Important Monarchs and Leaders

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1.

__ (also known as Henry Bourbon or Henry of Navarre) of France won the War of Three Henries. He and his ministers greatly increased the power, prestige, and infrastructure of France.

3.

Henry IV of France
2.

__ led the Dutch war for Independence against Catholic Spain during the later 1500's. The Dutch showed great initiative in their defense, on several occasions breaking the dykes and flooding their own cities as a battle tactic. Although Dutch independence was achieved by his death in 1584, the Spanish did not officially recognize it until the 1648 Peace of Westphalia.

___ of Austria was considered and "Enlightened Despot." Although he brought numerous reforms to Austria, he ultimately lost most of the power his mother, Maria Theresa, had accumulated. His financial and military struggles forced him to repeatedly make concessions to the Austrian nobles. ___ of England tried to make the British tax system more efficient. He angered the American colonists, lost the Revolution, then went crazy and peed blue (look it up if you don't believe me).

Joseph II of Austria

4.

William "the Silent" of Orange (Netherlands)

George III of England

5.

___ of England was the second daughter of Henry VIII. She made England permanently Protestant, defeated the Spanish, and cultivated a great age of arts and learning. She intentionally promoted her image as the "Virgin Queen;" someone who was willing to give up love and family for the good of her nation. ___ of France led from 1638 to 1715. He promoted himself as the "Sun King" (the source of all power and prosperity), built the Palace at Versailles, and achieved nearly absolute power over the nobility in France.

7.

Elizabeth I of England

6.

___ of France proved himself a capable young general during the French Revolution. He became First Consul of France in 1799. In 1804, he crowned himself Emperor of the French. He conquered most of Europe, installed family members in leadership positions, and spread a egalitarian legal code before meeting his final defeat, at the Battle of Waterloo, in 1816. ___ of Prussia earned the title "the Great." Considered an "enlightened despot," he built the power of Prussia by promoting science, education, arts, and a highly trained military.

Napoleon Bonaparte of France

8.

Louis XIV of France

Frederick II of Prussia
9.

___ of Russia conquered territory, built the city of St. Petersburg, and forced Western European technology and culture on the Russian people.

Peter I of Russia

10.

___ of Russia led the Bolshevik coup against the Russian Provisional Government in October of 1917. The Provisional Government, which had taken over after the Russians had revolted and demanded the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II over his poor handling of the First World War, failed to take Russia out of the war or redistribute land. The Bolsheviks took this continued unrest as an opportunity to take over and form a Communist Russian Government. ___ was a German statesman who dominated European politics from the 1860's until 1890. Known as "The Iron Chancellor," he felt that the issues of the modern era would not be solved with diplomacy but with "blood and iron." He deliberately instigated the Franco-Prussian War of 1871 as method of unifying the German states under Prussian Leadership. He unified modern Germany.

12.

Vladamir Lenin of the USSR

___ was one of the greatest statesmen of the nineteenth century. Throughout the 1850's and 60's, as primeminster of PiedmontSardinia, he used his diplomatic savvy to unite the Italian city states under Piedmontese leadership. He was the father of Italian Unification. ____ "the Magnificent" his Florence during the height of the Italian Renaissance. Although Florence was supposedly a republic, it was really an oligarchy run by the powerful De Medici banking family. The family patronized art to show it's power and wealth.

Camillo Benso di Cavour of PiedmontSardinia

13.

11.

Lorenzo di Medici (Florence, Italy)

Otton von Bismarck of Prussia/Germany

14.

____ brought England out of the Catholic Church and created the Anglican Church. He did this because he wanted to divorce his wife and seize Catholic land and wealth rather than for theological reasons. Ruling less than fifty years after his father, Henry VII, had won the War of the Roses and secured the monarchy, he was deathly afraid that England would fall back into Civil War if he could not produce a male heir. ____ of England tried to arrest members of Parliament, caused the English Civil War in 1642, and got himself beheaded in 1649. This led to the rise of Puritan Republic under Oliver Cromwell. That fanatical republic crumbled, leading to the Restoration of the Monarchy in 1660.

16.

Henry VIII of England

15.

____ of Spain was the most militant CounterReformation monarch. The son of Charles V, he launched the Spanish Inquisition to destroy Protestantism, married Catholic Mary I of England, and went to war with Mary's sister Elizabeth I after Mary's death. Unfortunately for him, his armada (fleet) lost to England in 1588, thus ended Spanish dominance of the seas. ____ the Great of Russia was considered an "enlightened despot." She promoted arts and education in Russia. She used her political acumen and intelligence to consolidate her rule and increase the power of Russia.

Philip II of Spain

17.

Charles I of England

Catherine II of Russia

18.

___, as Prime Minister of England, led the nation to victory the in most important struggle of the Eighteenth century, the Seven Years War. Pitt completely reorganized and revitalized the War effort. This world-wide war had battles from India to the South Atlantic. Ultimately, France lost all its possessions in North America and experienced devastating losses its global trade empire.

19.

William Pitt the Elder

After the Death of Lenin, ___ outmaneuvered his rivals and became the sole leader of Russia by 1926. From 1926 his death in 1953, he ruled Russian with an iron hand and demanded complete obedience from other communist countries. After Hitler betrayed a non-aggression pact, Stalin helped the Allies defeat the Fascists in World War II. He then sought to conquer and control a group of communist "buffer states" which caused the forty-five year "cold war" and nuclear arms race with the United States.

Joseph Stalin of the USSR

20.

Holy Roman Emperor ___ led during the Protestant Reformation. Because he needed the support of the German Princes his constant wars against the Turks, he vacillated between allowing Protestantism and opposing it. In the end, this vacillation allowed the Reformation to succeed in religiously dividing Europe.

Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (Charles I of Spain)