Indian National (Weather) SATellites for Agrometeorological Applications

Bimal K. Bhattacharya
Agriculture-Terrestrial Biosphere- Hydrology Group Space Applications Centre (ISRO) Ahmedabad 380015, India Email : bkbhattacharya@sac.isro.gov.in

1992

1993

1999 2002

INSAT-2B VHRR

INSAT-2E VHRR, CCD (1 KM)

1990

INSAT-2A VHRR

METSAT-1 VHRR 2 Km(vis); 8 Km(IR & WV)

1999
INSAT-1D VHRR

2003

1996
IRS-P4 (OCEANSAT-1) OCM, MSMR IRS-P3 WiFS, MOS X-Ray

INSAT-3A VHRR 2 Km(vis); 8 Km(IR & WV) CCD 1 Km

2003

2005

1995/1997

PRESENT ...

IRS-P6(RESOURCESAT) LISS 3 23.5/140 Km IRS-P5 (CARTOSAT-I) LISS 4 - 5.8M/ 27Km PAN 2.5 m stereo AWiFS - 55M/ 730 Km

2007

IRS-1C/1D LISS-3 (23/70M) STEERABLE PAN (5.8 M) WiFS (188M)

IRS-P7 (CARTOSAT-II) PAN 0.85 m

Suite of Indian geostationary Sensors

Satellite Kalpana -1 INSAT 3A CCD INSAT 3D (2011) Imager Red (0.62-0.68), NIR(0.77-0.86), SWIR (1.55-1.69) VIS(0.52-0.75), SWIR(1.55-1.70) MIR(3.8-4.0) WV(6.5-7.0), TIR1(10.2-11.2), TIR2(11.5-12.5) 1km x 1km 1km x 1km 4km x 4km 4km x 4km 10km x 10km 100m X 100m 1 km X 1km Sensor VHRR VHRR Bands ( m) VIS (0.55-0.75) WV (5.7-7.1), Thermal IR (10.5-12.5) Spatial res. 2km x 2km 8km x 8km

Sounder
Geo-HR (2015) Imager

19 channels
Red, NIR, SWIR Thermal IR

KALPANA - 1 VHRR
Optical band
VIS : 2km

INSAT 3A CCD
Optical bands
CCD FCC : 1km TIR-night : 8km

Water Vapour band

WV-day : 8km

Thermal Infrared band

TIR-day : 8km

Flow of INSAT 3A CCD NDVI operational product generation F C C

0300 GMT 0400 GMT RED DN 0500 GMT SWIR DN 0700 GMT NIR DN 0900 GMT

F C C

MODIS ozone (Dobson)

Level 1A correction Molecular scattering (Rayleigh)

Cloud masking

DEM (m)

Level 1B &

1C correction

Cloud masking

Mie scattering
MODIS AOD (tau550) MODIS precipitable water (cm)

N D V
Before noon (<1200 hrs)

Afternoon (>1200 hrs)

VEGETATION DYNAMICS FROM INSAT 3A CCD

25 May to 9June08 10 June to 25 June08 26 June to 11 July08 12 July to 27 July08 28 July to 12 Aug08

13 Aug to 28 Aug08

29 Aug to13 Sept08

14 Sept to 29 Sept08

30 Sept to 15 Oct08

16 Oct to 31Oct08

1 Nov to 16 Nov08

17 Nov to 2 Dec08

3 Dec to 18 Dec08

2 Feb to 17 Feb09

18 Feb to 05 Mar09

6 Mar to 21Mar09

22 Mar to 6 April09

7 April to 22 April09

23 April to 30 April09

-1.00 0.00 0.01 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.16 0.18 0.19 0.21 0.22 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.30 0.31 0.34

0.35 0.37 0.38 0.41 0.42 0.46 0.47 0.50 0.51 0.60 0.61 0.69 0.70 0.79 0.80 0.90

Flow Chart for rainfall estimation from INSAT VHRR (Gairola et al. 2008)
INSAT TIR, WV Data 3 Hourly Image

Conversion from Grey Count to TBs

Look Up Table for Calibration

Grid Average of IR TBs (0.250x0.250) IR and WV - Cloud Classification Collocation of IR TBs and MW Rainfall Satellite Microwave Rainfall (TRMM/SSMI)

