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The Maharashtra floods of 2005 THE Mumbai Attack 26 november,08 The 9/11 attacks You must have heard

of these few most tragical moment of our lives. Many of you must have gathered detailed information about how it happened what is the current status etc etc. right? Have you noticed one thing that was common in all of these tragedies. Anyone ? I would like to read a small paragraph for you which can be a hint to u. The 9/11 attacks had immediate and overwhelming effects upon the American people. [135] Many police officers and rescue workers elsewhere in the country took leaves of absence to travel to New York City to assist in the process of recovering bodies from the twisted remnants of the Twin Towers.[136] Blood donations across the U.S. also saw a surge in the weeks after 9/11 Now can anyone answer.

There are many situations in which people feel a need for affiliation. One situation that causes a greater need for affiliation is during a stressful situation. An example where there was an increase in the need for affiliation among individuals was right after the terrorist attack on the World Trade Center. This event led to Americans putting their differences aside and coming together. The increase in an individual's need for affiliation allowed individual's responding to the same stressor to come together and find security in one another. Situations that include fear often lead people to want to be together and trigger a need for affiliation.
[2]

Research done by Schacter (1959) shows that fear that

comes from anxiety increases the need for the person to affiliate with others who are going through the same situation or that could help them through the stressful event. [3] The strength of this need changes from one person to the next, there are moments that people just want to be together.

The need for affiliation for an individual can vary over short amounts of time, here are times when individuals wish to be with others and other times to be alone. In one study, completed by Shawn O'Connor and Larne Rosenblood, beepers were distributed to the students. The students were then asked to record, when their beepers went off, whether or not they wanted to be alone or if they wanted to be with others, at that particular moment. This study was done to observe how frequently college students were in the presence of others and how frequently they were alone. The next step in this study asked for the students to record whether, at the time their beeper went off, they wanted to be alone or in the company of others. This response that they gave usually reflected

which of the two situations they were experiencing the next time their beepers went off. The information retained from this study helped to show the strength of an individuals need for affiliation. [4] By showing how frequently they obtained the presence of others when they felt that it was what they wanted at that moment it showed how strong their need for affiliation was at that particular moment. Depending on the specific circumstances an individuals level of need for affiliation can become increased or decreased. Yacov Rofe suggested that the need for affiliation depended on whether being with others would be useful for the situation or not. When the presence of other people was seen as being helpful in relieving an individual from some of the negative aspects of the stressor an individuals desire to affiliate increases. However, if being with others may increase the negative aspects such as adding the possibility of embarrassment to the already present stressor the individuals desire to affiliate with others decreases. [5] Individuals are motivated to find and create a specific amount of social interactions. Each individual desires a different amount of a need for affiliation and they desire an optimal balance of time to their self and time spent with others. [6]

A study by Ruchama Paz, Yehuda Amir examined the effects of fear- and anxiety-inducing situations on
affiliative behaviour of approach-oriented and avoidance-oriented Ss. Two samples of high school and university students were utilized to examine the following hypotheses: a) In fear situations, affiliative behaviour will increase in both approach- and avoidance-oriented subjects; b) in anxiety situations, affiliative behaviour will increase in approach-oriented subjects and decrease in avoidance-oriented ones. The results confirmed the hypotheses for a verbal criterion of affiliative behaviour, and partially for a behaviour criterion.

The munna bhai famous Jadu ki jhappi

These studies u can take if u like they r good.


Several studies have been published in recent years linking violence in movies and other media to increased aggression. But now, researchers at University of Michigan have released a study that movies can also led people towards making love, not war. It is all about the content.

University of Michigan psychology researchers found that watching a romantic movie or watching an action movie have opposite effects on hormone levels in both men and women. Watching a romantic movie raises progesterone levels in both genders, increasing the need for affiliation and bringing couples closer. Watching a violent film increased testosterone levels in men, making them more aggressive but with a decreased need for affiliation. The researchers divided their subjects into three groups. One group of men and women watched a portion of a romantic film, "Bridges of Madison County," another group watched a portion of "Godfather, Part II," as the action film. The portion of "Godfather, Part II" chosen showed a scene where a young Vito Corleone acquired and consolidated power after killing a hated foe and the portion of "Bridges of Madison County" chosen was a romantic scene. Third group, the test control group, watched a documentary on the Amazon rainforest. The new study looked at levels of two hormones, progesterone and testosterone, in the three groups. Hormone levels were measured before the film, immediately after and 45 minutes afterwards. Each group was shown 30 minutes of film. The hormones progesterone and testosterone are found in both men and women but in differing levels. Progesterone is associated with feelings of affiliation and reduced anxiety. It also may be linked to parenting in both men and women, according to a Northwestern University study published in the February 24, 2003 issue of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. It is also possible that higher levels of progesterone make people more attentive and can prime them for opening up more and being more romantic while decreasing libido. Testosterone, on the other hand, is associated with aggression and reduced affiliation. A 1997 Georgia State University study found that higher testosterone levels are related to criminal violence and aggressive dominance among women in prison. Although men and women differ in normal levels for these two hormones, there are both high and low testosterone males and females, with higher levels in both cases associated with more aggressive behavior and greater social dominance. Higher testosterone levels can help muscle growth, enhance libido and prime people for more assertive, dominant behavior including aggression, according to the researchers. The romantic movie had the same effect on progesterone levels for men and women, increasing levels up to 10 percent. It also reduced testosterone in men, although it had no effect on testosterone in women. The action/adventure film choice increased testosterone for high-testosterone men, up to 30 percent, while power motivations increased and need affiliation dropped. Testosterone levels in high testosterone women were reduced. Both low-testosterone men and women reported feelings of discomfort. The rainforest group saw no change in hormonal levels.

This study looked at short-term effects but the effect of violent media can be long term as well as short term, and can have lasting effects for children. Oliver Schultheiss, a University of Michigan psychology professor involved in the hormone study, voiced another conclusion from the new study. "This also helps explain why certain people like to go to certain types of movies," said Schultheiss. "Affiliation-motivated people like to see romantic flicks. But powermotivated people prefer movies with more action and violence. "If you want to learn about someone's personality, look at their video collection or look at what's on their bookshelves."

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