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Tunica media
Smooth muscle, collagen fibers
Vasoconstriction/vasodilation
Continuous
Capillaries
Fenestrated Capillaries
Sinusoids Sinusoids
Actual volume of blood flowing through a Force per unit area exerted on the wall of a
vessel, an organ, or the entire circulation in a blood vessel by its contained blood
given period:
Expressed in millimeters of mercury (mm
Is measured in ml per min. Hg)
Is equivalent to cardiac output (CO),
Measured in reference to systemic arterial
considering the entire vascular system BP in large arteries near the heart
Is relatively constant when at rest The differences in BP within the vascular
Varies widely through individual organs system provide the driving force that keeps
blood moving from higher to lower pressure
areas
Resistance Resistance
Resistance – opposition to flow Vessel diameter
Measure of the amount of friction blood
Small diameter will have greater friction of
encounters blood against the vessel wall. This will
decrease the flow (greater resistance)
Generally encountered in the systemic
Most of the peripheral resistance occur in
circulation arterioles. Changes in vessel diameter are
Referred to as peripheral resistance (PR) frequent and significantly alter peripheral
resistance
The important sources of resistance are blood
Resistance varies inversely with the fourth
viscosity, total blood vessel length, blood power of vessel radius
vessel diameter and turbulence if the radius is doubled, the resistance is
1/16 as much
Systemic pressure:
Is highest in the aorta
Declines throughout the length of the
pathway
Is 0 mm Hg in the right atrium
The steepest change in blood pressure occurs
in the arterioles
Arterial BP reflects two factors of the arteries Systolic pressure – pressure exerted on
close to the heart arterial walls during ventricular contraction
Their elasticity (compliance or distensibility) Diastolic pressure – lowest level of arterial
pressure during a ventricular cycle
The amount of blood forced into them at any
Pulse pressure – the difference between
given time systolic and diastolic pressure
Blood pressure in elastic arteries near the
EX: 120-80= 40 (Pulse Pressure)
heart is pulsatile (BP rises and falls)
Arterial Blood Pressure Capillary Blood Pressure
Venous BP is steady and changes little during Venous BP alone is too low to promote
the cardiac cycle adequate blood return and is aided by the:
The pressure gradient in the venous system is
Respiratory “pump” – pressure changes
only about 20 mm Hg created during breathing suck blood toward
A cut vein has even blood flow; a lacerated the heart by squeezing local veins
artery flows in spurts
Muscular “pump” – contraction of skeletal
muscles “milk” blood toward the heart
Valves prevent backflow during venous
return
The main factors influencing blood pressure Cardiac output is determined by venous return
are: and neural and hormonal controls
Cardiac output (CO) Resting heart rate is controlled by the
Peripheral resistance (PR) cardioinhibitory center via the vagus nerves
Blood volume
Stroke volume is controlled by venous return
Blood pressure = CO x PR (end diastolic volume, or EDV)
Blood pressure varies directly with CO, PR,
and blood volume
Controls Baroreceptors
in carotid
sinuses and
aortic arch Inhibit CO
stimulated vasomotor center
R
Rate of vasomotor
pressure
CO and R
return blood Impulses from
pressure to baroreceptors: Arterial blood pressure
homeostatic Stimulate cardio- falls below normal range
The kidneys control BP by altering blood Kidneys act directly and indirectly to maintain
volume long-term blood pressure
Increased BP stimulates the kidneys to
Direct renal mechanism alters blood volume
eliminate water, thus reducing BP Increased kidney perfusion increases
Decreased BP stimulates the kidneys to filtration
increase blood volume and BP
Indirect renal mechanism involves the renin-
angiotensin mechanism
Hormonal Controls Kidney Action and Blood Pressure
Systemic arterial BP is measured indirectly
The first sound heard is recorded as the
with the auscultatory method systolic pressure
A sphygmomanometer is placed on the arm Korotkoff sounds
superior to the elbow
The pressure when sound disappears is
Pressure is increased in the cuff until it is recorded as the diastolic pressure
greater than systolic pressure in the brachial
artery
Pressure is released slowly and the
examiner listens with a stethoscope
Blood pressure cycles over a 24-hour period Hypotension – low BP in which systolic
BP peaks in the morning due to waxing and pressure is below 100 mm Hg
waning levels of hormones Hypertension – condition of sustained
Extrinsic factors such as age, sex, weight, elevated arterial pressure of 140/90 or higher
