Chapter 4 • Vectors

Solutions for Selected Problems 14. If u
  kv
, u

 and v
 have the same direction for k > 0
and opposite directions for k < 0. In either case u
 will
Exercise 4.1 be parallel to v
.
If u
 is parallel to v
, u
 and v
 will have the same
12. a.
B direction or opposite directions hence u
 is some
480 km 
10º multiple of v
 and u
  kv
.
A
Exercise 4.2
300 km 20º
7. a. B C

O
v→

. 240 km/h for 1
1

The first leg of the trip is OA
4 A D


 240 
5
 300 km.
hours gives
OA u→
4

 and
AB
The second leg of the trip is AB

 In the diagram u
  v
  AC

 and
240  2  480 km. u
  v
 

BD.
In ∆OAB, ∠OAB  70°  10°  80°.


AC and BD are the diagonals of gm ABCD.


2  3002 
From the cosine law
OB Now if
u
  v


u
  v

, the diagonals of the


 519.99. parallelogram are equal, hence the parallelogram is
4802  2 · 300 · 480 cos 80°
OB
a rectangle and u
 ⊥ v
.
Length of the third leg is 520 km.
b. If
u
  v

>
u
  v

, the angle between u

 and v

Let ∠ABO   then from the sine law
will be acute.
sin  sin 80° c. If
u
  v

<
u
  v

, the angle between u
 and v
 will





  34.62°.
300
OB 
be obtuse.
The displacement vector for the third leg,

BO, →
9. b
has a magnitude of 520 km at S 45° W.
50º 10
O A
b. The total distance the aircraft travelled is a→ →
5a 50º
→
300  480  520  1300 km. The time taken is –2b →
R b
1300


 5.42 hours or 5 hours 25 minutes.
240 B C
13. Since
(k  2)v

<
4v



  5a
  2b

. Since
a

 2 and
b

 3,

k  2

v

<
4

v

. Let R
Since v
 ≠ 0,
v

≠ 0 and
k  2
<
4

5a

 10 and
2b

 6. From the cosine law
4 < k  2 < 4
R

2  102  62  2 · 10 · 6 cos 50°
and 2 < k < 6.

R

 7.672
∠AOC   then from the sine law
sin  sin 50°


–

,   36.80°
6



R
5a
  2b

 has a magnitude of 7.7 and makes an angle
of 37° with 5a
 and 93° with 2b
.

36 Chapter 4: Vectors
12. a
  3x
  2y
 ➀ 18. C
b
  5x
  4y
 ➁ x→ + →y
y→
Solving the two equations for x
 and y

→
y
➀2➁ 
→
x
A B
11x
  2a
 

b

x 
2
a
 
1
b
. – y→ →
→

11 11 x – y→ –y
6 3
Substitute into ➀ a
 

a
 

b
  2y
 D
11 11
11a
  6a
  3b

  22y

5 3 In ∆ABC, ∠ABC  180°   and from the cosine
y
 

a
 

b
.
22 22 law
x  y
2 
x

2 
y

2 2
x


y

cos (180°  ).

16. Since a
 and


b form the sides of a parallelogram and But cos (180°  )  cos .
since
a


b

, the parallelogram will be a rhombus. Hence
x
  y

2
x

2 
y

2  2
x


y

cos . ➀
a
 

b and a
 
 b will be the diagonals of this From ∆ABD, ∠ABD   and from the cosine law
rhombus and since the diagonals of a rhombus are

x
  y

2 
x

2 
y

2 2
x


y

cos . ➁
perpendicular to each other so will (a
 

b) be
Adding ➀ and ➁
perpendicular to (a
 

b).

x
  y

2 
x
  y

2  2
x

2  2
y

2.
17. A F Now
x

 11,
y

 23,
x
  y

 30.
Hence
x
  y

2  302  2 · 112  2 · 232
x
  y

 20.

  v
 and u
  v
 are the diagonals of a

19. Vectors u
B O E
parallelogram where u
 and v
 are adjacent sides. Since

u
  v

<
u
  v

the angle between u
 and v
 will
be obtuse. Since the diagonals of a parallelogram
C D
bisect each other, draw u
  v
 and u
  v
 bisecting
each other.

