Project Report on Study of the Effect of Cutting Parameters on External and Internal Thread Profile

SUBMITTED BY

BAL CHAND MASIHUZZAMAN UTPAL CHATERJI PANKAJ KUMAR BIKASH CHANDRA NAIK

in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree of

B. E. (Mechanical) (Evening)
UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF

Mr. Arshad Noor Siddiquee

Submitted to the Department of Mechanical Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Technology Jamia Millia Islamia New Delhi - 110 025. INDIA March, 2013

Department of Mechanical Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Technology Jamia Millia Islamia New Delhi 110 025. INDIA

CERTIFICATE
March, 2013

This is to certify that the project entitled Study of the Effect of Cutting Parameters on External Mr. and Internal Thread Mr. Profile Utpal submitted by Mr. Mr. Bal Chand, Kumar,

Masihuzzaman,

Chaterji,

Pankaj

Mr. Bikash Chandra Naik in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree of B. E. (Mechanical) (Evening) is a bonafide work done under the supervision of Mr Arshad Noor Siddiquee.

Signature Date: Dr. M. Islam Professor and Head Department of Mechanical Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Technology Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi-110025

Signature Date: Mr. Arshad Noor Siddiquee Associate Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Technology Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi-110 025

ii

SELF DECERATION
We hereby declare that
1. The project entitled Study of the Effect of Cutting Parameters on External and

Internal Thread Profile submitted by us is an authentic work of our efforts carried out for the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of B.E. (Mechanical) Degree.
2. The matter embodied in this project work has not been submitted earlier.

3. We will be solely responsible for any form of plagiarism committed out of the

project.
4. The success of information used in our project report have been duly

acknowledged and referenced in our project.

S.NO.

Name of Student

Roll No.

Signature

1 2 3 4 5

Bal Chand Masihuzzaman Utpal Chaterji Pankaj Kumar Bikash Chandra Naik

08 BM 108 09 BM 124 07 BM 162 08 BM 129 07 BM 110

iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to gratefully and sincerely thank Mr. Arshad Noor Siddiquee for his guidance, understanding, patience, supervision and encouragement throughout the project work. His mentorship was paramount in providing us a well rounded knowledge and experience in field of production engineering. He had been very kind and patient while suggesting us the outlines of this project and correcting our doubts.

We are especially grateful to Prof. Z. A. Khan, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi for guiding us in different matters regarding the topic. In spite of his busy schedule, he helped us a lot in gathering different information, collecting data and guided us from time to time in completing this project work.

We are thankful to Pump Machine Shop, BHEL, Hyderabad for providing us the facility to conduct the experiment. The experiment would not have been possible without the facility.

We would like to thank Prof. M. Islam, HOD, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jamia Millia Islamia for his valuable time and providing facilities in completion of the project work.

Finally, we would like to thank the Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi and BHEL, Hyderabad in particular for providing us with all the facilities needed for our thesis work.

Mr. BAL CHAND Mr. MASIHUZZAMAN Mr. UTPAL CHATERJI Mr. PANKAJ KUMAR Mr. BIKASH CHANDRA NAIK

iv

ABSTRACT
The purpose of this project report is to study the effect of cutting parameters on thread profile in thread cutting on stainless steel using carbide cutting tool. The thread cutting on stainless steel SAE 304 was carried out using single point carbide inserts, with application of cutting oil, on a computer numerical control (CNC) lathe machine at different stages of cutting speed and feed. When the effects of cutting speed and feed on thread profile were observed, it is found that the most affected is the thread surface roughness as compared to any other dimension of the thread profile. As thread cutting on stainless steel using carbide is one among the common machining operations in manufacturing industry, this report would contribute to the cutting parameters optimization for the improvement of surface roughness in thread cutting.

Keywords: cutting parameters, surface roughness, thread cutting, stainless steel, CNC lathe.

Table of Contents
Certificate Self Declaration Acknowledgement Abstract Table of Contents List of Tables List of Figures Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: Literature Review 2.1 2.2 Introduction Screw Threads 2.2.1 Nomenclature 2.2.2 Types 2.2.3 Metric Thread Specifications 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Stainless Steel CNC Lathe Machine Cutting Parameters Cutting Tool

Page No. ii iii iv v vi ix xi 1 2 2 2 2 5 10 11 13 15 16

2.6.1 Classification of cutting tools 2.6.2 Single Point Cutting Tool Geometry
2.6.3 Terminology of Single Point Cutting Tool 2.7 2.8 Cutting Fluid Surface Roughness
vi

16 17
17 20 21

Table of Contents
2.9 Measuring Instrument 2.9.1 Vernier Caliper 2.9.2 Dial Test Indicator 2.9.3 Screw Gauge (Micrometer) 2.9.4 Thread Gauges 2.9.5 Optical Comparator 2.9.6 Profilometer
Problem Statement Chapter 3: Experimental Setup 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Job Material CNC Lathe Tools and Tooling Cutting Fluid Measurement of Surface Roughness

Page No.

25 25 26 26 27 29 30
31 32 32 33 35 40 40 42 42 46 46 47 48 49 49 50

Chapter 4: Experimental Data 4.1 4.2 CNC Programming for External and Internal Thread Cutting Experimental Data for External Thread Cutting 4.2.1 Data obtained by Changing Spindle Speed. 4.2.2 Data obtained by Changing Cutting Speed 4.2.3 Data obtained by Changing Feed 4.3 Experimental Data for Internal Thread Cutting 4.3.1 Data obtained by Changing Spindle Speed. 4.3.2 Data obtained by Changing Cutting Speed

vii

Table of Contents
4.3.3 Data obtained by Changing Feed

Page No. 51 52 53 54

Chapter 5: Result and Conclusions Scope for future work References

viii

List of Tables
Table 2.1 Table 3.1 Table 3.2 Table 3.3 Table 4.1 Table 4.2 Table 4.3 Table 4.4 Table 4.5 Table 4.5 Table 4.6 Table 4.7 Interpreting Metric Thread Specification Composition (by Weight) of Stainless Steel Grade SAE 304 HMT L-45 CNC Horizontal Lathe Specifications Detail of Code for DCGT070208 Carbide Insert Cycle Programme (External Threads) Cycle Programme (Internal Threads) Data obtained by changing Spindle Speed for Ext. Thread Data obtained by changing Cutting Speed for Ext. Thread Data obtained by changing Feed Rate for Ext. Thread Data obtained by changing Spindle Speed for Int. Thread Data obtained by changing Cutting Speed for Int. Thread Data obtained by changing Feed Rate for Int. Thread

