Hungarian Com-
promise transforms the Austrian
Empire into the Austro-Hungarian
double monarchy.
18621890 As
Prussian minister
president and Ger-
man chancellor from
1871, Otto von
Bismarck imposes
German unity
under Prussian lea-
dership.
1822 Brazil declares its
independence from Portu-
gal.
1821 Spain recog-
nises the inde-
pendence of
Mexico.
1830 Belgium declares its
independence from the
Netherlands; the country
draws up a liberal constitu-
tion in 1831.
1823 In the so-called
Monroe Doctrine,
US president James
Monroe criticises
European colonisa-
tion in the western he-
misphere.
1825 Decembrist uprising of
liberal-minded ofcers and in-
tellectuals against the new
Russian Tsar Nicholas I.
1854 US warships land in
modern Tokyo to force
Japan to open up to trade
with the west.
1848 The February
Revolution in France
overthrows King Louis
Philippe. The Second
Republic is proclaimed.
1861 The abolition of
serfdom in Russia.
18571858 The British suppress an
uprising in India against colonial
rule and depose the last Mughal
Emperor Bahadur Shah II. He was
exiled to Burma, where he died in
1862, thus bringing the Mughal
dynasty, reigning since the 16th
century, to an end.
1849 The Californian
gold rush reaches its
high point.
A spectre is haunting
Europe, the spectre of
Communism
(The Communist Manifesto, 1848)
1815 Napoleon leaves Elba
and seizes power in France
again, ruling for one
hundred days. He is ultima-
tely defeated on the 18th
of June at the Battle of
Waterloo.
1814/1815 After the fall of Napoleon, Europe is
re-arranged at the Congress of Vienna. The
German Confederation is created as a result.
1830 French troops
occupy Algiers.
18371901 During the reign of Queen
Victoria, called the Victorian era, the British
Empire stands at the zenith of its powers.
1830 The July Revolution forces the reactionary French King
Charles X of Bourbon to abdicate. Louis Philippe of Orlans
becomes King of the French (until 1848).
1840 The Treaty of Waitangi between the
British and the native Maoris establishes
British rule in New Zealand.
18471874 The
Carlist Wars, a
series of civil wars
between liberals
and conserva-
tives, engulf
Spain.
18401842 First of the
Opium Wars of Britain
against China; Hong Kong
becomes a British colony.
1848/1849 Beginning in France, a series of
revolutions unsettle all of Europe. New social
classes demand a share of power. In most states,
including Germany, the uprisings are brutally
suppressed.
1851 The Great Exhibition in London is
the frst world fair of culture and industry.
The Crystal Palace is constructed out of
cast iron and glass by Joseph Paxton.
Liberty guides
the people
(Eugne Delacroix,
1830)
1871 After the fall of Paris, the radical socialist and
communist forces seize power in March 1871, and
form the Paris Commune, which was brutally
suppressed in May.
1835 The fairytales of the
Danish author and poet
Hans Christian Andersen
are published.
1835 Felix Mendelssohn
appointed conductor of
the Leipzig Gewandhaus
Orchestra. 1831 Realist French author and
playwright Honor de Balzac
publishes La Peau de chagrin as
part of his novel sequence La
Comdie humaine.
1825 The Stockton
and Darlington
Railway in north-
eastern England is
the frst public rail
service designed for
passenger travel.
1863 The Swiss Henry
Dunant founds the Inter-
national Red Cross.
1869 The Suez Canal is
constructed.
1859 English scientist Charles Darwin
publishes Origin of Species by Means
of Natural Selection, laying the founda-
tions of the theory of evolution.
18151848 The Biedermeier
style is culturally dominant.
1860/1861 After the election of Abraham Lin-
coln, an opponent of slavery, as president, the
slave-owning southern states (the confederates)
secede from the USA. The American Civil War
begins and lasts until 1865.
1868 The Meiji restoration ends the rule
of the shoguns in Japan. Under the Meiji
emperor, who ruled until 1912, the
modernisation of Japan begins along
western lines.
18451849 A devastating potato blight leads
to an extended famine in Ireland and a wave of
emigration to the United States.
1875 The Ottoman Empire, the sick man of the
Bosporus, is forced to declare state bankruptcy
as a result of mismanagement.
18701871 In the Franco-
Prussian War, the Germans de-
feat France; the new German
Reich becomes a powerful force
in Europe and wins Alsace and
Lorraine.
1870 Italian troops occupy Rome on September 20th;
end of the Papal State. Pope Pius IX becomes a pri-
soner in the Vatican.
18731874 First
Spanish Republic.
1870 After the defeat at Sedan
on September 1st, Napoleon III,
Emperor of France, is captured by
Prussian troops; on September
4th, the Third French Republic
is proclaimed.
18811884 In Russia there are a series of pogroms
against the Jewish population. The government
passes laws against Jews.
1877 The British Queen Victoria takes the title
Empress of India.
18611872 President
Benito Jurez implements
liberal reforms in Mexico; he
manages to drive out French
troops after a civil war (until
1866/67).
1870 John D. Rockefeller
founds the Standard Oil
Company.
1871 King Wilhelm I of Prus-
sia is proclaimed German
Kaiser at the foundation of
the German Reich under
Prussian leadership.
1885 Serbo-Bulgarian War: Serbia declares
war against Bulgaria but is defeated in the
Battle of Slivnitsa. As a result of the war,
European powers acknowledged the act of
Unifcation of Bulgaria
1882 Britain se-
cures its control
over the Suez
Canal and the
whole of Egypt.
1885 Karl Benz
builds the frst
automobile, which
is driven for the frst
time in Mannheim in
1886.
18791884 In the War of
the Pacifc, Chile, with
European aid, secures the
control of saltpetre against
Peru and Bolivia.
Ul t i mat i ve Ti mel i ne 56/57
1805 Ludwig van Beethoven Symphony No. 3
(Eroica) is performed for the frst time in public.
1815 Janes Austens
novel Emma is
published.
1816 The Barber of
Seville, an opera by
Gioachino Rossini,
is premiered in Rome.
1825 Louis Braille devises the
Braille system as a method for
blind people to read and write.
1842 The opera Nabucco
is Giuseppe Verdis frst
great success.
18481874 The Ring of the Nibelung,
a cycle of four epic music dramas, is written
by the German composer Richard Wagner.