race, mood, posture, socioeconomic status,
Transient elevations are normal and can be
and physical activity may also cause BP to caused by fever, physical exertion, and
vary emotional upset
Chronic elevation is a major cause of heart
failure, vascular disease, renal failure, and
stroke
Hypotension Hypertension
Blood Vessels
PART B
Blood flow through the skin: Blood flow to venous plexuses below the skin
Supplies nutrients to cells in response to surface:
oxygen need
Varies from 50 ml/min to 2500 ml/min,
Helps maintain body temperature depending on body temperature
Provides a blood reservoir
Is controlled by sympathetic nervous system
reflexes initiated by temperature receptors
and the central nervous system
Temperature Regulation
Blood Flow: Lungs
As temperature rises (e.g., heat exposure,
fever, vigorous exercise): Blood flow in the pulmonary circulation is
Hypothalamic signals reduce vasomotor unusual in that:
stimulation of the skin vessels
The pathway is short
Heat radiates from the skin
Arteries/arterioles are more like
Sweat also causes vasodilation via bradykinin
in perspiration veins/venules (thin-walled, with large
lumens)
Bradykinin stimulates the release of NO
They have a much lower arterial pressure
As temperature decreases, blood is shunted to
deeper, more vital organs (24/8 mm Hg versus 120/80 mm Hg)
Blood Flow: Heart
Blood Flow: Lungs
Small vessel coronary circulation is influenced
The autoregulatory mechanism is exactly by:
opposite of that in most tissues
Aortic pressure
The pumping activity of the ventricles
Low oxygen levels in the alveolus cause
vasoconstriction; high levels promote During ventricular systole:
vasodilation
Coronary vessels compress
This allows for proper oxygen loading in
Myocardial blood flow ceases
the lungs
Stored myoglobin supplies sufficient oxygen
During ventricular diastole, oxygen and
nutrients are carried to the heart
Processes that move fluids across Processes that move fluids across
capillary walls capillary walls
Diffusion of molecules happens Reabsorption
through adjacent endothelial cell or
Through osmosis
through the pores or
The higher the solute concentration the greater
through channels on the membrane or the solution’s osmotic pressure
through the membrane of the endothelial cells
Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) or
oncotic pressure
Filtration
Capillary hydrostatic pressure (CHP) Is the osmotic pressure of the blood
Only small molecules will pass through the
It works against hydrostatic pressure
pores of the membrane or between adjacent
endothelial cells
NFP=(CHP-IHP) – (BCOP-ICOP)
IHP=0
ICOP=0
+NFP=fluid moves out of the capillary (arterial
side)
-NFP=fluid moves into the capillary (venous side)
Systemic Circulation
Systemic arteries
Ascending aorta
Right and left coronary arteries originate from
base of aortic sinus
Aortic arch
Brachiocephalic trunk
Right common carotid
Right subclavian
Left common carotid
Left subclavian
Descending aorta
Thoracic and abdominal aortas
Clavicle (cut)
face
Subclavian
artery
Brachiocephalic
Axillary trunk
artery Internal thoracic
artery
(b)
Superior mesenteric
Pancreas, small intestine and proximal 2/3 of
the large intestine
Suprarenal
Renal
Gonadals
Inferior mesenteric
Distal 1/3 of the large intestine
Fibular
Dorsalis pedis artery
Dorsal and plantar archs Arcuate artery
Metatarsal arteries
(b)
Dural sinuses
Subclavian vein
External jugular vein
Right and left
Vertebral vein
Systemic Veins Internal jugular vein
Superior vena cava
brachiocephalic veins
Cephalic vein
Brachial vein
Axillary vein
Superior vena cava Great cardiac vein
Basilic vein
Splenic vein
Hepatic veins
Median cubital vein
Drains blood from the head and neck Hepatic portal vein
Superior mesenteric Renal vein
vein Inferior mesenteric vein
Inferior vena cava Inferior vena cava
Jugular foramen
Left and right transverse sinuses
Right internal
(c) jugular vein
Posterior
Left and right transverse sinuses converge to auricular vein
External
form the sigmoid sinus jugular vein
Vertebral vein
Sigmoid sinus becomes internal jugular vein Internal
jugular vein
Superior and middle
thyroid veins
Brachiocephalic
vein
Subclavian
vein
Superior
(b) vena cava
Basilic
Median cubital
Connects basilic and cephalic
Right
Storage gastroepiploic vein
Inferior
Metabolic conversion mesenteric vein
Superior
Excretion mesenteric vein
Small intestine
Large intestine
Rectum
(c)
Venous Drainage from the Lower
Hepatic portal system
Capillaries in the digestive system
Limb
Hepatic portal vein
Inferior mesenteric vein
Superior mesenteric vein
Splenic vein
Gastric veins
Cystic vein
Liver capillaries
Hepatic vein
Femoral vein
Great saphenous
vein (superficial)
Popliteal vein
Popliteal vein Anterior tibial vein
Fibular (peroneal) vein