  ED
AB
. Then ABDE is a parallelogram

  u
  v

AC

  AE
and AB
  AD

.

  u
  v

DB

  CD
AF
. Hence ACDE is a parallelogram

  u
,
with AB
  v
.
AD

  AF
and AC
  AD

.
B

  AC
Now AB
  AD

  AE

  AF



  AE

  AC

  AF

  AD


→
 AB u


 AD

 AD

 AD
A

.
 3AD
C
→
But O is he midpoint of AD and ∆ABO is equilateral v


 1 and
AD
therefore
AO

 2.
D

  AC
Now
AB
  AD
  AE
  AF

 3
AD



 6.


Since the sum is equal to 3AD, the direction of the

 which makes an angle of 60° with
sum is along AD

and 60° with AB
AF
.

Chapter 4: Vectors 37
20. D E 21. B
→
→ → v
v u+ →
v
F
O 
→
u 180º – 
kˆ H
 A
→
A –v →
→
ˆj
C u – v→ –v
ˆi
C
B G
In ∆OAB, ∠OAB  180°  

  FH
a. FG
  HG
 and cos (180°  )  cos .

 

 AC DA From the cosine law
ˆ
 j  k̂.
u
  v

2 
u

2 
v

2  2
u


v

cos (180°  )

  BG
b. BH
  GH


u
  v

2 
u

2 
v

2  2
u


v

cos . ➀
 jˆ  k̂
  v
,
AC
In ∆OAC, AC


v


v

, ∠OAC  .


DH
  EH
 DE

From the cosine law
ˆ
 j  î

u
  v

2 
u

2 
v

2  2
u


v

cos 


CH
  GH
 CG

 î  k̂
u
  v

2 
u

2 
v

2  2
u


v

cos . ➁


FE
  HE
 FH
 Adding ➀ and ➁
ˆ
 j  î
u
  v

2 
u
  v

2  2
u

2  2
v

2.

  EH
EG
  HG


u
  v

2 
u
  v

2  2(
u

2 
v

2).
 î  k̂.

  BG
c. BD
  GC

  CE


Exercise 4.3
 jˆ  î  k̂

  î  jˆ  k̂.
BE 9.

  î  jˆ  k̂
d. AH

  î  jˆ  k̂
CF


GD  î  jˆ  k̂.

.
e. Face diagonal is FG 98 N


 1

FG  1
 2.

.
Body diagonal is AH


 1

AH  1 1
 3.

 and T
Represent the tensions in the cords by T
 as
1 2
shown in the diagram.

38 Chapter 4: Vectors
 From the force diagram and the sine law, 12. a.

T
1

T
2
98







sin 60° sin 45° sin 75° 7
7
98 sin 60°

T
1


8 82º 98º
sin 75°
5
98 sin 45°

T
2



sin 75° 8
5

T
1
 87.9

T
2
 71.7.
The tension in the cord making an angle of 45° with b. From the triangle of forces and the cosine law
the ceiling is approximately 87.9 N and the tension in
82  52  72  2 · 5 · 7 cos 
the other cord is approximately 71.7 N.
52  72  82
cos  


10. 2·5·7
  82°.
a →
The angle between the 5 N and 7 N forces will be
R
180°  82°  98°.

60º 120º 13. 25º

20º
a
→
→

Represent the magnitude of the forces by a. 70 kg

From the cosine law we have
686 N

R

2  a 2  a 2  2 · a · a cos 120°
1
2a 2  2a 2 ·

 302
2 →
70º
3a  9002

a2  300 20º
a  103 . 25º
 N.
The magnitude of each force is 103 686 N
→

65º
11. An object will be in a state of equilibrium when the 25º
resultant of all the forces acting on it is zero. This means
that the sum of any two magnitudes must be greater than
 and T
Represent the tensions in the cords by T
 as
1 2
or equal to the magnitude of the third force.
shown in the diagrams. From the triangle of forces
a. Since 5  2  7 < 13, equilibrium cannot be
and the sine law,
achieved.

