PHILIPPINE HISTORY Lesson # 1: The Philippines: Its territory and people Physical Background The Philippines is an archipelago lying

ng southeast of the coast of mainland of Asia. Total land area is 114, 830 sq miles 100 miles north of Luzon is the island of Taiwan( Formosa) North and West of the archipelago lies the China Sea To the East is the Pacific Ocean To the South is the Celebes Sea and waters of Borneo Biggest islands: Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro, Samar, Panay, Negros, Cebu, Palawan, and Leyte Manila Bay- has an area of a little more than 700 sq miles and a circumference of about 120 miles, is considered as one of the finest harbors in the world The Philippine Deep- the body of water immediately near Samar and Leyte is considered the deepest sea in the world. Mt. Apo (Mindanao) - highest peak-approximately 9,600 feet high Mt. Pulog ( Luzon) 2nd highest peak , which is 8, 481 feet high Three large mountain ranges 1. Western Caraballo Mountain Range- ( Northern Luzon ) Central Cordillera and Northern Cordillera 2. Sierra Madre-(Baler, Cagayan, Isabela, Quezon) longest continuous mountain range in the Philippines 3. Caraballo de Baler (Baler to San Berbardino)Mayon volcano in Albay and Bulusan Volcano in Sorsogon Active VolcanoesIraya:Batanes, Taal: Batangas,Banahaw:Quezon, Mayon: Albay, Bulusan: Sorsogon, Hibok-Hibok: Camiguin Island, Makaturing: Lanao, and Apo: Davao climate and natural resources dry season- March to June wet season- July to October November to February- cool May-usually the hottest month

January- the coldest Rice is the main crop of the country and is raised mostly in Central Luzon the people: its early settlers 1962-a skull of man was discovered in Tabon caves, Palawan 22,000 years ago: First settlers: lived in caves, very little clothing and ate raw food 25,000 30, 000 years ago: ancestors of Pygmy from the south, they were the ancestors of the present Aetas 12,000 to 15,000 years ago: Aeta migration, from Palawan and Borneo Aeta migration from Sulu and Mindanao Bow and arrow, dry agriculture, implements made of stone, clothing consisted of bark of trees, their houses made of leaves and branches of trees 7,000 years ago: Indonesian A: Early stone age from Southeast Asia Stone implements and tools, tall and slender, light-skinned, faces were sharp and thin Indonesian B: from IndioChina and South China Descendants: Kalingas, Apayaos, Igorots(Luzon) Tagbanuas ( Palawan) Manobos and Tirurays (Mindanao) 500- 800 B.C used copper and bronze implements ,built the first rice terraces 300-200 B.C Malay Christian Era- second wave of Malay-alphabet ,more advanced 14th to 15th century- third wave of Malay: Muslim Malays Islam: Old Malaysia (Malay Peninsula, Borneo) by Arab traders Mukdum or Mudumintroduced and propagated Mestizo- mixture of native or Malay and a foreigner Hospitality, close family ties, respect for elders, sentimental, sense of togetherness, debt of gratitude, sense of shame relation with foreign countries Banjarmasin in Borneo: Sulupearl market of the East

 Arab traders: bring Chinese goods in the Philippines 9th century- trade relations with China began (Sung Dynasty of China 960-1279) Middle of 14th century Champa and Cambodia (French-Indio China) :Porcelain wares Annam, Siam ( Thailand) foreign influences am-pau- ampaw , he-bi hibi , hok-bu- hukbo use of umbrellas, porcelain, gongs, manufacture of gunpowder parents arranged the marriage of their children Filipinos before the coming of the Spaniard social classes nobles: chiefs and their family, they were highly respected in the community freemen: middle class alipin: namamahay-has own house and family; sagigilidno house, lived with his master, cant marry w/o the consent of his master Bisayans: three kinds of dependents: tumataban: who worked for his master when told to do so ; tumarampuk: who worked one day a week

for his master, ayuey: who worked 3 days a week for his master Women the equal of men form of government baranggay- unit of government, consisted of 30 to 100 families chieftain- powerful and exercised the powers of the executive, legislative, and judiciary Trial by Ordeal religious beliefs Bathala- supreme being; Idiyanale- god of death ; Sidapa- God of fire Believed in life after death education and language no formal schools Austronesian or MalayoPolynesian-