1863 The Football Association is formed in
the United Kingdom, paving the way for football
to become the worlds predominant spectator
sport.
1856/57 The novel Madame
Bovary by Gustave Flaubert
is published.
1872/73 Impression, Sunrise (Impression, soleil
levant) is a painting by Claude Monet, for which the
Impressionist movement was named.
1818 After the fall of the
Durrani Empire the Barakzai
tribes found a new dynasty
which rules Afghanistan until
1973.
18121814 In the War of the Sixth Coali-
tion a coalition of Austria, Prussia, Rus-
sia, Sweden, and the United Kingdom f-
nally defeated France and drove Napo-
leon Bonaparte into exile on Elba.
1815 Prussia, Aus-
tria and Russia sign
the Holy Alliance
as a bastion against
revolution
1814 The Papal States
are restored.
1806 1806 Napoleon issues the
Berlin Decree forbidding his
allies and conquests from trading
with the British The Continental
System).
18121814 Anglo-American War
of 1812 between the United States of
America and the British Empire.
18031805 The Second
Anglo-Maratha War between
the British East India Company
and the Maratha Empire in India.
18041813 First Serbian
Uprising aganist Ottoman
rule.
18011805 The First
Barbary War is fought
between the United
States and the Barbary
States of North Africa.
1804 After a successful slave revolt Haiti
gains independence from France
becoming the frst black republic.
The leader of the Haitian Revolution, Jean-
Jacques Dessalines, crowned himself Em-
peror of Hati in 1805.
18111820 In Britain the
Prince of Wales, future
George IV, becomes regent in
place of his mentally ill father
King George III. The Regency
period is characterised by
distinctive fashions, politics,
and culture.
1820 1810 1800 1840 1850 1860 1870 1830 1880
All timelines feature
cultural historical entries on
top of the red line,
and entries on world history
below of the red line.
DeLi US bOOk pAckAgerS www.delius-books.de
THe ULTi mATe Ti meLi ne Of WOrLD Hi STOry: Sample pageS

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18041810 The Fulani War in

present day Nigeria and Cameroon.
Islamic reformer Usman dan Fodio
assembled a Fulani army to lead in
jihad against the Hausa kingdoms
of the north and established his
Fulani Empire.
1811 With the extinction
of the Mameluk military
aristocracy, Muham-
med Ali Pasha secures
his rule over Egypt.
1804 Napoleon
Bonaparte decrees
the Code civil
on March 21st.
since 1811/1812 Simn Bolvar and
Jos de San Martin lead the Wars of
Independence in South America against
the colonial rule of Spain.
18151817 In the
Second Serbian Upri-
sing, Serbia wins its au-
tonomy fromthe
Ottoman Empire.
1805 British admiral Horatio Nel-
son defeats the French feet at the
Battle of Trafalgar.
18011809 Thomas Jeferson
becomes third president of the
United States of America.
18091848 Klemens Wenzel
Prince von Metternich, as the
chancellor of Austria, shapes the
political landscape of Europe in
the frst half of the 19th century
with his conservatism. The Met-
ternich System is based on an
extended network of diplomacy and
1804 Imperial coronation of
Napoleon, on the 2nd Decem-
ber.
1812/1813 Napoleons campaign in Russia
ends with an expensive retreat for the French.
18081813 The struggle against Napoleons troops
in Spain develops into bloody guerrilla warfare.
1807/1810 The author Germaine de Stal-
Holstein, who had been forced to leave
France because of her opposition to Napo-
leon, writes her most signifcant work, On
Germany (De LAllemagne). She shapes the
image of the country of poets and thinkers.
1830/1831 After the declaration
of independence of Ecuador and Vene-
zuela, the Republic of Great Colom-
bia, founded by Simn Bolvar in 1821,
is dissolved, thus fnally ending
Bolvars dreamof a unifed Latin
America.
1836 Formulation of the
Peoples Charter and the
founding of the Chartist
movement.
18211829 In the Greek War of Independence,
Greece wrestles its independence fromthe Ottoman
Empire with the help of the European powers. In the
sea-battle of Navarino in 1827, the Egyptian feet,
allied to the Ottomans, is defeated.
1861 Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia-Piedmont, fromthe
House of Savoy, becomes the frst king of a united Italy.
1852 Napoleon III. Bona-
parte, French president since
1848, founds the Second
Empire (until 1870).
1859-1861 With the support of France
against Austrian opposition, Italian
nationalists manage to unify Italy,
called Risorgimento (The
Resurgence).
1867 Das Kapital, a critique of the political
economy and one of the most signifcant works
of Karl Marx, is an analysis of criticismof capi-
talist society with wide-ranging consequences
in the workers movement and in the history of
the 20th century.
1822 Invention of the frst
power loomby Briton
Edmund Cartwright.
18481850 The German-Danish War
consists of minor military conficts over
Schleswig-Holstein and particularly the
Duchy of Schleswig between the Ger-
man Confederation and the Kingdomof
Denmark.
1848 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels publish the
Communist Manifesto; they call on the prole-
tariat to rise up in revolution in order to create a
classless society.
18561860 In the Second
OpiumWar, the British force
the Chinese market to open up,
resulting in the collapse
of the internal market.
1829 The Roman Catholic
Relief Act in Britain culminates
in the Catholic Emancipation
movement.
1830/1831 Russian
troops defeat a Polish
uprising; Poland
becomes incorporated
into the Russian Empire.
18531856 During the Crimean
War, British, French, and Otto-
man armies stop the Russian
expansion in the regions
around the Black Sea.
18351841 In the
Great Trek, the Boers
migrate into the interior of
South Africa and found a
number of republics.
18161828 The campai-
gns of the Zulu king
Shaka cause the collapse
of the social and political
order in southern Africa;
hundreds of thousands
die as they fee.
1867 The Austro-Hungarian Com-
promise transforms the Austrian
Empire into the Austro-Hungarian
double monarchy.
18621890 As
Prussian minister
president and Ger-
man chancellor from
1871, Otto von
Bismarck imposes
German unity
under Prussian lea-
dership.
1822 Brazil declares its
independence fromPortu-
gal.
1821 Spain recog-
nises the inde-
pendence of
Mexico.
1830 Belgiumdeclares its
independence fromthe
Netherlands; the country
draws up a liberal constitu-
tion in 1831.