Page No.
10 32 34 35 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

ix

List of Figures
Fig. 2.1 Fig. 2.2 Fig. 2.3 Fig. 2.4 Fig. 2.5 Fig. 2.6 Fig. 2.7 Fig. 2.8 Fig. 2.9 Fig. 2.10 Fig. 2.11 Fig. 2.12 Fig. 2.13 Fig 2.14 Fig. 2.15 Fig. 2.16 Fig. 2.17 Fig. 2.18 Fig. 2.19 Fig. 2.20 Fig. 2.21 Fig. 2.22 Fig. 2.23 Fig. 2.24 Fig. 3.1 Fig. 3.2 Fig. 3.3 Fig. 3.4 Screw Thread External Thread Internal Thread Standard Whitworth (B.S.W.) Threads British Association (B.A.) Threads Sellers Thread Unified Threads Metric Threads Square Threads Acme Threads Knuckle Threads Buttress Threads Metric Thread Specifications CNC lathe with Steady Rest Cutting Parameters during Turning on Lathe Single Point Cutting Tool Geometry Vernier Caliper Dial Test Indicator Screw Gauge (Micrometer) Thread Pitch Gauge Outside Thread Go/NoGo Gauge Inside Thread Go/NoGo Gauge Optical Comparator Profilometer Drawing of Job HMT L-45 CNC Horizontal Lathe Turret and Control Panel of HMT L-45 CNC Lathe Carbide Inserts for Turning and Facing
x

Page No.
2 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 10 13 15 17 25 26 27 27 28 28 29 30 32 33 33 35

List of Figures
Fig. 3.5 Fig. 3.6 Fig. 3.7 Fig. 3.8 Fig. 4.1 Dimensions of Carbide Insert for Thread Cutting Tools for External and Internal Thread Cutting
Thread to be cut radially

Page No.
36 39 41 41

Job moved by 60 clockwise to facilitate stylus movement Graph b/w Spindle Speed & Surface Roughness for External Thread

46

Fig. 4.2

Graph b/w Cutting Speed & Surface Roughness for External Thread 47

Fig. 4.3

Graph b/w Feed Rate & Surface Roughness for External Thread 48

Fig. 4.4

Graph b/w Spindle Speed & Surface Roughness for Internal Thread 49

Fig. 4.5

Graph b/w Cutting Speed & Surface Roughness for Internal Thread 50

Fig. 4.6

Graph b/w Feed Rate & Surface Roughness for Internal Thread 51

xi

Chapter 1
Introduction
Most engineering products require fastenings to assemble the individual parts together. Various fastening methods are used to mechanically attach two or more parts together. These fastenings can either be permanent in nature, such as rivets and welds, or removable, such as bolts, and nuts in combination, cap screws, machine screws, set screws, keys, cotters, couplings, etc. Screwed fastenings are at the most prominent place among the removable fastenings as these can be joined or disjoined easily. Stainless steels resistance to corrosion and staining, low maintenance and familiar lustre make it an ideal material for many applications. Stainless steel does not readily corrode, rust or stain with water as ordinary steel does.

Our study is confined to the metric thread cutting on stainless steel on CNC lathe. In this study we investigated the effect of cutting parameter on thread profile i.e., change of different dimensions on thread profile under different cutting conditions.

We used stainless steel SAE 304 for thread cutting. A single point carbide inserts

DCGT070208 is used for thread cutting. Cutting oil Hocut-795 H is used. The
thread cutting is performed on HMT L-45 CNC Horizontal CNC Lathe machine at

different cutting speed and feed.

Chapter 2 Literature Review

2.2 Screw Threads

A screw thread, as shown in Fig. 2.2, may be defined as a ridge of uniform crosssection that follows a helical or spiral path on the outside or inside of a cylindrical (straight thread) or tapered (conical) surface (tapered thread).

A thread is called a right-hand thread if a nut when turned in clockwise direction screws on a bolt. Similarly if the nut screws off the bolt when turned in the clockwise direction, then thread is called left-hand thread.

2.2.1 Nomenclature

Fig. 2.1 Screw Thread

1. Pitch: The distance measured parallel to the axis from a point on a screw thread to a corresponding point on the next thread is called pitch or in other words the distance from crest to crest or root to root is called pitch of the thread.

2. Lead: The distance moved by a nut or a bolt in axial direction in one complete revolutions called lead.

3. Crest: The outer-most part of the thread is called crest.

4. Root: The inner most part of the thread is called root.

5. Flank: The surface between the crest and the root is known as flank of the thread.

6. Angle of thread: The angle between the flanks measured on an axial plane is called angle of thread.

7. Depth: It is the distance between crest and root measured at right angle to the axis.

8. Nominal diameter: The diameter of the cylindrical piece on which threads are cut is called nominal diameter.

9. Major diameter: Diameter at the crest of the thread measured at right angle to the axis is called major diameter and is also known as outside diameter.

10. Minor diameter: The diameter at the core or root of the thread is called minor diameter. It is also called as core diameter.

External Threads: The threads on the outside surface of the bolt, stud and screw etc., are called external threads as shown in Fig. 2.2.

Fig. 2.2 External Thread

Internal Threads: The threads on the inside surface of the hole or a nut are called internal threads as shown in Fig. 2.3.

Fig. 2.3 Internal Thread

2.2.2 Types of Threads

(i) British Standard Whitworth (B.S.W.) Thread: As shown in Fig. 2.4, it is a symmetrical Vthread in which the angle between flanks is 55. These threads are generally used on bolts, nuts and studs etc.

Fig. 2.4 Standard Whitworth (B.S.W.) Thread (ii) British Association (B.A.) Thread: As shown in Fig. 2.5, it is a symmetrical V thread in which angle between flanks is 47. These threads are used on screws for precision work.

Fig. 2.5 British Association (B.A.) thread

5

(iii) Sellers Thread: This thread is also called as American national thread. As shown in Fig. 2.6, it is also a V thread in which angle between flanks is 60. These are used for general purpose as on bolts, nuts, studs and screws etc. Theoretical Depth, D = 0.866P Actual Depth, d = D

Fig. 2.6 Sellers Thread

(iv) Unified Threads: Unified thread is shown in Fig. 2.7. India, United Kingdom, U.S.A. and Canada are the members of the International Organisation for Standardization (I.S.O.) and are agreed to have a common form of threads

Fig. 2.7 Unified Thread

6

(v) Metric Thread: As shown in Fig. 2.8, these are the threads based on metric system and the Bureau of Indian Standard has recommended to adopt the unified threads on metric system.

