Professional Documents
Culture Documents
06-01-2006
Chlorine Heath Risk Awareness
06-01-2006
Chlorine Hazardous for Human Health
• Use of chlorine causes haloacetic acids (HAA) e.g. mono-, di, and
trichloroacetic acids and mono- and dbromoacetic acids;
Source: Harvard Medical Dental & Public Health School – 25 January 2002
How Chlorine disinfects
• No disinfectant by-products;
• No disinfectant side-effects.
What is Diamondoxide
• Simple to use;
• Easy to apply.
Diamondoxide Regulations
• Chlorine Dioxide solution (ClO2) is used for Drinking water disinfection
since 1944;
• It is a proven and superior disinfectant;
•Chlorine Dioxide has almost replaced the use of chlorine in the
paper/pulp industry;
• ClO2 is US EPA approved and listed in the WHO guidelines for Drinking
Water disinfection;
• Diamondoxide advanced delivery system for ClO2 has removed all
known side effects and by-products known from classical ClO2
generation concepts;
• Diamondoxide is fully approved according to European Law DIN EN-
12671, EC 98/8, EC 1048 and numerous (drinking) water laws in the
world.
• EC Notified Substance Registration # N-31612
Milestones
• 8 years of development by scientists;
(Cl2 gas ejectors with chemical [HOCl/HCl] + NaClO2 -> ClO2(g) + H/OCl-+ NaOH + ClO3- Production rates limited to ~1000lb/day.
pumps for liquids or booster pump
for ejector water)
• Low pH High conversion effluent due to low pH (~2.8-
3.5)
• ClO3- possible
• Relatively slow reaction rates Three chemical systems pump HCl, hypchlorite,
chlorite, and dilution water to reaction chamber.
RECYCLED AQUEOUS CHLORINE 2HOCl + 2NaClO2 -> 2ClO2 + Cl2 + 2NaOH Concentration of ~3 g/L required for maximum
OR “FRENCH LOOP” ™ efficiency.
(Saturated Cl2 solution via a • Excess Cl2 or HCl needed due to NaOH formed. Production rate limited to ~1000lb/day.
recycling loop prior to mixing with Yield of 92-98% with ~10% excess Cl2 reported.
chlorite solution Highly corrosive to pumps; draw-down
calibration needed. Maturation tank required
after mixing.
GASEOUS CLORINE-CHLORITE Cl2(g) + NaClO2(aq) -> ClO2(aq) Production rates 5-120,000 lb/day.
Ejector-based, with no pumps. Motive water is
(Gaseous Cl2 and 25% solution of • Neutral pH dilution water. Near neutral pH effluent. No
sodium chlorite; pulled by ejector excess Cl2. Turndown rated at 5-10X with yield
• Rapid reaction
into the reaction column.) of 95-99%. Less than 2% excess Cl2. Highly
• Potential scaling in reactor under vacuum due to
calibrated flow meters with min. line pressure
hardness
~40psig needed.
Source: Adapted from Gates, 1998 of feedstock.
'Classical’ Generation of Chlorine Dioxide (continued)
GASEOUS CHLORINE-SOLIDS Cl2(g) + NaClO2(s) -> ClO2(g) + NaCl Cl2 gas diluted with N2 or filtered air to produce
CHLORITE MATRIX: ~8% gaseous stream. Infinite turndown is
(Humidified Cl2 gas is pulled or • Rapid reaction rate possible with >99% yield. Maximum rate to
pumped through a stable matrix ~1200 lb/day per column; ganged to >10,000
containing solid sodium chlorite lb/day
Chlorine”)
Chemical Formula Cl2, Gas Form NaOCl/NaOH/Cl2 e.g. Ca(OCl)2 H2O2 ClO2
Application Form Defined Solution Defined Defined In liquid solution.
concentration in concentration in concentration in
liquid solution, liquid solution liquid solution
“Chlorine Water”
Minimum 50mg “free 50mg “free 50mg “free 150mg/L 0,05mg/L (can be
concentration for chlorine”/ L chlorine”/ L chlorine”/ L lower!)
water disinfection
Micro biocide Broad effect See Chlorine See Chlorine Not always Effective against all
working against most effective against in water living micro
bacteria, Fungi and bacteria, fungi and organisms (including
(with limits) viruses yeast. bacteria, fungi,
and protozoan. protozoan and
viruses)
Working In low See Chlorine See Chlorine Micro organisms No resistance
Limitations concentrations with peroxides- building by targeted
“Chlorine system are micro organisms.
Resistance extensive
Building” protected
Side Effects Decrease of pH- Increase of pH- Corrosive due Hardly any Very material
values due to values by the to a high level corrosive effect on friendly, pH-neutral
building of level of NaOH of NaCl metal. Plastics etc.
hydrochloric acid become brittle.
(HCl)
Application Not suitable for See Chlorine See Chlorine By catalytic No material
Limitations installation systems decomposition in Limitations
with corrosion water and oxygen
sensitive materials no depot effect
Disinfectant Disinfectant Effective Requested Disinfectant Concentration / ppm
Component / Level in ppm
P. aerugionsoa S. aureus S. cerevisae
• Simple instructions
• A component first
• B component second