Prepared and presented by:

Mrs. Rona Relojo- dela Rosa

LINGUISTICS Lesson # 1 The gift of language is the single human trait that marks us all genetically, setting us apart from the rest of life. Lewis Thomas, The Lives of a Cell Language is many things- a system of communication, a medium for thought, a vehicle for literary expression, a social institution, a matter for political controversy, a factor in nation building. CREATIVITY o human language must be creative- allowing novelty and innovation in response to new experiences, situations, and thoughts. 1. Noun use Verb use Leave the boat on the beach beach the boat Keep the airplane on the ground ground the airplane Crush the aspirin into power powder the aspirin 2. a. Julia summered in Paris. b. Kent wintered in Mexico. c. Martine holidayed in France. 3. a. Jerome midnighted in the streets. b. Andrea nooned at the restaurant. c. Philip one oclocked at the airport. 4. a) prasp b)flib c)traf 5. a) psarp b) bfli c)ftra

soleme(newly discovered atomic particle) - solemic(properties)- solemicize ( to make something solemic) solemicization ( process) 6. a) He brought a chair in order to sit on. b) He brought a chair to sit on. GRAMMAR AND LINGUISTIC COMPETENCE Grammar- the mental system that allows human beings to form and interpret the words and sentences of their language. Components of a grammar Phonetics- the articulation and perception of speech sounds Phonology- the patterning of speech sounds Morphology- word formation Syntax- sentence formation Semantics- the interpretation of words and sentences Generality: All languages have a Grammar There are no languages without grammar Languages are spoken: phonetic and phonological system All have words and sentences: morphology and syntax Words and sentences have systematic meanings: semantic principles. Walbiri ( an aboriginal language of Australia) The two dogs now see several kangaroos.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Dogs two now see kangaroos several. See now dogs two kangaroos several. See now kangaroos several dogs two. Kangaroos several now dogs two see. Kangaroos several now see dogs two. Equality: All Grammars are Equal

o o o

All languages and all varieties of a particular language have grammars that enable their speakers to express any proposition that a human mind can produce. The goal of contemporary linguistics analysis is not to rank languages on some imaginary scale of superiority. Rather, linguists seek to understand the nature of the grammatical systems that allow people to speak and understand a language. Linguistics is descriptive, not prescriptive Changeability: Grammars Change over Time

1200, English formed negative construction by placing ne before the verb and a variant of not after it. Ic ne seye not. ( I dont say) He ne speketh nawt. ( He does not speak ) 1400 or thereabouts, ne was used infrequently and not ( nawt) typically occurred by itself after the verb. I seye not the wordes. We saw nawt the knyghtes. It was not until several centuries later that English developed its current practice of allowing not to occur after only certain types of verbs ( such as do, have, will, and so on ) I will not say the words. I will say not the words. He did not see the knights. He saw not the knights. 1710- Jonathan Swift ( Gullivers Travels) lamented the continual Corruption of our English Tongue hes for he is 19th century- Edward S. Gould- Good English; or Popular Errors in Language, he accused newspaper writers of ruining the language ( jeopardize, leniency, and underhanded) Universality: Grammars are Alike in Basic Ways There are important grammatical principles and tendencies shared by human languages. Sentences are negated: 1. 2. 3. 4. Not Pat is here. Pat not is here. Pat is not here. Pat is here not.

Three-word statement Canadians like hockey. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Canadians like hockey. Canadfians hockey like. Like Canadians hockey. Like hockey Canadians. Hockey liked Canadians. Hockey Canadians like. Tactiness: Grammatical Knowldege is Subconscious Hunted- id Slipped t Buzzed- d

 Grammatical knowledge is acquired without the help of instruction when one is still a child and it remains largely subconcious through our life. Each boy who the woman interviewed thinks that he is a genius. The woman who each boy interviewed thinks that he is a genius.

Prepared and presented by:

Mrs. Rona Relojo- dela Rosa

LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE ASSESSMENT Lesson # 1 Introduction to Language Testing