T
1

T
2
686
b. 7 N, 5 N, and 5 N can be arranged to produce






equilibrium. sin 70° sin 65° sin 45°
686 sin 70°
c. 13  14  17, hence equilibrium can be achieved.
T
1



In this case the three forces would be collinear. sin 45°

d. Since 12  13  24 < 26, equilibrium cannot
T
1
 911.6

be achieved.
686 sin 65°

T
2



sin 45°

T
2
 879.3.

Chapter 4: Vectors 39
 The tension in the rope making a 25° angle with the 16. y
horizontal is approximately 911.6 N and in the other
rope is approximately 879.3 N.
→
|u| = 5
14. 20 m

x
40º
15 m 25 m 65º

→ →
|w| = 12 |v| = 9

375 N
Let
p
x
and
p
y
represent the components of p
 along
The 20-, 15-, and 25- metre lengths form a right- the x-axis and y-axis respectively.
angled triangle as shown in the diagram. Since the
375 N force is collinear with the 15 m steel wire, it Now
u
y
 5,
u
x
 0
will have a tension of 375 N and the tension along the
v
x
 9 cos 40°  6.9
25 m steel wire will be 0 N.

v
y
 9 sin 40°  5.8
15.


 12 sin 65°  10.9

w x


 12 cos 65°  5.1.

w y
25º
25º
→
If

pw
  v
  u
 then


px
 12 sin 65°  9 cos 40°
→
850 N
 3.98
→
65º and


py
 9 sin 40°  12 cos 65°  5
65º
→
 10.86.

850 N 17.
N
1470

 represent the tension in the wire and T

 the 15º
Let T 1 2 1470 cos 15º
compression in the steel brace as in the diagrams.

850 The horizontal component moving the log is

Now sin 65° 

1470 cos 15° N  1420 N.

T

1
850

T
1


18. a.
sin 65°

T
1
 937.9 →
28º
850
tan 65° 

→

T
2
28º
20 kg
850

T
2


196 N
tan 65°


and
F
Let
F

represent the parallel and
p n

T
2
 396.4. perpendicular components respectively.
The tension in the wire is approximately 937.9 N and
F
p
 196 sin 28°
F
n
 196 cos 28°
the compression in the steel brace is approximately
396.4 N.  92  173
The component parallel to the plane is 92 N and
perpendicular to the plan 173 N.

40 Chapter 4: Vectors
 b. The component normal to the ramp pushes down Let
F

represent the vertical component and
F



v H
against the ramp and it in turn pushes back with an
be the horizontal component.
equal but opposite force. The component parallel
Now
F

 66 cos 8°
to and down the ramp contributes to the luggage v

sliding down the ramp. If
F

is greater than the  54.5

F
H
 55 sin 8°
p

 , then the luggage will
force of friction opposing F
slide down the ramp.
p
 7.7.
b. The vertical component is approximately 54.5 kN
19. and is the component that gives the helicopter lift.
The horizontal component is approximately 7.7 kN
→ and is the component that moves the helicopter in a
T →
T horizontal plane.
343 N
5
 → 21.
F
 
→
1.5 35 kg F
343 N

Let F
 represent the horizontal force and T

 the tension 25º
in the rope.  is the angle the rope makes with the 250 kg
horizontal. 2450 N
1.5
Now cos  


5 The component that is parallel to the ramp is
  72.54° 2450 sin 25°  1035.4. The force of friction,
to oppose this, must have a magnitude of at least
343
sin  

1035.4 N.

T


22.
343 320 N

T




sin 72.54°

T

 359.6 42º

→

343
tan  

50 kg

F

490 N
343

F




tan 72.54°

is the horizontal component then
If
F x

F

 107.9.
F
x
 320 cos 42°
A force of 107.9 N will hold the girl in this position  237.8.
and the tension in the rope is 359.6 N. The horizontal component causing the roller to move
is approximately 238 N.
20. a.