Fig. 2.8 Metric Thread

(vi) Square Threads: As shown in Fig. 2.9, the sides of the flanks of square threads are normal to the axis and hence parallel to each other. The pitch of the threads is often taken as twice that of B.S.W. threads of the same diameter. These are used for power transmission.

Fig. 2.9 Square Threads

(vii) Acme Threads: As shown in Fig. 2.10, these are modified form of square threads and are much stronger than square threads. The threads angle is 29. These are used for the process of engagement and disengagement of threads e.g., lead screw of lathe, cocks and bench vices etc.

Fig. 2.10 Acme Threads

(viii) Knuckle Threads: Knuckle threads are the modified form of square threads, as shown in Fig. 2.11. These are semicircular at the crest and root. The radius of the semicircle is 0.25 P and working depth is 0.5 P. These threads are used in electric bulb and bottles etc.

Fig. 2.11 Knuckle Threads

(ix) Buttress Threads: As shown in Fig. 2.12, these threads are combined form of square and Vthreads. One side of the thread is perpendicular to the axis of the thread and other is inclined at 45. These are used for power transmission. Theoretical Depth, D = P Actual Depth, d D = 0.75 P

Fig. 2.12 Buttress Threads

2.2.3 Metric Thread Specifications A thread specification provides necessary information about the thread for manufacture or purchase. Threads may be specified in basic or detailed form. Fig. 2.13(a) shows a basic specification of a Metric thread while Fig. 2.13(b) shows a detailed specification and the interpretation is given in Table 2.1.

(a) Basic specification

( b) Detail specification

Fig. 2.13 Metric Thread Specifications

Table 2.1 Item 1 2 3 4 5 6

Interpreting Metric Thread Specification

Description Metric Thread Identifier Major Diameter (mm) Separator Pitch (mm) Major Diameter Tolerance Specification Minor Diameter Tolerance Specification

10

2.3

Stainless Steel:

Stainless steel is a generic term for a family of corrosion resistant alloy steels containing 10.5% or more chromium. All stainless steels have a high resistance to corrosion. This resistance to attack is due to the naturally occurring chromium-rich oxide film formed on the surface of the steel. Although extremely thin, this invisible, inert film is tightly adherent to the metal and extremely protective in a wide range of corrosive media. The film is rapidly self repairing in the presence of oxygen, and damage by abrasion, cutting or machining is quickly repaired.

Benefits of Stainless Steel: Corrosion resistance All stainless steels have a high resistance to corrosion. Low alloyed grades resist corrosion in atmospheric conditions; highly alloyed grades can resist corrosion in most acids, alkaline solutions, and chloride bearing environments, even at elevated temperatures and pressures.

High and low temperature resistance Some grades will resist scaling and maintain high strength at very high temperatures, while others show exceptional toughness at cryogenic temperatures.

Ease of fabrication The majority of stainless steels can be cut, welded, formed, machined and fabricated readily.

Strength The cold work hardening properties of many stainless steels can be used in design to reduce material thickness and reduce weight and costs. Other stainless steels may be heat treated to make very high strength components.

11

Aesthetic appeal Stainless steel is available in many surface finishes. It is easily and simply maintained resulting in a high quality, pleasing appearance.

Hygienic properties The cleanability of stainless steel makes it the first choice in hospitals, kitchens, food and pharmaceutical processing facilities.

Life cycle characteristics Stainless steel is a durable, low maintenance material and is often the least expensive choice in a life cycle cost comparison.

Types of Stainless Steels: In addition to chromium, nickel, molybdenum, titanium, niobium and other elements may also be added to stainless steels in varying quantities to produce a range of stainless steel grades, each with different properties. There are a number of grades to chose from, but all stainless steels can be divided into five basic categories:

1. Austenitic 2. Ferritic 3. Martensitic 4. Duplex 5. Precipitation hardening

These are named according to the microstructure inherent in each steel group (a function of the primary alloying elements). Austenitic and ferritic grades account for approximately 95% of stainless steel applications.

12

2.4

CNC Lathe Machine

Conventionally, an operator decides and adjusts various machines parameters like feed , depth of cut etc depending on type of job, and controls the slide movements by hand. In a CNC Machine, as shown in Fig. 2.14, functions and slide movements are controlled by motors using computer programs. For a CNC machine control unit (MCU) decides cutting speed, feed, depth of cut, tool selection, coolant on off and tool paths. The MCU issues commands in form of numeric data to motors that position slides and tool accordingly.

Fig. 2.14 CNC Lathe with Steady Rest In the most advanced lathes, movement and control of the machine and its components are actuated by computer numerical controls (CNC). These lathes are usually equipped with one or more turrets. Each turret is equipped with a variety of tools and performs several operations on different surfaces of the workpiece. These machines are highly automated, the operations are repetitive and maintain the desired dimensional accuracy, and less-skilled labor is required (after the machine is set up). They are suitable for low to medium volume production.

Lathe machine is a machine which works on the principle that the work is held so that it can be rotated about an axis while the cutting tool is traversed past the work from one end to the other thereby forming it to the required shape.
13

Common operations performed on a lathe are: facing, parallel turning, taper turning, knurling, thread cutting, drilling, reaming, and boring. The spindle is the part of the lathe that rotates. Various work holding attachments such as three jaw chucks, collets, and centers can be held in the spindle. The spindle is driven by an electric motor through a system of belt drives and/or gear trains. The main function of lathe is to provide a means of rotating a workpiece against a cutting tool, thereby removing metal.

All lathes, regardless of size and design are basically the same and serve 3 functions: (a) A support for the lathe accessories or the workpiece (b) A way of holding and revolving the workpiece (c) A means of holding and moving the cutting tool

A lathe is usually specified by (a) Its swing, that is , the maximum diameter of the workpiece that can be machined (b) The maximum distance between the headstock and tailstock centers (c) The length of the bed

14

2.5 Cutting Parameters

Fig. 2.15 shows the different cutting parameters during turning operation.

