Elaborate the operation in relation to lathe work such as turning boring, facing, drilling,knurling, tread cutting and off-centre

turning.
BORING (menggerek) In machining, boring is the process of enlarging a hole that has already been drilled (or cast), by means of a single-point cutting tool (or of a boring head containing several such tools), for example as in boring a cannon barrel. Boring is used to achieve greater accuracy of the diameter of a hole, and can be used to cut a tapered hole. Boring can be viewed as the internal-diameter counterpart to turning, which cuts external diameters.

FACING (melarik muka) is part of the turning process. It involves moving the cutting tool at right angles to the axis of rotation of the rotating work piece.This can be performed by the operation of the cross-slide, if one is fitted, as distinct from the longitud feed (turning). It is frequently the first operation performed in the production of the work piece, and often the last- hence the phrase "ending up".

DRILLING (menggerudi) Drilling is a cutting process that uses a drill bit to cut or enlarge a hole of circular cross-section in solid materials. The drill bit is a rotary cutting tool, often multipoint. The bit is pressed against the work piece and rotated at rates from hundreds to thousands of revolutions per minute. This forces the cutting edge against the work piece, cutting off chips from what will become the hole being drilled.

Type of drilling Hand drill Protable electric drill Bench drilling machine Biliar drilling machine Column type drilling machine Radial arm drilling machine Gang spindle drilling machine Multi spindle machine

KNURLING (melorek) Knurling is a manufacturing process, typically conducted on a lathe, where by a diamond-shaped (criss-cross) pattern is cut or rolled into metal.

Types : Annular rings Frequently used when the mating part is plastic. Rings allow for easy mating but ridges make it difficult to pull the components apart. Linear knurl Used with mating plastic pieces, the Linear Knurl allows greater torsion between components. Diamond knurl A hybrid of Annular Rings and Linear Knurling in which a diamond shape is formed. It is used to provide better grip on components

Taper turning (melarik tirus) Three methods of producing taper Offsetting tailstock Taper attachment set to proper tpf

Metric by calculating guide bar offset

Adjusting compound rest to angle of taper Method used depends on work length, taper length, taper angle and number of pieces

Three Methods of offsetting the Tailstock By using graduations on end of the tailstock (visual method) By means of the graduated collar and feeler gage By means of a dial indicator Example for taper turning

turning a centre(melarik tak sepusat) There are two methods for turning non-concentric / eccentric turning, using four jaw chuck and method of holding a work piece between centre: For the marking on the side of the work piece surface hold the work piece in the four jaw chuck. Centre bring equipment back to work closely with the material centre midpoint eccentric touches that have been marked. Jaw chuck with soft keys that do not change the position of the work piece. Check and adjust the position of the work piece so long to in diameter eccentric out of the jaws of machined. Lock all with strong jaws . Remove the equipment back. Hold the appropriate tool and adjust its altitude axis machined. Select the appropriate PPM, usually 1/3 of the normal PPM.PPM speeds can be increased when run eccentric nearing completion. Eccentric turning roughly to leave 0.75 mm to run completion. change the tool to do run completion.

 Sure long eccentric turning the proper size with a uniform. Remove materials and do finishing work.

turning the eccentric

TOOLS BITS

tool generally made of high carbon steel, alloy steel and castings durable as stellite, terekat carbide and ceramics. properties owned by these materials are different and the use of each depends on the material machined and state machine used. Lathe tool must have the following attributes: a) Hard b) Hold the hard c) Resistant to high temperatures d) Resistant to shock during cutting operations

 THE ANGLE OF THE CUTTING SIDE: angle of the cutting edge side in the form of rods of tool. for general use, the angle is from 10 to 20 depending on the material being cut. If the angle is more than 30 vibration will occur.

ANGLE OF THE CUTTING TIP: cutter tip angle is the angle formed at the tip of the tool, usually from 5 to 30 depending on the type of cutting and finishing required. Angle between 5 and 15 sufficient to rough cut and angle of 15 to 30 can be used for general work

ANGLE SIDE RELIEF Side relief angle is the angle that rolled on the surface of the bottom of the cutting geligir, usually between 6 to 10. This angle gives relief to grind with the tool from the workpiece during cutting.

 FRONT CLEARANCE ANGLE Front clearance angle is the angle that rolled under the nose of the tool allows the tool is fed into the workpiece. for a general-purpose tool angle is between 10 and 15. SIDE HAS A RAKE ANGLE The back has a rake angle is the angle steep back from the nozzle surface of the tool. Usually angled 14, allows the scroll runs out quickly. For soft materials, has a rake angle increases side.

THE BACK HAS A RAKE ANGLE (TOP) The back has a rake angle is the angle steep back from the top surface of the tool nose, usually the back has a rake angle allows the scroll 20.Sudut flowing out from the point of cutting 3 types of Positive has a rake back has a rake angle(top)

positive has a rake angle used to cut soft materials such as aluminum and mild steel

 Neutral has a rake angle neutral has a rake angle for cutting hard materials such as hard steel and cast iron Negative has a rake angle Negative has a rake angle is used for cutting materials such as gun metal and brass

BRASS DESIGN TOOL DESIGN TOOL AND ROLLED ANGLES DEPENDING ON 1. TYPE OF WORK TO BE DONE 2. MATERIAL TO BE MACHINED 3. POWER AND MACHINE INFORMATION 4. A LOT OF METAL TO BE REMOVED 5. QUALITY OF FINISH REQUIRED