1823 In the so-called
Monroe Doctrine,
US president James
Monroe criticises
European colonisa-
tion in the western he-
misphere.
1825 Decembrist uprising of
liberal-minded ofcers and in-
tellectuals against the new
Russian Tsar Nicholas I.
1854 US warships land in
modern Tokyo to force
Japan to open up to trade
with the west.
1848 The February
Revolution in France
overthrows King Louis
Philippe. The Second
Republic is proclaimed.
1861 The abolition of
serfdomin Russia.
18571858 The British suppress an
uprising in India against colonial
rule and depose the last Mughal
Emperor Bahadur Shah II. He was
exiled to Burma, where he died in
1862, thus bringing the Mughal
dynasty, reigning since the 16th
century, to an end.
1849 The Californian
gold rush reaches its
high point.
A spectre is haunting
Europe, the spectre of
Communism
(The Communist Manifesto, 1848)
1815 Napoleon leaves Elba
and seizes power in France
again, ruling for one
hundred days. He is ultima-
tely defeated on the 18th
of June at the Battle of
Waterloo.
1814/1815 After the fall of Napoleon, Europe is
re-arranged at the Congress of Vienna. The
German Confederation is created as a result.
1830 French troops
occupy Algiers.
18371901 During the reign of Queen
Victoria, called the Victorian era, the British
Empire stands at the zenith of its powers.
1830 The July Revolution forces the reactionary French King
Charles X of Bourbon to abdicate. Louis Philippe of Orlans
becomes King of the French (until 1848).
1840 The Treaty of Waitangi between the
British and the native Maoris establishes
British rule in NewZealand.
18471874 The
Carlist Wars, a
series of civil wars
between liberals
and conserva-
tives, engulf
Spain.
18401842 First of the
OpiumWars of Britain
against China; Hong Kong
becomes a British colony.
1848/1849 Beginning in France, a series of
revolutions unsettle all of Europe. Newsocial
classes demand a share of power. In most states,
including Germany, the uprisings are brutally
suppressed.
1851 The Great Exhibition in London is
the frst world fair of culture and industry.
The Crystal Palace is constructed out of
cast iron and glass by Joseph Paxton.
Liberty guides
the people
(Eugne Delacroix,
1830)
1871 After the fall of Paris, the radical socialist and
communist forces seize power in March 1871, and
formthe Paris Commune, which was brutally
suppressed in May.
1835 The fairytales of the
Danish author and poet
Hans Christian Andersen
are published.
1835 Felix Mendelssohn
appointed conductor of
the Leipzig Gewandhaus
Orchestra. 1831 Realist French author and
playwright Honor de Balzac
publishes La Peau de chagrin as
part of his novel sequence La
Comdie humaine.
1825 The Stockton
and Darlington
Railway in north-
eastern England is
the frst public rail
service designed for
passenger travel.
1863 The Swiss Henry
Dunant founds the Inter-
national Red Cross.
1869 The Suez Canal is
constructed.
1859 English scientist Charles Darwin
publishes Origin of Species by Means
of Natural Selection, laying the founda-
tions of the theory of evolution.
18151848 The Biedermeier
style is culturally dominant.
1860/1861 After the election of AbrahamLin-
coln, an opponent of slavery, as president, the
slave-owning southern states (the confederates)
secede fromthe USA. The American Civil War
begins and lasts until 1865.
1868 The Meiji restoration ends the rule
of the shoguns in Japan. Under the Meiji
emperor, who ruled until 1912, the
modernisation of Japan begins along
western lines.
18451849 A devastating potato blight leads
to an extended famine in Ireland and a wave of
emigration to the United States.
1875 The Ottoman Empire, the sick man of the
Bosporus, is forced to declare state bankruptcy
as a result of mismanagement.
18701871 In the Franco-
Prussian War, the Germans de-
feat France; the newGerman
Reich becomes a powerful force
in Europe and wins Alsace and
Lorraine.
1870 Italian troops occupy Rome on September 20th;
end of the Papal State. Pope Pius IX becomes a pri-
soner in the Vatican.
18731874 First
Spanish Republic.
1870 After the defeat at Sedan
on September 1st, Napoleon III,
Emperor of France, is captured by
Prussian troops; on September
4th, the Third French Republic
is proclaimed.
18811884 In Russia there are a series of pogroms
against the Jewish population. The government
passes laws against Jews.
1877 The British Queen Victoria takes the title
Empress of India.
18611872 President
Benito Jurez implements
liberal reforms in Mexico; he
manages to drive out French
troops after a civil war (until
1866/67).
1870 John D. Rockefeller
founds the Standard Oil
Company.
1871 King WilhelmI of Prus-
sia is proclaimed German
Kaiser at the foundation of
the German Reich under
Prussian leadership.
1885 Serbo-Bulgarian War: Serbia declares
war against Bulgaria but is defeated in the
Battle of Slivnitsa. As a result of the war,
European powers acknowledged the act of
Unifcation of Bulgaria
1882 Britain se-
cures its control
over the Suez
Canal and the
whole of Egypt.
1885 Karl Benz
builds the frst
automobile, which
is driven for the frst
time in Mannheimin
1886.
18791884 In the War of
the Pacifc, Chile, with
European aid, secures the
control of saltpetre against
Peru and Bolivia.
Ul t i mat i ve Ti mel i ne 56/57
1805 Ludwig van Beethoven Symphony No. 3
(Eroica) is performed for the frst time in public.
1815 Janes Austens
novel Emma is
published.
1816 The Barber of
Seville, an opera by
Gioachino Rossini,
is premiered in Rome.
1825 Louis Braille devises the
Braille systemas a method for
blind people to read and write.
1842 The opera Nabucco
is Giuseppe Verdis frst
great success.
18481874 The Ring of the Nibelung,
a cycle of four epic music dramas, is written
by the German composer Richard Wagner.
1863 The Football Association is formed in
the United Kingdom, paving the way for football
to become the worlds predominant spectator
sport.
1856/57 The novel Madame
Bovary by Gustave Flaubert
is published.
1872/73 Impression, Sunrise (Impression, soleil
levant) is a painting by Claude Monet, for which the
Impressionist movement was named.
1818 After the fall of the
Durrani Empire the Barakzai
tribes found a newdynasty
which rules Afghanistan until
1973.