Fig. 2.15 Cutting Parameters during Turning on Lathe

Feed rate is defined as the distance the tool travels during one revolution of the part. Spindle speed is the rotational frequency of the spindle of the machine, measured in revolutions per minute (RPM). The preferred speed is determined by working backward from the desired surface speed (m/min) and incorporating the diameter of workpiece. Cutting speed (also called surface speed or simply speed) may be defined as the rate (or speed) that the material moves past the cutting edge of the tool.

Depth of Cut is the distance, tool penetrates in the workpiece. It is equal to half the difference between the initial diameter and the final diameter.

15

2.6

Cutting Tool

The tool is wedge shape object of hard material. It is usually made from H.S.S. Beside H.S.S. machine tool is also made from High Carbon Steel, Satellite, Ceramics, Diamond, Abrasive, etc. The main requirement of tool material is hardness. It must be hard enough to resist cutting forces applied on work piece. Hot hardness, wear resistance, Toughness, Thermal conductivity, & specific heat, coefficient of friction, are other requirement of tool material. All these properties should be high.

2.6.1 Classification of Cutting Tools (A) 1. According to number of cutting edge: Single point cutting tool: It is simplest form of cutting tool & it have

only one cutting edge. Examples shear tools, lathe tools, planer tools, boring tolls etc.

2.

Multi point cutting tool: In this two or more single point cutting tools

arranged together as a unit. The rate of machining is more & surface finish is also better in this case. Example- milling cutter, drills, brooches, grinding wheels, abrasive sticks etc.

(B) 1. 2. 3.

According to motion: Linear motion tools lathe tools, brooches Rotary motion tools milling cutters, grinding wheels Linear & rotary motion tools drills, taps, etc.

16

2.6.2 Single Point Cutting Tool Geometry Geometry of a single point cutting tool is shown in Fig. 2.16.

Fig. 2.16 Single Point Cutting Tool Geometry

1.6.3 Terminology of Single Point Cutting Tool Shank It is main body of tool. The shank used to grip in tool holder. Flank The surface or surface below the adjacent of the cutting edge is called

1.

2.

flank of the tool. Face It is top surface of the tool along which the chips slides. Base It is actually a bearing surface of the tool when it is held in tool holder or

3.

4.

clamped directly in a tool post.

17

5.

Heel It is the intersection of the flank & base of the tool. It is curved portion at

the bottom of the tool. Nose It is the point where side cutting edge & base cutting edge intersect. Cutting edge It is the edge on face of the tool which removes the material

6.

7.

from workpiece. The cutting edges are side cutting edge (major cutting edge) & end cutting edge ( minor cutting edge). Noise radius It provide long life & good surface finish sharp point on nose is

8.

highly stressed, & leaves grooves in the path of cut. Longer nose radius produce chatter.

9.

Tool angles-Tool angles have great importance. The tool with proper angle,

reduce breaking of tool, cut metal more efficiently, generate less heat.

Different angles of a single point cutting tool are as follows: I. Side cutting edge angle (Cs) (lead angle )

It is the angle between side cutting edge & side of tool flank. The complementary angle of the side cutting edge is called Approach angle. With lager side cutting edge angle the chips produced will be thinner & wider which will distribute the cutting forces & heat produced more over cutting edge. On other hand greater the component for force tending to separate the work & tool. This causes chatter.

II.

End cutting edge angle (Ce)

This is the angle between end cutting edge & line normal to tool shank. It satisfactory value is 80 to 150. This is denoted by Ce. Its function is to provide clearance or relief to trailing end of cutting edge. It prevent rubbing or drag between machined surface & the trailing port of cutting edge.

18

III.

Back rack/ Front rake / Top rake angle (b)

It is the angle between face of tool & plane parallel to base. It is denoted by b Side rake angle (s)

IV.

It is angle between face of tool & the shank of the tool. It is denoted by s

V.

Front clearance angle / End relief angles

The angle between front surface of the tool & line normal to base of the tool is known as a front clearance angle It avoid rubbing of workpiece against tool.

VI.

Side clearance /relief angle

This formed by the side surface of the tool with a plane normal to the base of the tool. It avoid rubbing between flank & workpiece when tool is fed longitudinally.

VII.

Lip angle / cutting angle

It is the angle between face & flank. Longer lip angle stronger will be cutting edge. This angle is maximum when clearance & rake angle are minimum. Lager lip angle allows high depth of cut, high cutting speed, work on hard material. It increase tool life & transfer heat very fast.

19

2.7 Cutting Fluids

Cutting fluids, also called lubricants and coolants, are used extensively in machining processes to achieve the following results: Reduce friction and wear, thus improving tool life and surface finish. Reduce forces and energy consumption. Cool the cutting zone, thus reducing workpiece temperature and thermal distortion. Wash away the chips Protect the machines surface from environmental corrosion.

A cutting fluid may be basically may be a coolant or a lubricant. Its effectiveness in cutting operation depends on a number factors, such as the method of application, temperature, cutting speed, and type of machining operation. The temperature increases as cutting speed increases. Therefore, cooling of the cutting zone is of major importance at high cutting speeds

Following are the four types of cutting fluids used in machining operations: (1) Oils (2) Emulsions (3) Semisynthetics (4) synthetics

20

2.8

Surface Roughness

Surface roughness, often shortened to roughness, is a measure of the texture of a surface. It is quantified by the vertical deviations of a real surface from its ideal form. If these deviations are large, the surface is rough; if they are small the surface is smooth. Rough surfaces usually wear more quickly and have higher friction coefficients than smooth surfaces.

Main Measurement Methods of Surface Roughness: Inspection and assessment of surface roughness of machined workpiece can be carried out by means of different measurement techniques. These methods can be ranked in to the following classes: 1. Direct measurement methods 2. Comparison based techniques 3. Non contact methods 4. On - process measurement

Direct Measurement Methods: Direct methods assess surface finish by means of stylus type devices. Measurements are obtained using a stylus drawn along the surface to be measured. The stylus motion perpendicular to the surface is registered. This registered profile is then used to calculate the roughness parameters. This method requires interruption of the machine process, and the sharp diamond stylus may make micro- scratches on surfaces.

Comparison Based Techniques: Comparison techniques use specimens of surface roughness produced by the same process, material and machining parameters as the surface to be compared. Visual and tactile senses are used to compare a specimen with a surface of known surface finish.