55 kN

8º

Chapter 4: Vectors 41
23. H From the sine law
G
sin  sin 150°
E




F


F

R


sin 150°
10 D sin  


6
C
5  23
A   9.89°.
15 B
The ship will move approximately 20°  9.89°  10°
off the starboard bow.
Since the forces are perpendicular to each other,
consider them acting along the edges of a rectangular 25. a. 60 cm
solid with dimension 15 by 10 by 6. Now the  


 6 N,
AE
magnitudes of the forces
AD

 10 N, →
80 cm → →



and
AB
 15 N. AG will be the sum of these forces → →

100 cm



2  62  102  152
where
AG 
400 N
 


 19.

AG →

In ∆AGB, ∠GAB   Diagram 1

400 N
Diagram 2

15
and cos  


19

 and T
Let T
 be the tension in each length of
  38°. 1 2

In ∆AEG, ∠EAG  string. Since the mass is suspended from the

10


T
midpoint of the cord,
T

. From diagram 1
and cos 

1 2
19 the vertical components of T
 and T

 are
T


sin 
 58°. 1 2 1


and
T
sin . For equilibrium the sum of these
The magnitude of the resultant is 19 N and it makes 2
angles of approximately 58° and 38° with the 10 N vertical components will be 400.
and 15 N forces respectively.


sin  
T
Therefore
T

sin   400.
1 2
24.


T


therefore 2
T


sin   400.
→ But
T
|F| 1 2 1
10º 4
 20º →
R From the 100, 80, 60 triangle, sin  


5
8

2 |F|
→

150º
hence


T 1
 400
→
|F| 5

T
1
 250.

 represent the vector along which the ship
Let R
The tension in each length would be 250 N hence
moves. From the parallelogram and cosine law, we
the string will support the weight.


2 
F
have
R

2  4
F


2  2 ·
F


· 2
F


cos 150°
OR


2  23
 5
F

2

F From diagram 2 and the sine law

R

 


5  23
F
T
1
400




.
sin (90°  ) sin 2

But sin (90°  )  cos , sin 2  2 sin  cos 

4
and sin  

.
5

 400 cos  200
Hence
T 1




 250.
2 sin  cos  sin 
Conclusion as above.

42 Chapter 4: Vectors
b. A 120 cm B Exercise 4.4
α 
2. a.
12 80 cm →
1 km/h
→ 0c
m


α 
C
2 cos   2 km/h

400 N 2 sin 

90º – α
α Let the angle to the bank be . The component
 perpendicular to the bank will be 2 sin , the speed
that takes him across the river, and the component
400 N parallel to the bank is 2 cos . For the man to swim
→
directly across the river then
2 cos   1
90º –  1
cos  


2

and   60°.
The man must swim at an angle of 60° to the bank

 and T
Represent the tensions as T
 and the angles
1 2 if he is to reach a point directly across from his
in ∆ABC and  and  as shown in the diagram. starting point.
Since AC  AB  120, ∠ACB  ∠ABC  . b. If the speed of the current if 4 km/h, 2 cos   4,
From the cosine law cos   2 which is not possible since
cos 

1.
802  1202  1202  2 · 120 · 120 cos  He will not be able to swim to a point directly
across the river in this case. As long as the current
2 · 1202  802
cos  

is less than 2 km/h, he will be able to swim to a
2 · 120 · 120 point directly across the river.
  38.94°.
3. N
Also   2  180°
therefore   70.53°. →
vt
From the sine law →
vs
W

T
1
400
T
2
→
E






vb
sin (90°  ) sin (90°  ) sin (  )
90°    51.06° S
90°    19.47°
    109.47°
Let v
s, v
b, and v
t represent the velocities of the
400 sin 51.06° streetcar, bus, and taxi respectively and v
s  35,

T
1


 330.0 v
b  42, v
t  50 where north is positive and
sin 109.47°
south is negative.
400 sin 19.47°

T
2


 141.4.
sin 109.47°


 330 N > 300 N, the string
Since the tension
T 1
will not support the 400 N weight.

Chapter 4: Vectors 43
 a. The velocity of the streetcar relative to the taxi, a. The plane will travel a distance of
v
s  v
t  35  (50)  15, is 15 km/h south. 3 
v