18121814 In the War of the Sixth Coali-
tion a coalition of Austria, Prussia, Rus-
sia, Sweden, and the United Kingdomf-
nally defeated France and drove Napo-
leon Bonaparte into exile on Elba.
1815 Prussia, Aus-
tria and Russia sign
the Holy Alliance
as a bastion against
revolution
1814 The Papal States
are restored.
1806 1806 Napoleon issues the
Berlin Decree forbidding his
allies and conquests fromtrading
with the British The Continental
System).
18121814 Anglo-American War
of 1812 between the United States of
America and the British Empire.
18031805 The Second
Anglo-Maratha War between
the British East India Company
and the Maratha Empire in India.
18041813 First Serbian
Uprising aganist Ottoman
rule.
18011805 The First
Barbary War is fought
between the United
States and the Barbary
States of North Africa.
1804 After a successful slave revolt Haiti
gains independence fromFrance
becoming the frst black republic.
The leader of the Haitian Revolution, Jean-
Jacques Dessalines, crowned himself Em-
peror of Hati in 1805.
18111820 In Britain the
Prince of Wales, future
George IV, becomes regent in
place of his mentally ill father
King George III. The Regency
period is characterised by
distinctive fashions, politics,
and culture.
1820 1810 1800 1840 1850 1860 1870 1830 1880
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Ul t i mat i ve Ti mel i ne 59 58 Ul t i mat i ve Ti mel i ne
67AB=@71/:3D3<BA
InMarch&#, Napoleonescapedfromexile in
Elba and reassumed rule in France, the Hun
dred Days reign. Te allied nations reacted
swiftly to his returnandfacedNapoleonat the
Battle of WaterlooinJune &#inBelgium. Te
troops under the Prussian Field Marshal von
Blcher (17421819) and the English Duke of
Wellington (17691852) defeated Napoleons
army. He was exiled to St. Helena where he re
mained until his death in remained until his
death in &. King LouisXVIII, who had fed
during the Hundred Days, returned to France
and resumed his reign. In March &#, Napo
leonescapedfromexile inElba andreassumed
rule in France, the Hundred Days reign. Te
allied nations reacted swiftly to his return.
BattIe of WaterIoo n arcl 8o, acecn escaec rcnexie in
LLa anc reassonec roe in rance, le oncrec La,s' rein.
le Lae c Vaercc in resen ca, Leion.
Fighting against an allied army of Austria,
Russia and Prussia, he was decisively
defeated. Napoleon retreated back to Paris
after which he was deposed and exiled to
Elba by the allies. In March &#, Napoleon
escaped from exile in Elba and reassumed
rule in France, the Hundred Days reign. Te
allied nations reacted swiftly to his return
and faced Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo
in June &# in Belgium. Te troops under the
Prussian Field Marshal von Blcher (1742
1819) and the English Duke of Wellington
(17691852) defeated Napoleons army. Napo
leon was exiled to St. Helena where
he remained until his death in &. King
LouisXVIII, who had f led during the
Hundred Days, returned to France and re
sumed his reign. Te troops under the Prus
sian Field Marshal von Blcher (17421819)
and the English Duke.
The NapoIeonic Wars /er acecn's Lornin c csccv anc
rerea rcnossia in 82, le acec le Lae c aicns a Leizi in 8.
riecricl Lnes vil Clariss in 8-.
Te number of voters was still very small
about four percent of the population. In &!%
a London workers association presented the
House of Commons with a Peoples Charter.
Te Chartists demanded universal male suf
frage, with elections to represent the actual
proportions of the population, secret ballots,
and the payment of MPs so that poorer mem
bers could aford to stand for Parliament. Te
Chartist reached its climax at a mass meeting
on Kennington Common in &"&. Te Char
tists demanded universal male sufrage.
The Chartists le ecrnLi
c 82 nean a srenlenin c le
nicce cass in Crea Lriain.
Caore c cr aalc L, le rencl in 8oo.
Czar Nicholas occupied Crimea for the pur
pose of gaining access to the Mediterranean.
Te Ottomans allied with Great Britain and
France who were decidedly against the Rus
sian expansion. Tey launched a naval attack
against the Russian feet at Sevastopol in
&##. Te new czar, Alexander II, ended the
calamitous war in &#$. Tey launched a na
val attack against the Russian feet at Sevas
topol in &##.
Crimean War le c, /i
ance vas encec vil le coLreal c
le Crinean Var.
Te Congress of Berlin In June and July of
&%&, AustriaHungary, Great Britain, France,
Italy, Russia and the German, Austrian and
Ottoman empires met to discuss the escalat
ing situation of the Balkans and their opposi
tion of Russian expansion on the Black Sea.
Tey declared the independence of northern
Bulgaria and southern Rumenia from the
czarist empire. Romania received parts of
Bessarabia while Serbia and Montenegro be
came independent. Bulgaria andsouthernRu
melia from the czarist empire. Leeaes a le Lerin Ccnress.
ConQress of BerIin Le
carec le inceencence c ncrlern
Loaria anc scolern oneia rcn
le Ccnan enire.
Te confict deeply divided the nation; the
war waged bitterly on both sides and split
whole families apart. After initial victories
by the Confederate forces under Robert E.
Lee, the momentum changed in &$! with
the victory of the Union troops led by Ulysses
S. Grant and William Tecumseh Sherman at
the Battle of Gettysburg. April &$ Civil
War begins with the Confederate attack on
Fort Sumter (Charleston, South Carolina)
July &$! Battle of Gettysburg ends with a
Union victory; Turning point of the war in
favor of the Union July &$! Union military
forces under General Grant take Vicksburg
November &$".T he burning of Atlanta by
Shermans Union troops December &$"
Sherman takes Savannah April &$#
Southern states surrender at Appomattox
/^`WZ &$# Last Confederates surrender to
Sherman at Durham.
American CiviI War / le Leinnin c le 9l cenor,, ccsi
icn c saVer, in le rora col rev in le incosriaizec crl. an,
colerners sav lis as an aacl cn leir raciicna va, c ie.
le Lae c Ce,sLor in 8c, col in anc arconc le cvn c Ce,sLor, enns,Vania.
cene rcnle CionVars.
Te seizure of large amounts of opium by the
Chinese government in Canton led to the First
OpiumWar in &"&". China was totally
defeatedbytheBritishand, in &", was forced
to allow the importation of opium as well as
give Great Britain the city of Hong Kong. With
the Second OpiumWar in &#$&$, China
was forced to open additional ports to the Eu
ropeans in&#&. Withtheinfuxof cheaper Eu
ropean products. into the Chinese market the
domestic economy was destroyed.