21

Non Contact Methods: There have been some works done to attempt to measure surface roughness using non contact technique. Electronic speckle correlation method given is an example.When coherent light illuminates a rough surface, the diffracted waves from each point of the surface mutually interfere to form a pattern which appears as a grain pattern of bright and dark regions. The spatial statistical properties of this speckle image can be related to the surface characteristics. The degree of correlation of two speckle patterns produced from the same surface by two different illumination beams can be used as a roughness parameter.

On-process measurement: Many methods have been used to measure surface roughness in process. For example: Machine vision: In this technique, a light source is used to illuminate the surface with a digital system to viewing the surface and the data being sent to a computer to be analyzed. The digitized data is then used with a correlation chart to get actual roughness values. Inductance method: An inductance pickup is used to measure the distance between the surface and the pickup. This measurement gives a parametric value that may be used to give a comparative roughness. However, this method is limited to measuring magnetic materials. Ultrasound: A spherically focused ultrasonic sensor is positioned with a non normal incidence angle above the surface. The sensor sends out an ultrasonic pulse to the a personal computer for analysis and calculation of roughness parameters.

22

Typical ways for obtaining surface roughness:

(1) Arithmetical mean roughness (Ra) A section of standard length is sampled from the mean line on the roughness chart. The mean line is laid on a Cartesian coordinate system wherein the mean line runs in the direction of the x-axis and magnification is the y-axis. The value obtained with the formula on the right is expressed in micrometer.

(2)

Maximum peak (Ry) / Rmax

A section of standard length is sampled from the mean line on the roughness chart. The distance between the peaks and valleys of the sampled line is measured in the y direction. The value is expressed in micrometer (m). To obtain Ry, sample only the standard length. The part, where peaks and valleys are wide enough to be interpreted as scratches, should be avoided.

23

(3)

Ten-point mean roughness (Rz)

A section of standard length is sampled from the mean line on the roughness chart. The distance between the peaks and valleys of the sampled line is measured in the y direction. Then, the average peak is obtained among 5 tallest peaks (Yp), as is the average valley between 5 lowest valleys(Yv). The sum of these two values is expressed in micrometer(m).

24

2.9

Measuring Instrument

2.9.1 Vernier Caliper

The vernier caliper, as shown in Fig. 2.17, gives a direct reading of the distance measured with high accuracy and precision. It comprises a calibrated scale with a fixed jaw, and another jaw, with a pointer, that slides along the scale. The distance between the jaws is then read in different ways for the three types.

Fig. 2.17 Vernier Caliper Parts of a vernier caliper: 1. Outside jaws: It is used to measure external diameter or width of an object. 2. Inside jaws: It is used to measure internal diameter of an object. 3. Depth probe: It is used to measure depths of an object or a hole. 4. Main scale: It is the scale marked every mm. 5. Main scale: It is the scale marked in inches and fractions. 6. Vernier scale: It gives interpolated measurements to 0.1 mm or better. 7. Vernier scale: It gives interpolated measurements in fractions of an inch. 8. Retainer:It is used to block movable part to allow the easy transferring.

25

2.9.2 Dial Test Indicator

A dial test indicator, as shown in Fig. 2.18, has a smaller measuring range than a standard dial indicator. A test indicator measures the deflection of the arm, the probe does not retract but swings in an arc around its hinge point. The lever may be interchanged for length or ball diameter, and permits measurements to be taken in narrow grooves and small bores where the body of a probe type may not reach.

Fig. 2.18 Dial Test Indicator

2.9.4 Screw Gauge (Micrometer)

A micrometer as shown in Fig. 2.19, sometimes known as a micrometer screw gauge, is a device incorporating a calibrated screw used widely for precise measurement of small distances in mechanical engineering and machining as well as most mechanical trades, along with other metrological instruments such as dial, vernier, and digital calipers. Micrometers are often, but not always, in the form of calipers.

26

Fig. 2.19 Screw Gauge (Micrometer)

2.9.3

Thread Gauges

A thread pitch gauge, as shown in Fig. 2.20, is used to measure the pitch or lead of a screw thread. Thread pitch gauges are used as a reference tool in determining the pitch of a thread that is on a screw or in a tapped hole. This tool is not used as a precision measuring instrument. This device allows the user to determine the profile of the given thread and quickly categorize the thread by shape and pitch. This device also saves time, in that it removes the need for the user to measure and calculate the thread pitch of the threaded item.

Fig. 2.20 Thread Pitch Gauge

27

A Go/NoGo thread gauge refers to an inspection tool used to check thread profile against its allowed tolerances. Its name derives from its use: the gauge has two tests; the check involves the threads having to pass one test (Go) and fail the other (No Go). It is an integral part of the quality process that is used in the manufacturing industry to ensure interchangeability of parts between processes, or even between different manufacturers. A Go/NoGo gauge is a measuring tool that does not return a size in the conventional sense, but instead returns a state. The state is either acceptable (the part is within tolerance and may be used) or it is unacceptable (and must be rejected). Fig. 2.21 shows a Outside Thread Go/NoGo Gauge and Fig. 2.22 shows Inside

Thread Go/NoGo Gauge. They are well suited for use in the production area of the factory as they require little skill or interpretation to use effectively and have few, if any, moving parts to be damaged in the often hostile production environment.

Fig. 2.21 Outside Thread Go/NoGo Gauge

Fig. 2.22 Inside Thread Go/NoGo Gauge

28

2.9.5 Optical Comparator

An optical comparator, as shown in Fig. 2.23, is a device that applies the principles of optics to the inspection of manufactured parts. In a comparator, the magnified silhouette of a part is projected upon the screen, and the dimensions and geometry of the part are measured against prescribed limits. The measuring happens in any of several ways. The simplest way is that graduations on the screen, being superimposed over the silhouette, allow the viewer to measure, as if a clear ruler were laid over the image. Another way is that various points on the silhouette are lined up with the retical at the centerpoint of the screen, one after another, by moving the stage on which the part sits, and a digital read out reports how far the stage moved to reach those points. Finally, the most technologically advanced methods involve software that analyzes the image and reports measurements. The first two methods are the most common; the third is newer and not as widespread, but its adoption is ongoing in the digital era.

Fig. 2.23 Optical Comparator

29

2.9.6 Profilometer
Profilometer, as shown in Fig. 2.24, is a measuring instrument used to measure a surface profile, in order to quantify its roughness. A diamond stylus is moved vertically in contact with a sample and then moved laterally across the sample for a specified distance and specified contact force. A profilometer can measure small surface variations in vertical stylus displacement as a function of position. A typical profilometer can measure small vertical features ranging in height from 10 nanometres to 1 millimetre. The height position of the diamond stylus generates an analog signal which is converted into a digital signal stored, analyzed and displayed. The radius of diamond stylus ranges from 20 nanometres to 50 m, and the horizontal resolution is controlled by the scan speed and data signal sampling rate. The stylus tracking force can range from less than 1 to 50 milligrams.