 1383 km in 3 hours.
b. The velocity of the streetcar relative to the bus, b. The direction of the plane is approximately N 13° E.
v
s  v
b  35  (42)  77, is 77 km/h north.
c. The velocity of the taxi relative to the bus, 6.
v
t  v
b  50  (42)  92, is 92 km/h north. 10º
d. The velocity of the bus relative to the streetcar, B
v
b  v
s  42  (35)  77, is 77 km/h south.
A

N
4. a. 2 km 8º
6 km/h 

8º

20 km/h W E
O

S
The distance downstream will be the distance Adding the vectors creates ∆OAB where OA
 is the
1

 175, AB
velocity of the aircraft,
OA
 is the velocity
travelled in 6 min at 6 km/h,

 6  0.6, 0.6 km.
10

 40, and ∠BAO 90°  10°  8°
of the wind,
AB
He will touch the bank 0.6 km downstream from  72°.
the marina and will be there in 6 minutes.


OB  v is the resultant velocity and ∠BOA  .
b. The boat will proceed across the river at a speed of From the cosine law
20 km/h regardless of the speed of the current.
v

2  402  1752  2 · 40 · 175 cos 72°
Hence the time it takes to cross the river will be the
time it takes to travel 2 km at 20 km/h,
v

 167.03.
2 1 From the sine law




, 6 minutes.
20 10
sin  sin 72°
5. N




40
v


40 sin 72°
sin  


450  v
→
v


  13.17°.
W E
100 The ground velocity is approximately 167 km/h in a
direction N 5° W (13°  8°  5°).
S
Let the resultant velocity be v
.
Now
v

2  4502  1002

v

 460.9772
100
and tan  


450
  12.53°.

44 Chapter 4: Vectors
7. From the sine law
A sin  sin 135°





65
v


40º
15º 65 sin 135°
B sin  



v


→
v
  9.1°.
O The plane’s actual direction is approximately S 81° E.
40º 9.
215 km/h

Adding the vectors creates ∆OAB where OA
 is the 18º


 3; AB
boat’s velocity,
OA
 is the current’s velocity,
a. The horizontal component is


 2, and ∠BAO  55°, ∠BOA  .

AB 215 cos 18°  204 km/h. The vertical component is
From the cosine law 215 sin 18°  66 km/h.

v

2  32  22  2 · 3 · 2 cos 55° b. The horizontal component is the speed that the jet
advances. The vertical component is the speed at

v

 2.473.
which the jet gains vertical altitude.
From the sine law
10. N
sin  sin 55°





2
v

80º
W 10º E
O
2 sin 55°
sin  



v

520
20º
→
  41.48°. v
The velocity is approximately 2.5 m/s in a direction of S 46 A
N 56° W (41.48°  15°  56.48°). B

8.
 represents the vector along which the plane steers.

OA


 520 km/h, ∠BOA   hence the plane steers

OA
A
O


 represents the wind velocity,
at S (20  )° E. AB
45º
→
v

 46 km/h and ∠ABO  80°  20°  100°.

AB
B

  v
 represents the velocity with respect to the
OB
ground.
From the sine law
Adding the vectors forms ∆OAB where the plane sin  sin 100° sin ∠OAB








,
steering east at 240 km/h is represented by OA 46 520
v



, 46 sin 100°
the wind from the northwest is represented by AB sin  


520


 65, and the plane’s actual velocity is v
 where

AB
  4.997°.
∠AOB  .
From the cosine law

v

2  2402  652  2 · 240 · 65 cos 135°

v

 289.63.

