CORRECTION IN PRACTICAL MANUAL OF PLUMBING SHOP

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PRAVEEN K. DWIVEDI 2009H142087P

Some modern tools which are not given in manual

Plunger A plunger is a common device that is used to release stoppages in plumbing. The tool consists of a rubber cup with an attached stick "shaft", usually made of wood or bronze. Before use, any hair etc. in the plug grate should be removed and, if possible the overflow hole should be sealed with a wet cloth. The cup is pushed down against the drain, and either pressed hard into the drain to force air in, or is pushed down until the rubber cup is flattened, then pulled out, causing a vacuum. The intent is to loosen or break up a clog, excessive material, or other blockage in a sink, toilet, bathtub, shower, etc. The difference between a sink (kitchen) plunger and a toilet plunger is that the former looks like a ball cut in half while the latter looks more like a distorted ball with a large hole on the bottom. A plunger is much more effective when there is water in the pipe because water does not compress and will thus transmit more of the applied force than air. When a plunger is ineffective, it is often supplemented by a chemical drain opener, or by a plumber's snake. Sink wrench A sink wrench, also known as a basin wrench, is a plumbing tool used to tighten connections in deeply recessed places. The fasteners securing faucets and other connections under a sink plumber wrench or other tools impossible. A sink wrench has a self-tightening camming jaw mounted at the end of a long tube with a handle at the opposite end. The head with the jaw may be flipped over to loosen connections. Plumber wrench A plumber wrench is a tool to rotate pipes used in plumbing. The diameter of the pipe being turned is adjusted by rotating the key ring (silver in the picture). This tool can close with significant force (without caution it is possible to break the pipe) and thus does not need to engage a nut. However, the tool can still be used on a pipe with a nut or other flat engagement points.Being relatively large and unwieldy, this tool is only used when the ordinary wrenches are not suitable.

Plumber's Mait Plumber's Mait is a type of putty used as a sealant in plumbing. Plumber's putty is a pliable substance used to create watertight seals around faucets and drains. The putty is considered one of the basic plumber tools and is often used any time plumbing fixtures are replaced. Plumber's putty should not be confused with Teflon tape, which is used to seal pipe joints that are threaded. Different brands of plumber's putty often contain different ingredients. Many products make use of some type of clay as a base ingredient. Linseed oil is also a common additive. Other formulas include limestone, a blend of fish oils, or talc. In the manual there is no information about connection of pipes. Now a days plumbing is an integral part of industry which uses variety of connections. Some of them are as follows Threaded Pipe A threaded pipe is a pipe with screw-threaded ends for assembly. Coupling A Coupling is a very short length of pipe or tube, with a socket at one or both ends that allows two pipes or tubes to be welded (steel), brazed or soldered (copper, brass etc.) together.When the two ends are of a different size it is called a reducing coupling or reducer. Union A union is similar to a coupling, except it is designed to allow quick and convenient disconnection of pipes for maintenance or fixture replacement. While a coupling would require either solvent welding or being able to rotate all the pipes adjacent as with a threaded coupling, a union provides a simple nut transition, allowing easy release at any time. In addition to a standard union, there exist dielectric unions which are used to separate dissimilar metals (such as copper and galvanized steel) to avoid the damaging effects of galvanic corrosion. When two dissimilar metals are placed in an acidic solution (most tap water is mildly acidic), they will form a battery and generate a voltage by electrolysis. When the two metals are in contact with each other the current from one metal to the other will cause a movement of ions from one to the other, dissolving one metal and depositing it on the other. A dielectric union breaks the electric current with a plastic liner between two halves of the union, thus limiting galvanic corrosion. Solvent Welding A solvent is applied to PVC piping that dissolves and fuses the adjacent surfaces of piping. This is used with a sleeve-type joint.

Soldering Flux is applied to the inner sleeve of a sleeve type joint. The joint is then heated using a propane or MAPP gas torch, solder is applied to the heated joint, and the solder is drawn into the joint as the flux vaporizes. Common fittings for both piping and plumbing apart from manual