Opium Wars n le sar c le
9l cenor,, le Lriisl Lean c
iea, incr leir cionrcnncia
c Clina, vlicl sinican, aecec
le Laance c race.
acecn's ceea a le Lae c aicns a Leizi, axcn,, in 8.
L,sses . Cran, cLer L. Lee, anc Viian. lernan.
Te Carlists, who wished to bring Ferdinands
brother Charles to the throne, waged war
against the followers of Isabellas mother,
Mara Cristina. Te Carlists, whose strength
was in rural northern Spain, fought against
the more urbanized south. In &!', the
Carlists were defeated, but Isabellas corona
tion in &"! triggered a second Carlist war.
Isabella remained in power until the glori
ous revolutionof &$&. In&%Amadeo, the
son of the Italian king, came to the throne,
but was forced to step down in &%!. After
the First Republic, a military coup in &%"
placed Isabellas son, Alfonso XII, on the
throne and brought an end to the Carlist wars
in &%$. Te Carlist wars stemmed from the
disputed succession of Ferdinand VII, who
had designated his daughter Isabella II as
heir to the throne. Te Carlists, who wished
to bring Ferdinands brother Charles to the
throne, waged war against the followers of
Isabellas mother, Mara Cristina. Te Carl
ists, whose strength was in rural northern
Spain, fought against the more urbanized
south. In &!', the Carlists were defeated but
Isabellas coronation in &"! triggered a
second Carlist war.
CarIist Wars le Caris vars
sennec rcnle cisoec socces
sicn c ercinanc `, vlc lac cesi
naec lis caoler saLea as leir
c le lrcne.
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Ul t i mat i ve Ti mel i ne 59 58 Ul t i mat i ve Ti mel i ne
67AB=@71/:3D3<BA
InMarch&#, Napoleonescapedfromexile in
Elba and reassumed rule in France, the Hun
dred Days reign. Te allied nations reacted
swiftly to his returnandfacedNapoleonat the
Battle of WaterlooinJune &#inBelgium. Te
troops under the Prussian Field Marshal von
Blcher (17421819) and the English Duke of
Wellington (17691852) defeated Napoleons
army. He was exiled to St. Helena where he re
mained until his death in remained until his
death in &. King LouisXVIII, who had fed
during the Hundred Days, returned to France
and resumed his reign. In March &#, Napo
leonescapedfromexile inElba andreassumed
rule in France, the Hundred Days reign. Te
allied nations reacted swiftly to his return.
BattIe of WaterIoo n arcl 8o, acecn escaec rcnexie in
LLa anc reassonec roe in rance, le oncrec La,s' rein.
le Lae c Vaercc in resen ca, Leion.
Fighting against an allied army of Austria,
Russia and Prussia, he was decisively
defeated. Napoleon retreated back to Paris
after which he was deposed and exiled to
Elba by the allies. In March &#, Napoleon
escaped from exile in Elba and reassumed
rule in France, the Hundred Days reign. Te
allied nations reacted swiftly to his return
and faced Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo
in June &# in Belgium. Te troops under the
Prussian Field Marshal von Blcher (1742
1819) and the English Duke of Wellington
(17691852) defeated Napoleons army. Napo
leon was exiled to St. Helena where
he remained until his death in &. King
LouisXVIII, who had f led during the
Hundred Days, returned to France and re
sumed his reign. Te troops under the Prus
sian Field Marshal von Blcher (17421819)
and the English Duke.
The NapoIeonic Wars /er acecn's Lornin c csccv anc
rerea rcnossia in 82, le acec le Lae c aicns a Leizi in 8.
riecricl Lnes vil Clariss in 8-.
Te number of voters was still very small
about four percent of the population. In &!%
a London workers association presented the
House of Commons with a Peoples Charter.
Te Chartists demanded universal male suf
frage, with elections to represent the actual
proportions of the population, secret ballots,
and the payment of MPs so that poorer mem
bers could aford to stand for Parliament. Te
Chartist reached its climax at a mass meeting
on Kennington Common in &"&. Te Char
tists demanded universal male sufrage.
The Chartists le ecrnLi
c 82 nean a srenlenin c le
nicce cass in Crea Lriain.
Caore c cr aalc L, le rencl in 8oo.
Czar Nicholas occupied Crimea for the pur
pose of gaining access to the Mediterranean.
Te Ottomans allied with Great Britain and
France who were decidedly against the Rus
sian expansion. Tey launched a naval attack
against the Russian feet at Sevastopol in
&##. Te new czar, Alexander II, ended the
calamitous war in &#$. Tey launched a na
val attack against the Russian feet at Sevas
topol in &##.
Crimean War le c, /i
ance vas encec vil le coLreal c
le Crinean Var.
Te Congress of Berlin In June and July of
&%&, AustriaHungary, Great Britain, France,
Italy, Russia and the German, Austrian and
Ottoman empires met to discuss the escalat
ing situation of the Balkans and their opposi
tion of Russian expansion on the Black Sea.
Tey declared the independence of northern
Bulgaria and southern Rumenia from the
czarist empire. Romania received parts of
Bessarabia while Serbia and Montenegro be
came independent. Bulgaria andsouthernRu
melia from the czarist empire. Leeaes a le Lerin Ccnress.
ConQress of BerIin Le
carec le inceencence c ncrlern
Loaria anc scolern oneia rcn
le Ccnan enire.
Te confict deeply divided the nation; the
war waged bitterly on both sides and split
whole families apart. After initial victories
by the Confederate forces under Robert E.
Lee, the momentum changed in &$! with
the victory of the Union troops led by Ulysses
S. Grant and William Tecumseh Sherman at
the Battle of Gettysburg. April &$ Civil
War begins with the Confederate attack on
Fort Sumter (Charleston, South Carolina)
July &$! Battle of Gettysburg ends with a
Union victory; Turning point of the war in
favor of the Union July &$! Union military
forces under General Grant take Vicksburg
November &$".T he burning of Atlanta by
Shermans Union troops December &$"
Sherman takes Savannah April &$#
Southern states surrender at Appomattox
/^`WZ &$# Last Confederates surrender to
Sherman at Durham.