Chapter 4: Vectors 45
 ∠OAB  180°    100° b. When there is no wind, the time required to travel
x
 75° from Vancouver to Toronto is

h and from
520 sin ∠OAB v
∴
v



x
Toronto to Vancouver is

h.
sin 100° v



v
 510.04. 2x
Total time is Tb 

.
The pilot should steer in a direction S 25° E and the v
plane’s ground speed will be approximately 510 km/h. Now Ta  Tb

11. B 2xv 2x





v2  w2 v
30t
v2  (v2  w2
20t  2x


v(v2  w2) 
 45º
8 S 2xw2
D 

>0
v(v2  w2)
Therefore Ta  Tb > 0
Since Ta  Tb > 0, Ta > Tb, it takes longer to travel
The destroyer travels in a direction  as in the diagram
from Vancouver to Toronto and back when there is
and will intercept the sub in t hours. Hence the
distance DB  30t nautical miles and SB  20t a wind.
nautical miles. ∠OSB  135° and from the sine law
13. A
sin  sin 135°




N
20t 30t

20 sin 135° 12 m/s

sin  


30 0.5 m/s

O E
  28°, 0

90° 3 m/s
The destroyer should travel in a direction of N 62° E
to intercept the submarine. The speed relative to the ocean floor is represented by
OA, a diagonal of a rectangular solid with sides of
12. a. w
length 0.5, 3, and 12, as shown in the diagram.
V T OA2  (0.5)2  122  32
OA  12.379
Represent the velocity of the aircraft as v
 and the The speed of the sailor relative to the ocean floor is

, v > w. Let the distance between
wind velocity as w approximately 12.4 m/s.
Toronto and Vancouver be x km. The speed in
going from Vancouver to Toronto with the wind is 14. Let v
c represent the velocity of the car and v
t the
(v  w) km/h and from Toronto to Vancouver will velocity of the truck. Vector v
R, the velocity of the
be (v  w) km/h. The time to go from Vancouver
x truck relative to the car, is such that v
R  v
t  v
c.
to Toronto will be

h and from Toronto to
vw
x
Vancouver

h.
vw
→
x x vc 80 km/h
Total time is Ta 




vw vw →
vc →
vR
vwvw
 x


(v  w)(v  w)  
→ →
vt vt
2xv

2
.
v  w2 50 km/h

46 Chapter 4: Vectors

v
R
2  802  502 Represent the resultant by R
. From the cosine law

R

2 
F

2 
F

2  2
F


F

cos 125°

v
R
 94.34 1 2 1 2

 54  34  2 · 54 · 34 cos 125°
2 2
 is the angle between v
R and v
t.


R
 78.601.
80
tan  

The magnitude of the resultant is approximately
50
79 N.
  58°.
The velocity of the truck relative to the car is


 21,
F
b.
F

 45,   140°
approximately 94.3 km/h in a direction N 32° E. 1 2

R

2 
F
1
2 
F
2
2  2
F
1

F
2
cos 40°

Review Exercise  212  452  2 · 21 · 45 cos 40°

7.
R

 31.909
The magnitude of the resultant is approximately
32 N.
 →

T → 9.
T
→ 75º
R
12 N →
F2 75º
29.4 180º – 130º
55º = 50º
3 kg →

12 F1
29.4 N
From the sine law

 and the angle
Represent the tension in the string by T
the string makes with the vertical by  as shown in
R


F
1

F
2








the diagrams. sin 50° sin 75° sin 55°
Since the system is in equilibrium the sum of the three

 as shown in the triangle diagram.
forces will be O
R

 480 N


2  29.42  122
Now
T
R

sin 75°

F
1




T

 31.75 sin 50°

12
F
1
 605.2
tan  

,   22.2°.
29.4

R

sin 55°
The tension in the string has a magnitude of 32 N and
F
2



the string makes an angle of 22° with the vertical. sin 50°



F 2
 513.3.
8. a.
→
→ R The magnitudes of the two forces are approximately
F2 605 N and 513 N.
180º – 55º
55º = 125º
→
F1

Chapter 4: Vectors 47
10. Let T
 and T

 represent the tensions in each string and
1 2
 and  be the angles that the strings make with the
2N ceiling as shown in the diagram. In ∆OAB, OA  7,
20º
12 N OB  5, AB  10. From the cosine law
40º
72  102  52  2 · 5 · 10 cos 

102  52  72
5N cos  


2 · 5 · 10
19
→
cos  

,   40.5°.
F1 25
 →
Also 52  72  102  2 · 7 · 10 cos 
R
→
F2 31
cos  

,   27.7°.
35
→
T2
90º – 
Resolve the 2 N and 5 N forces into rectangular
components along and perpendicular to the 12 N force. 
α
98 N
2 sin 20º →

