CAD for VLSI Design - II

Lecture 1 V. Kamakoti and Shankar Balachandran

About the course

Advanced Digital Fundamentals
Transistor Theory Arithmetic Circuits Design Pipelining fundamentals Case study of a pipelined superscalar processor ASIC Design flow

The Course Starts Here

Transistor Theory

History: Transistor Revolution

1947: 1949: 1956: 1958: 1960: 1962: 1974:
Tech. Devices SSI MSI LSI VLSI ULSI

Transistor by J. Bardeen, W. Brattain at Bell Labs. Bipolar transistor by W. Shockley. First bipolar digital logic gate by Harris First monolithic IC by Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments. First commercial logic gate IC from Fairchild. TTL the first IC revolution ECL first sub-nanosecond digital gates.
Year 1950-60 1960-65 1965-70 1970-80 1980-85 1986Approx. # trans./chip 1 10 100 - 1K 1K - 20K 20K - 500K > 500K Typical Products Transistors and diode Logic gates, latches, etc. Counters, adders, etc. 8-bit Proc., ROM, RAM, 16-bit Proc., peripherals, 32-bit Proc., DSPs, ASICs,

MOSFET Technology
1925: Basic principle behind MOSFETs (IGFET) independently proposed by J. Lilienfeld (Canada) in 1925 and O. Heil (England) in 1935. 1963: CMOS gate F. Wanlass and C. Sah. Plagued with manufacturing problems. 1960s: PMOS for calculators. 1972: Intel 4004 the second IC revolution. NMOS used for speed. 1980s: CMOS dominant technology of the information age because of lower power and ease of design. BiCMOS, SiGe, GaAs, Cu interconnect, low-K dielectric, SOI,

CMOS Technology
CMOS Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor. MOSFET a sandwich structure of Metal, Oxide and Semiconductor. Modern processes use polysilicon instead of metal for gate - originally called IGFET. Different views of a CMOS circuit:

Technology Roadmap: ITRS 2001

Year Feature size (nm) Mtrans/cm2 DRAM bits (Gbits) Chip size (mm2) Signal pins / chip Power/GND pins/chip Clock rate (GHz) Wiring levels Power supply (V) High-perf power (W) Battery power (W) 2001 130 38 0.512 280 1024 2048 1.7 7 1.1 130 2.4 2003 90 61 1 280 1024 2048 3.1 8 1.0 150 2.8 2006 53 122 2 280 1024 2048 5.6 9 0.9 180 3.5 2010 32 309 8 280 1280 2560 11.5 10 0.6 218 3.0 2013 2016 22 16 617 1235 32 64 280 280 1408 1472 2816 2944 19.3 10 0.5 251 3.0 28.8 10 0.4 288 3.0

Reliability: Noise in Digital ICs

Noise unwanted variations of voltage and currents at nodes in a logic circuit. Most noise in a digital system is internally generated.

Noise Immunity
Noise immunity expresses the ability of the system to process and transmit information correctly in the presence of noise reject a noise source instead of overpowering it For a given set of noise sources, the minimum signal swing necessary for the system to be operational can be derived. The signal swing (and the noise

The Ideal Inverter

Gain in the transition region:
A =

Vout

Rin = Rout = 0 VM = Vdd/2 (middle of the logic swing) NMH = NML = Vdd/2

A =

Vin

Fanout =

Questions and Answers

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