Street Elbow A street elbow is a type of plumbing or piping fitting intended to join a piece of pipe and another fitting at an angle. The difference between a "street" elbow and a regular elbow is the nature of the fittings on either end. A regular elbow has hub or FIP on both ends. A hub is a female ABS, PVC or copper pipe receiver; FIP denotes "Female Iron Pipe" threads, that is, it receives threaded MIP iron, brass or plastic pipe on both ends. FIP is also known as FPT, Female Pipe Thread, and MIP denotes MPT Male Pipe Thread. Generically, these are known as NPT fittings (National Pipe Thread fittings). A street elbow has a female fitting (hub or FIP) on one side and a male pipe or MIP fitting on the other end. The advantage of the street elbow is that it can be connected directly to another fitting without having to use a short connecting piece called a pipe nipple. Street elbows are available in 90, 45 and 22.5 bends. They can be used in water supply, drainage, sewer vents, central vacuum systems, compressed air and gas lines, HVAC, sump pump drains, and any location where plumbing fittings would be used to join sections of pipe. Cap A type of pipe fitting, often liquid or gas tight, which covers the end of a pipe. A cap has a similar function to a plug. In plumbing systems that use threads the cap has female threads. Plug A plug closes off the end of a pipe. It is similar to a cap but it fits inside the fitting it is mated to. In a threaded iron pipe plumbing system, plugs have male threads. Barb A barb is used to connect flexible hoses to pipes. One end had a stub with ridges that is inserted into the flexible hose to secure it. Closet flange In plumbing, a closet flange is a pipe fitting (specifically, a type of flange) that both mounts a toilet to the floor and connects the toilet drain to a drain pipe. The name comes from the term "water closet", the traditional name for a toilet. A typical closet flange is composed of an ABS or PVC hub with a round steel mounting flange attached to the top. Other styles are made from copper, brass, stainless steel, or pure plastic.

In a typical installation, the closet flange is mounted on top of the floor with the hub fused around the drain pipe. A wax ring is used to seal the gap between the flange and the bottom of the toilet. The toilet is bolted to the flange, not to the floor. Combo-Tee A combination tee (combo tee) is a tee with a gradually curving center connecting joint. It's used in drain systems to provide a smooth, gradually curving path to reduce the likelihood of clogs and to ease pushing a plumber's snake through a drain system. The "combo" is a combination of a wye and a 1/8 bend or 45 elbow. Valves are widely used in industries and there is a large variety according to use. In the lab manual valves are not discussed. So here is brief information about valve assembly and types. Valve A valve is a device that regulates the flow of a fluid (gases, liquids, fluidized solids, or slurries) by opening, closing, or partially obstructing various passageways. Valves are technically pipe fittings, but are usually discussed as a separate category. Valves are used in a variety of contexts, including industrial, military, commercial, residential, and transportation. The industries in which the majority of valves are used are oil and gas, power generation, mining, water reticulation, sewerage and chemical manufacturing.

Cutaway of a simple manual ball valve. 1) Body 2) Seat 3) Disc 4) Lever 5) Stem

Valves can be categorized into the following basic types: Ball valve, for on/off control without pressure drop, and ideal for quick shut-off since a 90 turn offers complete shut-off angle, compared to multiple turns required on most manual valves. Butterfly valve, for flow regulation in large pipe diameters.

Choke valve, a valve that raises or lowers a solid cylinder which is placed around or inside another cylinder which has holes or slots. Used for high pressure drops found in oil and gas wellheads. Check valve or non-return valve, allows the fluid to pass in one direction only. Gate valve, mainly for on/off control, with low pressure drop. Globe valve, good for regulating flow. Needle valve for accurate flow control.

Some commonly used valves in industries are-:

Components Gaskets The seals or packings used to prevent the escape of a gas or fluids from valves.

Body and bonnet The main parts of a valve are the body and the bonnet. These two parts form the casing that holds the fluid going through the valve. The bonnet is the casing through which the stem passes and that forms a guide and seal for the stem. Valve bodies are usually metallic. Brass, bronze, gunmetal, cast iron, steel, alloy steels and stainless steels are very common. Plastic bodies are used for relatively low pressures and temperatures. PVC, PP, PVDF and glass-reinforced nylon are common plastics used for valve bodies. Bonnet A bonnet acts as a cover on the valve body. It is commonly semi-permanently screwed into the valve body. During manufacture of the valve, the internal parts are put into the body and then the bonnet is attached to hold everything together inside. To access internal parts of a valve, a user would take off the bonnet, usually for maintenance. Many valves do not have bonnets; for example, plug valves usually do not have bonnets. Ports Ports are passages that allow fluid to pass through the valve. Ports are obstructed by the valve member or disc to control flow. Valves most commonly have 2 ports, but may have as many as 20. The valve is almost always connected at it's ports to pipes or other components. Connection methods include threadings, compression fittings, glue, cement, flanges, or welding. Disc A disc or valve member is a movable obstruction inside the stationary body that adjustably restricts flow through the valve. Although traditionally disc-shaped, discs come in various shapes. A ball is a round valve member with one or more paths between ports passing through it. By rotating the ball flow can be directed between different ports. Ball valves use spherical rotors with a cylindrical hole drilled as a fluid passage. Plug valves use cylindrical or conically tapered rotors called plugs.[ambiguous] Other round shapes for rotors are possible as well in rotor valves, as long as the rotor can be turned inside the valve body. However not all round or spherical discs are rotors; for example, a ball check valve uses the ball to block reverse flow, but is not a rotor because operating the valve does not involve rotation of the ball. Seat The seat is the interior surface of the body which contacts the disc to form a leak-tight seal. In discs that move linearly or swing on a hinge the disc comes into contact with the seat only when the valve is shut. In disks that rotate, the seat is always in contact with the disk, but the area of contact changes as the disc is turned. The seat always remains stationary relative to the body. Seats are classified by whether they are cut directly into the body, or if they are made of a different material: Hard seats are integral to the valve body. Nearly all hard seated metal valves have a small amount of leakage.