Grid Avg. Rainfall (0.250x0.250)

Estimation of Rainfall PW & RH Correction

Rainfall product
Rainfall Validation/ Fine Tuning (DWR/SFRG) Final Rain Rate, Daily, Pentad, monthly & Seasonal Rainfall

Model PW & RH Forecast

Corrected Rainfall Estimation

Experimental product Land surface temperature (LST)

Original VHRR thermal IR data Precipitable water

Correction for atmospheric water vapour & surface emissivity

cm

Characteristic vertical tropospheric air temperature profiles and AIRS sounder based surface air temperature
Surface Emissivity
320
grid

315 310

r = 0.93, n = 1446 RMSE = 2.30 K

1:1 Line

K1VHRR LST (K) at 0.08

305 300 295 290 290 295 300 305 310 315 320 Aggregated MODIS AQUA LST(K) at 0.08o grid

K1VHRR LST

Agromet Applications
Late season drought detection from NDVI Identification of cold wave zone Disaster (flood) Evapotranspiration monitoring for stress detection & productivity mapping

Late season agricultural drought detection from INSAT 3A CCD NDVI

30thSept to 15thOct 2008

30thSept to 15thOct 2009

IMD June-Sept 2009

NDVI ranges
-1.00 0.00 0.01 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.16 0.18 0.19 0.21 0.22 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.30 0.31 0.34 0.35 0.37 0.38 0.41 0.42 0.46 0.47 0.50 0.51 0.60 0.61 0.69 0.70 0.79 0.80 0.90

16thOct to 31stOct 2008

16thOct to 31stOct 2009

Capturing Coldwave spell over Northwestern India during January and February 2008 using nighttime thermal infrared data from Kalpana-1 VHRR
19 Jan 08 20 Jan 08 22 Jan 08
o

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

5 Feb 08

7 Feb 08

8 Feb 08

9 Feb 08

Capturing damaging events : Koshi flood 2008 from 3A CCD

22 Aug 2008

31 Aug 2008

1 Sept 2008

2 Sept 2008

3 Sept 2008

5 Sept 2008

Monthly Actual and Relative Evapotranspiration during rabi season using surface energy balance approach
AET November AET December AET January AET February AET March mm d-1 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0
6 5.5 5 AET (mm d )
AET (mm d-1)

Trans Gangetic Plain

Agriculture

7.5 7 6.5 6 5.5 5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5

Forest

Forest

1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 Nov05_dekad2 Nov05_dekad3 Dec05_dekad1

Desert Desert

3.5 3

2.5 2 1.5 Nov05_dekad3 Jan06_dekad1 Feb06_dekad1 Nov05_dekad2 Dec05_dekad1 Mar06_dekad2 Feb06_dekad2 Feb06_dekad3 Mar06_dekad1

AET (mm d )

-1

-1

4.5

Jan06_dekad1

Feb06_dekad1

Feb06_dekad2

Feb06_dekad3

Mar06_dekad1

Jan06_dekad1

Feb06_dekad2

Nov05_dekad2

Nov05_dekad3

Dec05_dekad1

Mar06_dekad1

Feb06_dekad1

Feb06_dekad3

Mar06_dekad2

RET November

RET December

RET January

RET February

RET March

Mar06_dekad2

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 >1.0

Automated Microclimate in situ observational Network Using INSAT Communication Transponder A recent Initiative from ISRO

Defining 10 m INSAT- uplinked micrometeorological tower for short (2-3m) vegetation

Agro- Met Station (AMS)

Micromet tower network in India

C R O P

G R A S S

W E T L A N D

Selection criteria : fetch ratio (1:50 to 1:100), Agroclimate, vegetation, soil type

D E S E R T

Forecasting Agricultural out put using Space, Agrometeorology and Land based observations (FASAL)
al n tio n e nv
Land Observations

Co

om n o Ec

y etr

o Agr ology or e t Me
Cropped area

RS ,M Tem od por . Re. al

Re mo te

Se ns in g

Crop condition Crop acreage

RS Sin , Hi gle gh da R e . te

Crop yield

MULTIPLE IN-SEASON FORECAST

PreSeason

EarlySeason

MidSeason State

PreHarvest State

PreHarvest District

Revised Incorporati ng damage

Thank you..