Define the complex conjugate as z bar = a bi and z = a + bi (z + w) bar = z bar + w bar (z*w) bar = z bar * w bar (z^n) bar

r = (z bar) ^ n The modulus, or absolute value, | z | of a complex number z = a + bi is its distance from the origin, which is | z | = sqrt (a^2 + b^2) Polar Form z = r (cos x + I sin x) r = | z | = sqrt (a^2 + b^2) tan x = b / a **The angle x is the argument of z which can be written as x = arg (z) To multiply 2 complex numbers, we multiply the moduli and add the arguments z1*z2 = r1*r2 [cos (x1 + x2) + isin (x1 + x2)] And to divide ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

De Moivres Theorem ( ) To take the nth power of a complex number we take the nth power of the modulus and multiply the argument by n Roots of Complex Numbers [ ( ) ( )

n is the number of roots k is the roots from 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,n - 1 This is all using the fact that z = r (cos x + isin x) Eulers Formula

Vectors -2 vectors are orthogonal if the dot product is 0 -The angle between non zero vectors is

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-The scalar projection of a vector b onto another vector a is just the magnitude of the component that is in the direction of vector a -The vector projection is just the scalar projection multiplied by the unit vector (which is the direction of vector a)

-The cross product of a vector and itself is always 0

-2 vectors are parallel if their cross product is 0 -The length of the cross product is equal to the area of the parallelogram determined by a and b -To find the area of a triangle, you just divide the area of the parallelogram by 2 -The volume of a parallelepiped determined by 3 vectors is the magnitude of the scalar triple product V = | a * (b x c) | If the scalar triple product is 0, that means the vectors are co-planar Planes -2 planes are parallel if their normal vectors are parallel -You can find the angle between 2 planes by the smaller angle between the normal vectors -The normal vector of the line between intersecting points can be found by finding the cross product of the normal vectors of the planes -To find distance between planes, you have to locate a point in one plane first to get to the other point on the other plane -This point is found by setting two parameters = 0 and solving for the 3rd -Distance between 2 skew lines that are parallel, put them on planes and find the cross product of the direction vectors to get the normal vector and then make an equation for a plane, get a point on other plane and bam

The unit tangent vector is just the vector functions derivative over the magnitude of the derivative Equation of a tangent plane is z-z1 = fx (x1, y1)(x-x1) + fy (x1, y1)(y-y1) To maximize or minimize a realistic application, you must solve for the z from the function given and then plug it in the max/min secondary function to solve for max/mins