Fig. 2.24 Profilometer

30

Problem Statement
The main deliverable of our study is the knowledge of the effect of cutting parameters on thread profile i.e., the effect of the cutting speed and feed on the dimensions of thread profile. As a part of the project, we have studied the effect of the cutting parameters by recording different dimensions of thread profile under different values of cutting speed and feed on stainless steel. Thread cutting on stainless steel using carbide is the common machining operations in manufacturing industry. When the effect of cutting parameters is investigated, they can be optimized for efficient cutting.

31

Chapter 3
Experimental Setup
3.1 Job Material

The material used for the experiment was Stainless Steel of grade 304 (SAE designation) or S30400 (UNS designation). The composition of the material is shown in Table 3.1. Table 3.1 Composition (by Weight) of Stainless Steel Grade SAE 304

% Cr
18-20

% Ni
8-10.5

%C
0.08

% Mn
2.0

% Si
0.75

%P
0.045

%S
0.03

%N
0.1

The geometry of the job is shown in Fig. 3.1.

Fig. 3.1

Drawing of Job
32

3.2

CNC Lathe

The HMT L-45 CNC lathe machine was used to perform the thread cutting. The specifications of the machine are tabulated in Table 3.2 and image of the machine is given in Fig. 3.2. Turret and control panel are shown in Fig. 3.3.

Fig. 3.2 HMT L-45 CNC Horizontal Lathe

Fig. 3.3 Turret and Control Panel of HMT L-45 CNC Lathe
33

Table 3.2
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

HMT L-45 CNC Horizontal Lathe Specifications

Height of centers Swing over bed Swing over cross slide Distance between centers Turret Bar passage/Spindle bore Spindle power Speed Range Rapid traverse Tailstock sleeve stroke Control system 450 mm 900 mm 470 mm 5000 mm 8 stations 110 mm 22 kW 4.5 - 450 rpm 5000 mm/min 300 mm Siemens 840 D

34

3.3

Tools and Tooling

FACING & TURNING TOOL

For facing and turning the job to required size, Sandvik carbide insert was used which are shown in Fig. 3.4. The ISO code of the tool is DCGT070208. The full specification is given in Table 3.3.

MATERIAL: ORDERING CODE: SPECIFICATION: Table 3.3

ITEM D C G T 07 02 08

CARBIDE SANDVIK DCGT070208 (DCGTO7O2O8)

Detail of Code for DCGT070208 Carbide Insert

DESCRIPTION Insert shape Insert clearance angle (7 Degree) Tolerance +/- on class G Inser type Insert size or cutting edge length Insert thickness (mm) Nose radius (0.8 mm)

Fig. 3.4 Carbide Inserts for Turning and Facing

35

THREADING TOOL For external thread cutting a single point, SANDVIK R166.0G-16MM01-300, cutting tool was used. The dimensions of the carbide insert are given in Fig. 3.4. The full specification of the carbide insert is given below. MATERIAL: TOOL GEOMETRY: PITCH: SPECIFICATION: Carbide Single Point Cutting Tool 3.0 mm R166.0G-16MM01-300, HA=2.25 & HB=0.42

The details of the carbide insert are as follows:

Fig. 3.5 Dimensions of Carbide Insert for Thread Cutting

36

The code key for T-Max U-Lock Insert for External Thread Cutting from Sandvik catalogue is as follows:

The details of the code are given below:

37

38

Tools for external and internal thread cutting are shown in Fig. 3.6. For internal thread cutting a single point, SANDVIK R166.0L-16MM01-200, cutting tool was used. The full specification is given below. MATERIAL: TOOL GEOMETRY: PITCH: SPECIFICATION: Carbide Single Point Cutting Tool 2.0 mm R166.0L-16MM01-200, HA=1.27 & HB=0.12

Fig. 3.6 Tools for External and Internal Thread Cutting

39

3.4

Cutting Fluid

Machine shops require the use of a coolant which is capable of working in many applications on a wide variety of metals. Hocut 795-H is a versatile product that can be used with many machines and metals. It is suitable when machining 300 and 400 series stainless steel. Hocut 795-H is compatible with hard water, is clean running and bio-stable, which assures long, odor-free sump life. It provides corrosion protection without staining and affords good lubrication for machine ways and indexing mechanisms. Low foaming characteristics make Hocut 795-H a good choice for high pressure applications. Under normal conditions, the shelf life for Hocut 795-H is one year. 5 to 10% concentration is used for machining. The main features of Hocut 795-H is as follows: Clean running/low foam Good corrosion protection Excellent machining capabilities

3.5

Measurement of Surface Roughness

Measurement of surface roughness on thread is done by cutting the job in pieces along radial direction (i.e., perpendicular to the axis of the longitudinal axis of the job), here about X-X axis, as shown in Fig. 3.7. Then the parted job is rotated through 60 clockwise, in order to facilitate the movement of stylus as shown in Fig. 3.8.

40

Fig. 3.7 Thread to be cut radially

Fig. 3.8 Job moved by 60 clockwise to facilitate stylus movement

41

Chapter 4
Experimental Data 4.1 CNC Programming for External and Internal Thread Cutting

N05 MSG (TURNING & CHAMFERING) N10 G0G90G95G18G53D0X1400; N15 M43 N20 S200 M03; N22 G96 S350; N25 T06 D1; N30 G0G90G54X50Z5M08; N35 G01X41Z0.2F0.3; N40 Z-40.0; N45 X50Z0.2; N50 X40.0; N55 Z-40.0; N60 X50.0 Z0.2; N65 X36.0 Z0.0; N70 X39.7 Z-2.0; N75 Z-40.0; N80 X50.0; N85 G0G90G53D0X1400Z5000M09; N90 M00;

42

N95 MSG (FACING) N100 T02D0; N115 G0G90G54X50Z2.0; N120 G0X45.0; N125 Z-1.0; N130 X-2.0; N135 X50.0 Z5.0; N140 G0G90G53X1400Z5000; N145 M00;

N150 MSG (EXTERNAL THREADING) N155 T07D0; N160 G0G90G54X40Z5.0 N165 G01X40 Z2.0; N170 CYCLE 97 (3,2,-20,39.7,39.7,2,2,1.3,0.05,30,0,12,3,1,1,0); N175 G0G90G53X1400Z5000; N180 M00; N185 M30; The detail of the cycle program for external thread cutting is given in Table 4.1.

