Parts of the Essay Introduction is the part of the essay that presents your first ideas.

Introductions are usually the first paragraph of the essay, in some cases, the first two or three paragraphs make up your introduction. The body of the essay develops the ideas that you have presented in the introduction. Some people refer to this as meat of the essay and the process is known as "fleshing out" your ideas. It can be helpful to make a list of the ideas you want to present, along with any research to support those ideas. The conclusion is sometime called the finishing touches of the essay. The conclusion is where you bring together all of the elements you previously mentioned in the introduction and body of the essay. _______________________________ Form and Style Style is a unique way of expressing ideas or a special approach employed by a writer. Word choices and sentence structure are important elements of style. __________________________ Functions of Modals Modals or modal auxiliaries are helping verbs. Some quick rules about modals follow. Modals are always accompanied by other verbs. Modals are never conjugated. Modals are followed by the simple form of the verb. Uses of Modals Modals are used to convey many different kinds of meaning. Most modals have more than one meaning. Modals are used to show the following meanings. ability possibility probability permission advisability necessity requesting assistance

making conclusions giving instructions making suggestions showing preference making offers making promises or predictions

SUMMATIVE TEST For 1-6 Recognize the modals used in the text and indicate their functions:

In case one is a homebody, he can listen to the rain fall. In neighborhoods where rooftops and windows cannot as much have a breathing space, the children rush out to play in the rain. It is equally true that rain will replenish whatever reservoir of water is needed by man and his world.

(1)Modal ________ (2) function ____________________ (3)Modal ________ (4) function ____________________ (5)Modal ________ (6) function ____________________ Remember your Essential Understanding:
From The October 24 Movement by Jose L. Lacaba

The nation, they pointed out, would be embarrassed no end if some boors decided to follow the example of those Australians who had hurled paint bombs at Lyndon Baines Johnsons famed bubbletop and thereby marred that countrys warm deception. A rally supporting the seven-nation meeting was another thing and presumably a permit was issued to a group of about 200 students who marched to Malacanang three days before the opening of the Summit with a manifesto claiming that a bigger group of youth and students.

7. What is the function of the modal would in the first statement? A. possibility B. probability C. ability D. necessity 8. What is the essay all about? A. love B. family C. activism D. study 9. How is this essay similar to I am a Filipino by Carlos P. Romulo. A. Both talks about change. B. Both talks about love of country and citizenship. C. Both talks about vacation. D. both talks about Australia. 10. Summit is a form of _________. A. rally B. party C. conference D. training 11. Which part of the essay presents a general overview of the topic to be discussed? A. conclusion B. introduction C. body D. title 12. In what pattern or style did the Carlos P. Romulo develop his essay? A. logical B. spiral C. argumentative D. narrative 13. Which of the following categorizes I am A Filipino a reflective essay? a. It presents ideas.

b. It presents ideas and criticisms. c. It presents ideas and supporting facts. d. It presents the writers ideas, supporting facts and contemplation. ____________________________________________ Reflective essay is a type of essay aimed to reflect personal event or experience of the author. The main condition is that it has to be a certain personal experience on which the author expresses his very own perception about life. This experience or event is revealed in the essay in order to demonstrate its importance for understanding social relations and the essence of people. Structure of a Reflective Essay Here is a probable scheme of a reflective essay: The aim of the opening paragraph is to get the reader involved in the authors expression of ideas including interesting details and personal experiences. The style must be very vivid and must appeal to the reader. The middle part reveals a good variety of the authors ideas on the topic. The concluding sentences summarize the main ideas and experiences highlighted in the essay. The author makes a reflection of his general perception of the given topic. 1. The introductory paragraph is used for describing the background of your topic, your role in it, and the reasons for choosing it. It is also important to mention your aim and goals for developing the reflective essay writing. 2. In the supporting paragraphs you will explain the process of working on the reflective essay from its initial research to the final stages. Be sure to pay attention to both the weak and strong points; positive and negative experiences and any associated feelings 3. To conclude your reflective essay efficiently, answer these questions: Did you achieve your goals? What would you like to change if you had another chance? What useful expertise have you obtained from the task? How could it be improved? ============================================== =================== Relative Clause

A clause is a group of words with its own subject and verb or predicate. A relative clause is a subordinate clause that begins with a relative pronoun (e.g. who, which, where) or the word that. You can use it to modify a noun or pronoun (i.e. to identify or give more information about it). Words like who, that and when are called relative pronouns when they are used to introduce relative clauses. You use: who for people, which for things, and that for both people and things. whom as the object of a relative clause (in more formal English), though it is increasingly common to replace it with who. whose to indicate possession, as a determiner before nouns. For Example: Students who can develop independent learning skills often achieve good academic results. There is a new book that investigates the controversy over political reforms in Hong Kong. A university is a place where people pursue advanced knowledge in specific academic disciplines. The lecture theatre which the inauguration ceremony will be held is now being cleaned. The underlined words are called antecedents, the italicized words are your relative pronouns and the clause that followed formed the relative clause. IN THE ABOVE SENTENCES, the underlined words students, book, university, and theatre are antecedents. The italicized words who, that, where, and which are relative pronouns. The clauses that follow the relatives pronouns are the relative clause: - can develop independent learning skills - investigates the controversy over political reforms in Hongkong - people pursue advanced knowledge in specific academic disciplines

- the inauguration ceremony will be held.

Underline the antecedent once, encircle the relative pronoun and underline the relative clause twice. 1. The patron saint of Antipolo is known as the Our Lady of Peace and Good Voyage, which church is located right at the heart of the city. 2. Our national hero is Jose P. Rizal, whose Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo were hailed the best novels of all times. 3. Nick Joaquin, who wrote A Portrait of An Artist as Filipinos is known by the pen name Quijano de Manila. 4. Ermita is a place where one can go to bare his soul (no matter how putrid or pure). 5. It is quite a place that hankers to be left alone. Directions: Write the letter of the correct answer in the blank: 6. It is a type of essay based on everyday accounts of observation or experience. _____ A. Narrative C. Character Sketch B. Personal D. Reflective 7. It comprises the last paragraph of an essay that puts an end to the text. ______ A. Introduction C. Body B. Conclusion D. Recommendation 8. It is the part of an essay that details all supporting information about the topic._____ A. Introduction C. Body B. Conclusion D. Recommendation 9. It is the first paragraph of an essay that usually provides the background of the topic. ________________ A. Introduction C. Body B. Conclusion D. Recommendation 10. It is a kind of clause formed by using words as that, who, where, whose, whom, which or when. ________________ A. Subordinate clause C. relative clause B. Participial phrase D. appositive