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Human beings have Legal Rights that extend de juris to the Magna Carta in modern history. They are generally free to live and pay taxes in countries in which they have va lid citizenship. Prior to modern history, the Roman Empire provides a set of examples of legal, p roperty, and individual rights. Property rights and ownership have to do with legally binding contracts between an individual and the rest of the world, where a particular government grants an individual unrestricted access to and control over an asset, to the detriment of all others . Postmodern history has afforded rights under the Geneva Convention, enforced by international bodies such as the United Nations as well as individual states party to the agre ement; however, the provisions of the Geneva Convention are specific to wartime settings. The pr otocols introduced in the 70's broadened the scope of the convention; however, as typical for inter national accords, enforcement is a major issue. 2. The definition of the marketplace.
The classical definition of the marketplace is the method of price discovery whe reby the parties to a transaction determine their opportunity costs relative to that transaction. If the transaction is deemed favorable by both parties, it will proceed. Absent external influence, it will reflect the buyer's willingness to become less liquid, or trade capital for investments, goods, and services. 3. Macro-economic equilibrium as understood by Keynes and the classical und erstanding. Macro-economic equilibrium describes the functioning of the nation-states of the world in terms of transactions. When exports balance imports on the net, including capital flows a nd adjusting for foreign exchange rates, the system is said to be in equilibrium. 4. International trade benefits from exchange, balance of payments.
Traditional understanding of international trade includes benefits in the form o f specialization and economies of scale, whereby the most efficient exporters of a given object o f trade produce them for the world in a way that maximizes productivity and global GDP. In order to effect a smooth operation of imports and exports, countries keep aggregate ledgers of payment fl ows that later may be adjusted with transfers of gold, currency, or other forms of payment to b ring the net transfer to zero.
5. Demographic politics. 6. The origin and evolution of national institutions. 7. The functions of the state. 8. Contemporary models of government the presidential system, the parliamen tarian-cabinet system, a chancellorship, the presidential-parliamentarian system as well as the parliamentarian-committee system. 9. Characteristics of the colonial system in the 19th-century. Pros and con s. 10. The formation of the bipolar power structure after World War II. 11. Geopolitics. 12. Migration causes, consequences. 13. The institutional context of economic politics. 14. International culture relations as an element of international relations . 15. The basic interntional conflicts during the bipolar period. 16. The formation of a new arrangement of power in international relations d omination or global leadership of the USA? 17. Contemporary global threats characteristics. 18. Classical and neoclassical theories of international trade. 19. An explanation of the following concepts: balance of payments, the excha nge rate, the foreign exchange market. 20. The sources and subjects of international law. 21. The UN Security Council and the legal use of power in international rela tions. 22. A Model Constitution. 23. A model of the structure of international organizations. 24. The background to common international politics and security within the EU. 25. The reorientation of Polish international politics after 1989.