43

Table 4.1
TABLE As Thread Si As Value Start Point End Point Diameter 1 Diameter 2 Run in Path Run out Path

Cycle Programme (External Threads):

METRIC MPIT PIT SPL EPL DM1 DM2 APP ROP TDEP FAL IANG NSP NRC NID OUTSIDE CONST. INFEED NUMT VRT -----------3.0 2.0 -20.0 39.7 39.7 2.0 2.0 1.30 0.05 30.0 0.0 12.0 3.0 --------1.0 0.0

Thread Depth Fin. allow Infeed Angle Start Pt. offs Cuts Non cuts Selection selection No. of Threads Retract

44

N150 MSG (INTERNAL THREADING); N155 T08D0; N160 G0G90G54X40Z5.0 N165 G01X40 Z2.0; N170 CYCLE 97 (2,2,-20,39.7,39.7,2,2,1.3,0.05,30,0,12,3,1,1,0); N175 G0G90G53X1400Z5000; N180 M00; N185 M30; The detail of the cycle program for internal thread cutting is given in Table 4.2.

Table 4.2
TABLE As Thread Si As Value Start Point End Point Diameter 1 Diameter 2 Run in Path Run out Path Thread Depth Fin. Allow Infeed Angle Start Pt. offs Cuts Non cuts Selection Selection No. of Threads Retract

Cycle Programme (Internal Threads):

METRIC MPIT PIT SPL EPL DM1 DM2 APP ROP TDEP FAL IANG NSP NRC NID INSIDE CONST.INFEED NUMT VRT -----------2.0 2.0 -20.0 22.7 22.7 2.0 2.0 1.30 0.05 30.0 0.0 12.0 3.0 --------1.0 0.0

45

4.2

Experimental Data for External Thread Cutting

4.2.1 Data obtained by Changing Spindle Speed at Feed Rate = 0.10 mm/rev and Cutting Speed = 300 rev/min: Table 4.3
S.NO

Data Obtained By Changing Spindle Speed

THREAD PITCH (mm) 3.0 3.01 2.99 3.02 EXT. DIA. (mm) 39.7 39.71 39.71 39.70 SURFACE ROUGHNESS (m) 1.8 Rmax 1.2 1.0 0.85

SPINDLE THREAD THREAD SPEED ANGLE DEPTH (rpm) (degree) (mm) 400 800 1200 1500 60.0 59.98 59.96 60.02 1.30 1.30 1.31 1.29

1 2 3 4

From Table 4.3, it is clear that there are no considerable effects of Spindle Speed on any other parameter other than surface roughness. Now plotting the graph between Spindle Speed and surface roughness: Graph b/w Spindle Speed & Surface Roughness
2 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000

Surface Roughness (Rmax)

SURFACE ROUGHNESS(Rmax)

Spindle Speed (rpm)

Fig. 4.1

Graph b/w Spindle Speed & Surface Roughness for Ext. Thread

Fig. 4.1 shows the effect of change of Spindle Speed. It shows that as the spindle speed increases, the surface roughness decreases. It means improved surface finish is obtained.
46

4.2.2 Data obtained by Changing Cutting Speed at Feed Rate = 0.10 mm/rev and Spindle Speed = 500 rpm: Table 4.4
S.N O

Data Obtained By Changing Cutting Speed

THREAD ANGLE (degree) THREAD DEPTH (mm) THREAD EXTERNAL PITCH DIAMETER (mm) (mm) SURFACE ROUGHNESS (m)

CUTTING SPEED (rev/min)

1 2 3 4

300 400 500 600

60.05 60.02 60.0 59.98

1.30 1.31 1.31 1.30

3.0 3.01 3.01 3.00

39.70 39.71 39.70 39.70

1.95 Rmax 1.55 1.35 0.95

From Table 4.4, it is clear that there are no considerable effects of cutting speed on any other parameter other than surface roughness. Now plotting the graph between cutting speed and surface roughness:

Graph b/w Cutting Speed & Surface Roughness (Rmax) Surface Roughness (Rmax)
2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 200 400 600 800 SURFACE ROUGHNESS(Rmax)

Cutting Speed (m/min)

Fig. 4.2

Graph b/w Cutting Speed & Surface Roughness for Ext. Thread

Fig. 4.2 shows the effect of cutting speed on surface roughness. It shows that as the cutting speed increases, the surface roughness decreases. It means improved surface finish is obtained.
47

4.2.3 Data obtained by Changing Feed Rate at Cutting Speed = 350 rev/min and Spindle Speed = 500 rpm: Table 4.5 Data Obtained By Changing Feed Rate
THREAD DEPTH (mm) THREAD PITCH (mm) EXTERNAL DIAMETER (mm) SURFACE ROUGHNESS (m)

S.NO FEED THREAD RATE ANGLE (mm/rev) (degree)

1 2 3 4

0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25

60.05 60.02 60.05 60.0

1.30 1.31 1.29 1.29

3.01 3.01 3.02 3.00

39.70 39.70 39.7 38.69

1.75Rmax 1.85 2.20 2.80

From Table 4.5, it is clear that there are no considerable effects of feed on any other parameter other than surface roughness. Now plotting the graph between feed and surface roughness:

Graph b/w Feed Rate & Surface Roughness Surface Roughness (Rmax)
3 2.5

2
1.5 1 0.5 0 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 SURFACE ROUGHNESS

Feed Rate (rev/min)

Fig. 4.3

Graph b/w Feed Rate & Surface Roughness for Ext. Thread

Fig. 4.3 shows the effect of feed on surface roughness. It shows that as the feed increases, the surface roughness increases. It means poor surface finish is obtained.

48

4.3

Experimental Data for Internal Thread Cutting

4.3.1 Data obtained by Changing Spindle Speed at Feed Rate = 0.10 mm/rev and Cutting Speed = 300 rev/min: Table 4.6
S.NO.