Soft seats are fitted to the valve body and made of softer materials such as PTFE or various elastomers such as NBR, EPDM, or FKM depending on the maximum operating temperature.

A closed soft seated valve is much less liable to leak when shut while hard seated valves are more durable. Gate, globe, and check valves are usually hard seated while butterfly, ball, plug, and diaphragm valves are usually soft seated. Valve balls A valve ball is also used for severe duty, high-pressure, high-tolerance applications. They are typically made of stainless steel, titanium, Stellite, Hastelloy, brass, or nickel. They can also be made of different types of plastic, such as ABS, PVC, PP or PVDF. Spring Many valves have a spring for spring-loading, to normally shift the disc into some position by default but allow control to reposition the disc. Relief valves commonly use a spring to keep the valve shut, but allow excessive pressure to force the valve open against the spring-loading. Coil springs are normally used. Typical spring materials include zinc plated steel, stainless steel, and for high temperature applications Inconel X750. Thread making is very important for connection of pipes or to connect other assemblies. Generally for house hold applications threads are made manually with the help of Tap and Die which are not been discussed in manual Tap and die Taps and dies are cutting tools used when creating screw threads. A tap is used to cut the female portion of the mating pair. A die is used to cut the male portion of the mating pair. The process of cutting the threads in a hole is called "tapping" the hole. The process of cutting with a die is called "threading" (or sometimes "chasing", although "chasing" is most commonly used when threads are already present but need to be "cleaned up").

Precautions to be taken while tapping The tap should be made of a material that is suitable for machine tapping. The highcarbon steel used in hand tools is most likely too brittle; high speed steel (HSS) is preferable for virtually all work piece materials Proper cutting compound or coolant should be used during tapping. Spindle or tap is turning in the correct direction. Tap is lined up to the hole.

Die The die cuts a thread on a preformed cylindrical rod, which creates a male threaded piece which functions like a bolt. The dies shown are top left: an older split die, with top adjusting screw bottom left: a one piece die with top adjusting screw center: a one piece die with side adjusting screw (barely visible on the full image) right: two dies without adjusting screws

The adjusting screws allow the die to be compressed or expanded to accommodate slight variations in size, due to material, manufacture, or die sharpness. The two rightmost dies shown in the image have no adjusting screws. However the die holder can exert pressure and decrease the size if required. Pipe Dope Threaded pipe is often used in plumbing and pneumatic applications. Because pipe joints must form a seal, the threaded portion is slightly conical rather than cylindrical. As a result, threaded pipe requires specialized taps and dies. Conventional pipe threads must be assembled with a jointing compound or use PTFE tape in order to achieve a leak proof seal. A modified form of the basic pipe thread shape is the Dry-Seal thread. The Dry-Seal thread is formed so that during assembly, the tips of the male threads are slightly crushed into the roots of the female threads, effecting, in theory, a liquid-tight fit. In practice, a small amount of pipe dope is usually necessary to assure a pressure-tight seal, and to prevent galling of the mating parts.

Modern trend in plumbing Electronic Plumbing In public facilities, the trend is toward sensor operated fixtures that improve hygiene, and save money. For example, sensor operated automatic flush urinals have fewer moving parts, reduce wear and tend to last longer than manual flush valves. Also they ensure fixtures are flushed only once per use. Some contain intelligence that flushes them at different amounts of water flow depending on traffic patterns, e.g. the fixture can "see" if there is a lineup of users, and only give a full flush after the last person has used the urinal. Automatic flush compensates for users who do not bother to flush. Also, since the fixtures are always flushed, there is no need for a urinal cake, or other odor reduction. Sensor operated toilets also have automatic flush. Sensor operated faucets and showers save water. For example, while a user is lathering up with soap, the fixture shuts off and then resumes when the user needs it to. Sensor operated soap and shampoo dispensers reduce waste and spill that might otherwise represent a slip hazard.