90º – α T1
α

From the sine law

5 sin 40º

T
1

T
2

98






.

 be the resultant of F

 and F

 where sin (  ) sin (90°  ) sin (90°  )
Let R 1 2

F
1
 12  2 cos 20°  5 cos 40°  17.7096 But sin (90°  )  cos , sin (90°  )  cos 
and     68.2°


 5 sin 40°  2 sin 20°  2.5299.
and
F 2
98 cos 27.7°


2 
F
Now
R

2 
F


2
T
1



1 2 sin 68.2°

R

 17.8894  93.5

F
2
98 cos 40.5°
tan  


T
2




F

1
sin 68.2°
 80.3.
  8.13°.
The resultant has a magnitude of approximately The tension in the 5 m string is 93.5 N and in the 7 m
17.9 N and makes an angle of 8° with the 12 N force string is 80.3 N.
and 32° with the 5 N force.

11. A 10 m B
 α
→
→ T1
T2
 α
O

10 kg
98 N

48 Chapter 4: Vectors
12. 14.
150 m
m/h α
800 k
 45º 4 m/s
→
45º v
3 sin 30º

80 km/h 3 m/s
30º
To fly due east let the bearing of the plane be  north 3 cos 30º
of east, and v
 represent the velocity due east. From the
sine law
sin  sin 135° sin 







80 800
v


sin 135° a. Resolve the velocity of 3 m/s into rectangular
sin  

components, 3 cos 30° with the current and
10
3 sin 30° perpendicular to the current. Her speed
  4.1° downstream will be (4  3 cos 30°) m/s. Her
  180°  135°  4.1° distance downstream in 10 s will be
 40.9°. 10(4  3 cos 30°)  65.98 m.
sin 40.9° sin 135°
Now



b. Her speed going across the river is 3 sin 30° m/s.



v
800
The time required to go 150 m is
800 sin 40.9° 150

v





 100 s.
sin 135° 3 sin 30°

v

 740.8.
15. a.
a. The plane’s heading should be N 85.9° E.

b. The time required to go 800 km at 740.8 km/h is →

v
800 


 1 hour 5 min. 73 km/h 60º
740.8 450 km/h

13. 25º

15º Let v
 represent the ground velocity. From the

triangle of vectors let  be the angle between v
 and
480 km/h 528 km/h
450 km/h as shown. The angle opposite 450 is
60°  25°  85°. From the sine law

sin  sin 85°




→
w 73 450
73 sin 85°
The wind will be from the north-west to push the sin  



 is the wind velocity,
plane on a flight of S 15° E. If w 450
then from the cosine law   9.3°
The pilot should steer on a heading of N 69° E.

w

2  4802  5282  2 · 480 · 528 cos 15°

w

 139.9
The wind speed is approximately 140 km/h.

Chapter 4: Vectors 49

v

450 From the cosine law
b.




sin 86° sin 85°

s
2  1732  2172  2 · 173 · 217 cos 110°
450 sin 86°

v




s
 320.46.
sin 85°
217 sin 110°

v

 450.62 Now sin  



s

The ground speed is approximately 451 km/h.
  39.52°.
350
c. The time to fly 350 km is

 0.776 hours or The displacement vector has a magnitude of 320 km
47 min. 451 with a bearing of S 70° E.
→
vc
16. 14º 18. au
  bv
  O


→
vt
 →
vR au
  bv

14º
If u
 and v
 are not collinear then a  b  0.
If u
 and v
 are collinear and have opposite directions
then
au


bv

.
Let v
R be the relative velocity of the tanker to
→ →
the cutter. bv au

 the velocity of the tanker
V t

a

u


b


v



 the velocity of the cutter.
V c

Now v
R  v
t  v
c
a

b

Let



 k, k
R.

v
R
 19 knots,
v
c
 12 knots.
v


u


From the cosine law Now a  k
v

and b  k
u

.

v
t
2  122  192  2 · 12 · 19 cos 14°

v
t
 7.9. 19. Case I.