Data Obtained By Changing Spindle Speed

THREAD DEPTH (mm) THREAD PITCH (mm) INTERNAL DIAMETER (mm) SURFACE ROUGHNESS (m)

SPINDLE THRED SPEED ANGLE (rpm) (degree)

1 2 3 4

400 800 1200 1500

59.97 59.96 59.97 60.02

1.31 1.30 1.31 1.29

2.01 2.01 1.99 2.02

22.7 22.72 22.70 22.68

1.75 Rmax 1.35 1.12 0.95

From Table 4.6, it is clear that there are no considerable effects of spindle speed on any other parameter other than surface roughness. Now plotting the graph between spindle speed and surface roughness:

Graph b/w Spindle Speed & Surface Roughness

2

Surface Roughness (Rmax)

1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 SURFACE ROUGHNESS(Rmax)

Spindle Speed (rpm) Fig. 4.4 Graph b/w Spindle Speed & Surface Roughness for Int. Thread

Fig. 4.4 shows the effect of spindle speed on surface roughness. It shows that as the spindle speed increases, the surface roughness decreases. It means improved surface finish is obtained.
49

4.3.2 Data obtained by Changing Cutting Speed at Feed Rate = 0.10 mm/rev and Spindle Speed = 500 rpm: Table 4.7
S.NO.

Data Obtained By Changing Cutting Speed

THREAD THREAD THREAD INTERNAL ANGLE DEPTH PITCH DIAMETER (degree) (mm) (mm) (mm) SURFACE ROUGHNESS (m)

CUTTING SPEED (rev/mm)

1 2 3 4

300 400 500 600

60.0 59.97 60.01 59.98

1.30 1.29 1.31 1.30

2.01 2.00 1.99 2.00

22.70 22.71 22.69 22.70

1.85 Rmax 1.45 1.25 1.05

From Table 4.7, it is clear that there are no considerable effects of cutting speed on any other parameter other than surface roughness. Now plotting the graph between cutting speed and surface roughness:

Surface Roughness (Rmax)

Graph b/w Cutting Speed & Surface Roughness

2 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 SURFACE ROUGHNESS(Rmax)

Cutting Speed (rev/min)

Fig. 4.5

Graph b/w Cutting Speed & Surface Roughness for Int. Thread

Fig. 4.5 shows the effect of cutting speed on surface roughness. It shows that as the cutting speed increases, the surface roughness decreases. It means improved surface finish is obtained.
50

4.2.3 Data obtained by Changing Feed Rate at Cutting Speed = 350 rev/min and Spindle Speed = 500 rpm: Table 4.8 Data Obtained By Changing Feed Rate
S.NO. FEED RATE (mm/rev) THREAD ANGLE (degree) THREAD DEPTH (mm) THREAD INTERNAL SURFACE PITCH DIAMETER ROUGHNESS (mm) (mm) (m)

1 2 3 4

0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25

60.00 60.02 59.98 60.0

1.29 1.30 1.29 1.31

2.00 2.00 1.99 1.99

22.71 22.70 22.70 22.69

1.50 Rmax 1.85 2.05 2.96

From Table 4.8, it is clear that there are no considerable effects of feed on any other parameter other than surface roughness. Now plotting the graph between feed and surface roughness:

Graph b/w Feed Rate & Surface Roughness Surface Roughness (Rmax)
3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 SURFACE ROUGHNESS(Rmax) 1 0.5 0 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3

Feed Rate(mm/rev)

Fig. 4.6

Graph b/w Feed Rate & Surface Roughness for Int. Thread

Fig. 4.6 shows the effect of feed on surface roughness. It shows that as the feed increases, the surface roughness increases. It means poor surface finish is obtained.

51

Chapter 5: Result and Conclusions

Results for External Thread Cutting: 1) As the spindle speed increases, the surface roughness decreases. It means improved surface finish is obtained.

2) As the cutting speed increases, the surface roughness decreases. It means improved surface finish is obtained.

3) As the feed increases, the surface roughness increases. It means poor surface finish is obtained.

Results for Internal Thread Cutting: 1) As the spindle speed increases, the surface roughness decreases. It means improved surface finish is obtained.

2) As the cutting speed increases, the surface roughness decreases. It means improved surface finish is obtained.

3) As the feed increases, the surface roughness increases. It means poor surface finish is obtained.

There are no major effects of cutting parameters on thread pitch, depth, angle and diameter of external and internal thread. The noticeable effect of thread cutting parameter is on thread surface roughness of external and internal thread. When spindle speed and cutting speed are increased separately; keeping other two parameters constant, the surface roughness is lowered i.e., improved surface finish is achieved for external and internal thread. When feed rate is increased keeping other two parameters, the surface roughness also increases i.e., surface finish gets poorer.

52

Scope for future work

Thread cutting on stainless steel using carbide is one among the common and important machining operations in manufacturing industry. This report concluded that surface roughness of thread profile is the only parameter which is affected by cutting parameters. But in our study optimization of cutting parameters is not studied, therefore in future the optimization of cutting parameters for the optimum value of surface finish in thread cutting can be investigated. Also, the higher values of cutting speed and feed can be taken to investigate the surface roughness of threads.

53

References
Manufacturing Engineering and Technology By Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid

PRODUCT DATA HOCUT 795-H Houghton International Inc.

Single Point Cutting Tool http://www.crazyengineers.com/community/threads/introduction-to-machine-toolsingle-point-cutting-tool.46209/

Geometry of Single Point Turning Tools and Drills, Fundamental and Practical Applications Astakhov, V.P.

Basic Nomenclature and Definitions for Single - Point Cutting Tools ANSI B94.50 1975 THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS

Metric Screw Threads: M Profile ASME B1.13M-2005 (Revision of ASME B1.13M-2001)

Cutting Tool Geometries http://mfg.eng.rpi.edu/gmp/pdf/toolgeo.pdf society of manufacturing engineers

Small part machining, Cutting tools from Sandvik Coromant

54

THREADING Choosing inserts and tools Sandvik

Turning Inserts Korloy Turning Insert Selection

Surface Finish Abdullah-Al-Mamun Lecturer, Dept. of IPE http://teacher.buet.ac.bd/aamamun/Surface%20Finish.pdf

Surface Measurement http://www.mfg.mtu.edu/cyberman/quality/metrology/surface.html#para2

Basic Structure of a stylus profilometer By Taylor Hobson Precision

Fitting Identification Measuring Threads and Seat Angles By Alfagomma

Stainless Steels http://www.sudeshnapaul.com/material.science/stainless.html

Surface Finish http://www.mfg.mtu.edu/cyberman/quality/sfinish/

55