American CiviI War / le Leinnin c le 9l cenor,, ccsi
icn c saVer, in le rora col rev in le incosriaizec crl. an,
colerners sav lis as an aacl cn leir raciicna va, c ie.
le Lae c Ce,sLor in 8c, col in anc arconc le cvn c Ce,sLor, enns,Vania.
cene rcnle CionVars.
Te seizure of large amounts of opium by the
Chinese government in Canton led to the First
OpiumWar in &"&". China was totally
defeatedbytheBritishand, in &", was forced
to allow the importation of opium as well as
give Great Britain the city of Hong Kong. With
the Second OpiumWar in &#$&$, China
was forced to open additional ports to the Eu
ropeans in&#&. Withtheinfuxof cheaper Eu
ropean products. into the Chinese market the
domestic economy was destroyed.
Opium Wars n le sar c le
9l cenor,, le Lriisl Lean c
iea, incr leir cionrcnncia
c Clina, vlicl sinican, aecec
le Laance c race.
acecn's ceea a le Lae c aicns a Leizi, axcn,, in 8.
L,sses . Cran, cLer L. Lee, anc Viian. lernan.
Te Carlists, who wished to bring Ferdinands
brother Charles to the throne, waged war
against the followers of Isabellas mother,
Mara Cristina. Te Carlists, whose strength
was in rural northern Spain, fought against
the more urbanized south. In &!', the
Carlists were defeated, but Isabellas corona
tion in &"! triggered a second Carlist war.
Isabella remained in power until the glori
ous revolutionof &$&. In&%Amadeo, the
son of the Italian king, came to the throne,
but was forced to step down in &%!. After
the First Republic, a military coup in &%"
placed Isabellas son, Alfonso XII, on the
throne and brought an end to the Carlist wars
in &%$. Te Carlist wars stemmed from the
disputed succession of Ferdinand VII, who
had designated his daughter Isabella II as
heir to the throne. Te Carlists, who wished
to bring Ferdinands brother Charles to the
throne, waged war against the followers of
Isabellas mother, Mara Cristina. Te Carl
ists, whose strength was in rural northern
Spain, fought against the more urbanized
south. In &!', the Carlists were defeated but
Isabellas coronation in &"! triggered a
second Carlist war.
CarIist Wars le Caris vars
sennec rcnle cisoec socces
sicn c ercinanc `, vlc lac cesi
naec lis caoler saLea as leir
c le lrcne.
V|// //e /rerc/ /evc/u/|cr |r 89
rer c/re /// sver/ crcss
/urcre rJ cre/eJ //e rc/|/|c/
/rJscre |r v/|c/ ve /|ve /cJ,
/e |Jes c/ //e /evc/u/|cr c//
/ereJ //e |rs/|/u/|crs v/|c/ /J
Je/|reJ /urcres rc/|/|c/ scc|/ rJ
eccrcm|c s/ruc/ure /|s rrcress|ve
//cu// vs rrev|cus/, ur/erJ
c/ rJ mr|s //e ers /urr /cvrJ
mcJerr|/, /e rcs//evc/u/|crr,
rer|cJ sv //e rJ|c/|z/|cr c/ |/s
|Jes /|sru/es rerJ|r |Jec/c,
cr||r/eJ |r //e 9// cer/ur, rJ
rev |r //e rex/ /eJ|r /c vcr/J
v|Je ccr//|c/ /r|J |rJus/r|/|z/|cr
cre/eJ rev /,re c/ vcr|er //e
urrr rrc/e/r|/ ~//er JecJes
c/ s/r|/|/, ccmre/|/|cr rcse /cr
Jcm|rrce |r /urcre s ve// s
cver //e exrrs|cr c/ //e emr|res
/ese J|sru/es cu/m|r/eJ |r //e
/rerc/es c/ //e /|rs/ Vcr/J Vr
7[^S`WOZWa[
O\R7\Rcab`WOZWaObW]\ 19th century
67AB=
@71/
:475
C@3A
Ten yet further into the political arena, aided in part
by his marriage to the aristocratic Josphine de Beau
harnais in %'$; and fnally to his zenith as Emperor
of France, stands as one of the most astonishing ca
reers of the modern age. His military genius, skillful
tactics and sense of mission were greatly admired.
NapoIeon Bonaparte (1769-1821) le rise c
acecn rcn ieoenan c arier, (aclieVec in 8o) o lrcol le
ranls c Lriacier in 9
It was also characterized by the conservative,
almost prudish lifestyle that she and her Ger
man husband, Prince Albert, had. By virtue of
her nine children, Victoria became the Grand
mother of Europe. Te German Emperor Wil
liam II, for example, was her grandchild. In
&%$, she took the title of Empress of India. Rul
ing for almost 64 years, Queen Victoria charac
Oueen Victoria (1819-19D1) oin cr ancs c- ,ears, Coeen
`iccria claracerizec an enire eccl. le `iccrian /e' cisa,ec rea
rcress in eccncnic rcseri, anc exansiVe neriaisn.
In &% he pushed King William I of Prussia
to become the leader of the German Empire
and he himself became German chancellor
(until &'). He centralized the government
through socialist laws (&%&&') and the
Cultural War (&%&&%). He tried to take
the wind out of the sails of the socialist
movement through the socialist legislation
(from &&!) and to unify the workers in the
country, but could not hinder the strength
ening of the social democrats as far as
foreign afairs were concerned, he tried to
achieve balance between the European
powers. As far as foreign afairs were con
cerned, he tried to achieve balance between
the European powers.
Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898) Cc Vcn Lisnarcl, as rine
iniser, ccnscicaec rossia (rcn 8c2) inc le eacin cver in Cernan,
lrcol le excosicn c /osria (8c-8 vars).
During the Civil War, he struggled to preserve
the Union by leading the defeat of the seces
sionist Confederate States. Lincoln issued the
Emancipation Proclamation in &$! to free the
slaves in all Southern states and promoted the
passage of the Tirteenth Amendment to the
Constitution, which fnally abolished slavery
throughout the nation in &$#. Lincoln was as
sassinated by John Wilkes Booth, a Confeder
ate sympathizer, on April 14, &$#, shortly af
ter the northern victory. Upon becoming the
16th president, Lincoln was the frst elected
candidate from the new Republican party
which had formed in &#" as an opponent to
slavery. During the Civil War, he struggled to
preserve the Union by leading the defeat of the
Abraham LincoIn (18D9-1865) Lcn Leccnin le cl resi
cen, Linccn vas le rs eecec cancicae rcn le nev eoLican ar,
vlicl lac crnec in 8o- as an ccnen c saVer,.