From the sine law B

→
→ v
sin  sin 14° u+ →




→
v
12
v

t O →
|v|
C u A
  21.5°.
The actual velocity of the tanker is 7.9 knots on a
bearing of N 54° E.
u

>
v

. In the diagram, let OA

  u
, AB

  v
. Therefore

  u
  v
. Locate C in OA so that CA 
v

hence
OB
17.
F OC 
u


v

.
20º 50º
173
In ∆CAB, CA  AB therefore ∠ACB  ∠ABC and
70º each of these angles is obtuse. In ∆OCB, ∠OCB is the
 217 largest angle, therefore OB is the longest side, hence
M
OC < OB, i.e.,
u


v

<
u
  v

.
→
s

Let the displacement vector be s and ∠FMN be .

∠MFN  110°.

50 Chapter 4: Vectors
 Case II. b. v
  b

 

a.
→
B –a
→
v
→ →

→ →
v D v →

u+ b
→

→
|u|

O → A
u
→
u
→ → →
u+v v
 
2
b
  5c
 

c. w a.
3

u

<
v

. Similar proof to the above (see diagram).

  v
)  2u
  3(u
  v
)
3. 3(4u
AD 
u


 12u
  3v
  2u
  3u
  3v



DB 
u


v


 7u
  6v
.

  b
)  4a

  4b
 is called the distributive


In either case,
u


v

<
u
  v

.
4. 4(a
property.
Equality holds if u
 is parallel to v
 but in the
opposite direction or if
u


v

 0 hence →
4(a + b)
→

u


v




u
  v

.
→
4b
→ →
a+b →
b
→
a →
Chapter 4 Test 4a

  OC

 and
1.
u
  v


u


v

when u

 and v
 are collinear and 5. From the parallelogram law the resultant R
have the same direction. ∠OBC  55°.


2  152  112  2 · 15 · 11 cos 55°
Now
R
2.
R

 12.5.
The magnitude of the resultant is approximately
→ 12.5 N.
b
→
c C
A
→
→ R
a
11 N
125º
a. u
 

a  3c
 55º
B
O 15 N
2– →
→
3b
u →

→
– 5c
3c →
w
→ →
a a

Chapter 4: Vectors 51
6. 10 m Therefore 4 cos   1.5
α  90º – α
1.5
cos  


→
T2
6m 8m 4
→ →
T1
T2
α  490 N α   67.976
 The boat must steer at an angle of 68° to go directly
→
50 kg 90º –  T1 across. The speed going across the river is 4 sin 68°
490 N 
650
m/s therefore the time to cross is

 175.29 s
Position Diagram Force Diagram 4 sin 68°
or 2.9 min.

From the position diagram, the 6-m, 8-m, and 10-m 8.

lengths form a right triangle.
3 4
Therefore sin  

, sin  

, and     90°. →
5 5 – va
From the force diagram,     90°
50º

T
2
50º 70º
and sin (90°  ) 


490 →
 →
va u
therefore
T

 490 sin 
2
→
4 vf
 490 


5

T
2
 392 60º

T
1

sin (90°  )

Let v
a represent the velocity of the aircraft, v
f represent
490
the velocity of the fighter jet, and u
 represent the


 490 sin  relative velocity of the fighter jet with respect to the
therefore
T 1 aircraft. Hence u
  v
f  v
a.
3
 490 


5 Now
u

2  7352  3002  2 · 735 · 300 cos 60°

T
1
 294.
u

 640.0976.
The tension in each part of the cable is 294 N
(8-m length) and 392 N (6-m length). sin  sin 60°
Also




7.
300
u


1.5 m/s
300 sin 60°
sin  



u


  23.95°.
4 m/s
4 cos   The relative velocity of the fighter jet with respect to
the aircraft is 640 knots with a direction of S 44° E.
4 sin 

Let the boat steer at an angle of  to the bank as

shown in the diagram. The component of the boat’s
speed against the current is 4 cos  and the component
perpendicular to the current is 4 sin . To go directly
across the river, the component against the current
must equal the current.

52 Chapter 4: Vectors