Even with his constant need for attention
and unmoderated extremism, he was revered by
his soldiers. Napoleon had overestimated the
strength of his warweary army. In &&, nation
alist movements within the subdued countries, as
well as his failed invasion of Russia.
terized an entire epoch. Te Victorian Age
displayed great progress in economic prosper
ity and expansive Imperialism it was also char
acterized by the conservative, almost prudish
lifestyle that she and her German husband,
Prince Albert, had. Victoria
became the Grandmother of
Europe.

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&

18041810 The Fulani War in

present day Nigeria and Cameroon.
Islamic reformer Usman dan Fodio
assembled a Fulani army to lead in
jihad against the Hausa kingdoms
of the north and established his
Fulani Empire.
1811 With the extinction
of the Mameluk military
aristocracy, Muham-
med Ali Pasha secures
his rule over Egypt.
1804 Napoleon
Bonaparte decrees
the Code civil
on March 21st.
since 1811/1812 Simn Bolvar and
Jos de San Martin lead the Wars of
Independence in South America against
the colonial rule of Spain.
18151817 In the
Second Serbian Upri-
sing, Serbia wins its au-
tonomy from the
Ottoman Empire.
1805 British admiral Horatio Nel-
son defeats the French feet at the
Battle of Trafalgar.
18011809 Thomas Jeferson
becomes third president of the
United States of America.
18091848 Klemens Wenzel
Prince von Metternich, as the
chancellor of Austria, shapes the
political landscape of Europe in
the frst half of the 19th century
with his conservatism. The Met-
ternich System is based on an
extended network of diplomacy and
1804 Imperial coronation of
Napoleon, on the 2nd Decem-
ber.
1812/1813 Napoleons campaign in Russia
ends with an expensive retreat for the French.
18081813 The struggle against Napoleons troops
in Spain develops into bloody guerrilla warfare.
1807/1810 The author Germaine de Stal-
Holstein, who had been forced to leave
France because of her opposition to Napo-
leon, writes her most signifcant work, On
Germany (De LAllemagne). She shapes the
image of the country of poets and thinkers.
1830/1831 After the declaration
of independence of Ecuador and Vene-
zuela, the Republic of Great Colom-
bia, founded by Simn Bolvar in 1821,
is dissolved, thus fnally ending
Bolvars dream of a unifed Latin
America.
1836 Formulation of the
Peoples Charter and the
founding of the Chartist
movement.
18211829 In the Greek War of Independence,
Greece wrestles its independence from the Ottoman
Empire with the help of the European powers. In the
sea-battle of Navarino in 1827, the Egyptian feet,
allied to the Ottomans, is defeated.
1861 Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia-Piedmont, from the
House of Savoy, becomes the frst king of a united Italy.
1852 Napoleon III. Bona-
parte, French president since
1848, founds the Second
Empire (until 1870).
1859-1861 With the support of France
against Austrian opposition, Italian
nationalists manage to unify Italy,
called Risorgimento (The
Resurgence).
1867 Das Kapital, a critique of the political
economy and one of the most signifcant works
of Karl Marx, is an analysis of criticism of capi-
talist society with wide-ranging consequences
in the workers movement and in the history of
the 20th century.
1822 Invention of the frst
power loom by Briton
Edmund Cartwright.
18481850 The German-Danish War
consists of minor military conficts over
Schleswig-Holstein and particularly the
Duchy of Schleswig between the Ger-
man Confederation and the Kingdom of
Denmark.
1848 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels publish the
Communist Manifesto; they call on the prole-
tariat to rise up in revolution in order to create a
classless society.
18561860 In the Second
Opium War, the British force
the Chinese market to open up,
resulting in the collapse
of the internal market.
1829 The Roman Catholic
Relief Act in Britain culminates
in the Catholic Emancipation
movement.
1830/1831 Russian
troops defeat a Polish
uprising; Poland
becomes incorporated
into the Russian Empire.
18531856 During the Crimean
War, British, French, and Otto-
man armies stop the Russian
expansion in the regions
around the Black Sea.
18351841 In the
Great Trek, the Boers
migrate into the interior of
South Africa and found a
number of republics.
18161828 The campai-
gns of the Zulu king
Shaka cause the collapse
of the social and political
order in southern Africa;
hundreds of thousands
die as they fee.
1867 The Austro-Hungarian Com-
promise transforms the Austrian
Empire into the Austro-Hungarian
double monarchy.
18621890 As
Prussian minister
president and Ger-
man chancellor from
1871, Otto von
Bismarck imposes
German unity
under Prussian lea-
dership.
1822 Brazil declares its
independence from Portu-
gal.
1821 Spain recog-
nises the inde-
pendence of
Mexico.
1830 Belgium declares its
independence from the
Netherlands; the country
draws up a liberal constitu-
tion in 1831.
1823 In the so-called
Monroe Doctrine,
US president James
Monroe criticises
European colonisa-
tion in the western he-
misphere.
1825 Decembrist uprising of
liberal-minded ofcers and in-
tellectuals against the new
Russian Tsar Nicholas I.
1854 US warships land in
modern Tokyo to force
Japan to open up to trade
with the west.
1848 The February
Revolution in France
overthrows King Louis
Philippe. The Second
Republic is proclaimed.
1861 The abolition of
serfdom in Russia.
18571858 The British suppress an
uprising in India against colonial
rule and depose the last Mughal
Emperor Bahadur Shah II. He was
exiled to Burma, where he died in
1862, thus bringing the Mughal
dynasty, reigning since the 16th
century, to an end.
1849 The Californian
gold rush reaches its
high point.
A spectre is haunting
Europe, the spectre of
Communism
(The Communist Manifesto, 1848)
1815 Napoleon leaves Elba
and seizes power in France
again, ruling for one
hundred days. He is ultima-
tely defeated on the 18th
of June at the Battle of
Waterloo.
1814/1815 After the fall of Napoleon, Europe is
re-arranged at the Congress of Vienna. The
German Confederation is created as a result.
1830 French troops
occupy Algiers.
18371901 During the reign of Queen
Victoria, called the Victorian era, the British
Empire stands at the zenith of its powers.
1830 The July Revolution forces the reactionary French King
Charles X of Bourbon to abdicate. Louis Philippe of Orlans
becomes King of the French (until 1848).
1840 The Treaty of Waitangi between the
British and the native Maoris establishes
British rule in New Zealand.
18471874 The
Carlist Wars, a
series of civil wars
between liberals
and conserva-
tives, engulf
Spain.
18401842 First of the
Opium Wars of Britain
against China; Hong Kong
becomes a British colony.
1848/1849 Beginning in France, a series of
revolutions unsettle all of Europe. New social
classes demand a share of power. In most states,
including Germany, the uprisings are brutally
suppressed.
1851 The Great Exhibition in London is
the frst world fair of culture and industry.
The Crystal Palace is constructed out of
cast iron and glass by Joseph Paxton.
Liberty guides
the people
(Eugne Delacroix,
1830)
1871 After the fall of Paris, the radical socialist and
communist forces seize power in March 1871, and
form the Paris Commune, which was brutally
suppressed in May.
1835 The fairytales of the
Danish author and poet
Hans Christian Andersen
are published.
1835 Felix Mendelssohn
appointed conductor of
the Leipzig Gewandhaus
Orchestra. 1831 Realist French author and
playwright Honor de Balzac
publishes La Peau de chagrin as
part of his novel sequence La
Comdie humaine.
1825 The Stockton
and Darlington
Railway in north-
eastern England is
the frst public rail
service designed for
passenger travel.
1863 The Swiss Henry
Dunant founds the Inter-
national Red Cross.
1869 The Suez Canal is
constructed.
1859 English scientist Charles Darwin
publishes Origin of Species by Means
of Natural Selection, laying the founda-
tions of the theory of evolution.
18151848 The Biedermeier
style is culturally dominant.
1860/1861 After the election of Abraham Lin-
coln, an opponent of slavery, as president, the
slave-owning southern states (the confederates)
secede from the USA. The American Civil War
begins and lasts until 1865.
1868 The Meiji restoration ends the rule
of the shoguns in Japan. Under the Meiji
emperor, who ruled until 1912, the
modernisation of Japan begins along
western lines.
18451849 A devastating potato blight leads
to an extended famine in Ireland and a wave of
emigration to the United States.
1875 The Ottoman Empire, the sick man of the
Bosporus, is forced to declare state bankruptcy
as a result of mismanagement.
18701871 In the Franco-
Prussian War, the Germans de-
feat France; the new German
Reich becomes a powerful force
in Europe and wins Alsace and
Lorraine.
1870 Italian troops occupy Rome on September 20th;
end of the Papal State. Pope Pius IX becomes a pri-
soner in the Vatican.
18731874 First
Spanish Republic.
1870 After the defeat at Sedan
on September 1st, Napoleon III,
Emperor of France, is captured by
Prussian troops; on September
4th, the Third French Republic
is proclaimed.
18811884 In Russia there are a series of pogroms
against the Jewish population. The government
passes laws against Jews.
1877 The British Queen Victoria takes the title
Empress of India.
18611872 President
Benito Jurez implements
liberal reforms in Mexico; he
manages to drive out French
troops after a civil war (until
1866/67).
1870 John D. Rockefeller
founds the Standard Oil
Company.
1871 King Wilhelm I of Prus-
sia is proclaimed German
Kaiser at the foundation of
the German Reich under
Prussian leadership.
1885 Serbo-Bulgarian War: Serbia declares
war against Bulgaria but is defeated in the
Battle of Slivnitsa. As a result of the war,
European powers acknowledged the act of
Unifcation of Bulgaria
1882 Britain se-
cures its control
over the Suez
Canal and the
whole of Egypt.
1885 Karl Benz
builds the frst
automobile, which
is driven for the frst
time in Mannheim in
1886.
18791884 In the War of
the Pacifc, Chile, with
European aid, secures the
control of saltpetre against
Peru and Bolivia.
Ul t i mat i ve Ti mel i ne 56/57
1805 Ludwig van Beethoven Symphony No. 3
(Eroica) is performed for the frst time in public.
1815 Janes Austens
novel Emma is
published.
1816 The Barber of
Seville, an opera by
Gioachino Rossini,
is premiered in Rome.
1825 Louis Braille devises the
Braille system as a method for
blind people to read and write.
1842 The opera Nabucco
is Giuseppe Verdis frst
great success.
18481874 The Ring of the Nibelung,
a cycle of four epic music dramas, is written
by the German composer Richard Wagner.
1863 The Football Association is formed in
the United Kingdom, paving the way for football
to become the worlds predominant spectator
sport.
1856/57 The novel Madame
Bovary by Gustave Flaubert
is published.
1872/73 Impression, Sunrise (Impression, soleil
levant) is a painting by Claude Monet, for which the
Impressionist movement was named.
1818 After the fall of the
Durrani Empire the Barakzai
tribes found a new dynasty
which rules Afghanistan until
1973.
18121814 In the War of the Sixth Coali-
tion a coalition of Austria, Prussia, Rus-
sia, Sweden, and the United Kingdom f-
nally defeated France and drove Napo-
leon Bonaparte into exile on Elba.
1815 Prussia, Aus-
tria and Russia sign
the Holy Alliance
as a bastion against
revolution
1814 The Papal States
are restored.
1806 1806 Napoleon issues the
Berlin Decree forbidding his
allies and conquests from trading
with the British The Continental
System).
18121814 Anglo-American War
of 1812 between the United States of
America and the British Empire.
18031805 The Second
Anglo-Maratha War between
the British East India Company
and the Maratha Empire in India.
18041813 First Serbian
Uprising aganist Ottoman
rule.
18011805 The First
Barbary War is fought
between the United
States and the Barbary
States of North Africa.
1804 After a successful slave revolt Haiti
gains independence from France
becoming the frst black republic.
The leader of the Haitian Revolution, Jean-
Jacques Dessalines, crowned himself Em-
peror of Hati in 1805.
18111820 In Britain the
Prince of Wales, future
George IV, becomes regent in
place of his mentally ill father
King George III. The Regency
period is characterised by
distinctive fashions, politics,
and culture.
1820 1810 1800 1840 1850 1860 1870 1830 1880
There are 20 sections in the book,
each consisting of
1 timline
1 page Historical figures
1 spread Historical events