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APPARATUS:
Pressure-temperature apparatus with pressure gauge and thermometer.
THEORY:
In order to determine the relationship between the saturation temperature and pressure of wet steam it is necessary to obtain a number of corresponding values of the two variables and to plot a graph.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the unit to the steam supply and open the stop valve on the inlet side. 2. Throttle the outlet from the cylinder to the desired pressure and allow a period of time to elapse to obtain steady state conditions. 3. Record the steam temperature and pressure. 4. Adjust the steam pressure using the throttle valve, and allow sufficient time to elapse to obtain steady state condition. 5. Record the steam pressure and temperature. 6. Repeat this procedure until the maximum pressure is reached. 7. Take a further set of readings with reducing pressure allowing time at each stage to reach steady state conditions.
RESULTS AND CALCULATIONS: Plot graphs of temperature (y-axis) against absolute pressure (x-axis) for a) Pressure increasing b) Pressure decreasing c) Steam table values for the range of pressure used Absolute pressure = Atmospheric pressure = PRESSURE (bar) Increasing Gauge Atmospheric pressure + Gauge pressure 1 bar Decreasing Steam Table Absolute Absolute TEMPERATURE oC Increasin Decreasing Steam g Table o o o C C C
Absolute Gauge
APPARATUS:
Ward steam bench a) b) c) d) Steam boiler plant (unit 1). Separating and throttling calorimeter (unit 3) Measuring Beaker
Separating Calorimeter Steam Pressure Gauge Steam Inlet Thermometer Manometer Throttling Calorimeter Thermometer Throttle valve
Separated Water M1
Cooling Water In
Condensate M2
THEORY:
The separating calorimeter is a vessel used initially to separate some of the moisture from the steam, to ensure superheat conditions after throttling. The steam is made to change direction suddenly; the moisture droplets, being heavier than the vapor, drop out of suspension and are collected at the bottom of the vessel. The throttling calorimeter is a vessel with a needle valve fitted on the inlet side. The steam is throttled through the needle valve and exhausted to the condenser. Suppose M kg of wet steam with a dryness fraction of x (state A) enters the separating calorimeter. The vapor part will have a mass of xM kg and the liquid part will have a mass of (1-x)M kg. In the separating calorimeter part of the liquid, say M 1 kg will be separated from the wet steam. Hence the dryness fraction of the wet steam will increase to x1 (state B) which will pass through the throttling process valve. After the throttling process the steam in the throttling calorimeter will be in superheated state (state C). T P1 A B
T1
P2
T2
S Figure2. T-S diagram of the separating and throttling calorimeter. From the steady flow energy equation; Q W = h C - hB Since throttling takes place over a very small distance, the heat transfer is negligible, i.e., Q = 0. Then the steady flow energy equation for the throttling process becomes, hC = hB Hence, enthalpy after throttling = enthalpy before throttling hC = hf1 + x1 hfg1 If the pressure of the steam before throttling, the pressure and temperature of the steam after throttling, are known the value of x1 can be calculated using steam tables. Dryness Fraction = Mass of dry steam
Mass of mixture
Therefore,
X=
x 1 M2 M1 + M 2
PROCEDURE:
1. Start the boiler and supply steam to the separating and throttling calorimeter unit. 2. Start the cooling water flow through the condenser. 3. Open steam valve and allow the steam to flow through the calorimeters to warm through the steam. 4. Open the throttle valve and adjust to give a pressure at exhaust of about 5cm Hg measured on the manometer. 5. Drain the separating calorimeter. 6. Start the test and take readings at 2-3 minutes intervals. 7. When a reasonable quantity of condensate is collected measure the quantity of separated water and the quantity of condensate.
Steam pressure in main P1 (bars) Steam pressure after throttling P2 (bars) Temperature of main T1 (oC) Temperature after throttling T2 (oC) Quantity of Separated water M1 (kg) Quantity of condensate M2 (Kg) Atmospheric pressure Pa (bars)
APPARATUS:
Reciprocating two-stage, air compressor/Dobbie-McInnes spring and piston indicator/Indicator cards/Fortin barometer.
PROCEDURE:
1. With the compressor running and using the Dobbie McInnes indicator, mark the atmospheric pressure line on the indicator card. 2. Produce a P-V indicator diagram by opening the pressure valve to the indicator and operating the indicator marker in the usual manner. 3. Remove the indicator card and establish the pressure and volume datum axes. This is carried out as follows: Y
Compression
Pc (mm)
X (mm) Y (mm)
x- Represents the stroke of the piston. y- Represents the clearance of the piston.
y = x
and since x is measure on the diagram and the clearance and swept volumes may be obtained from the compressor handbook y is calculated, and for distance Pc we have: Pc =
Barometric pressure spring cons tan t
mm
Compressor information required; Bore of cylinder Stroke of piston Clearance volume Spring constant 4P = = = = 66.7mm 63.5mm 2.35 x 10-5 m3 2.5mm/bar
Measure the co-ordinates of at least eight points on the compression curve on the indicator, diagram, take logarithms and tabulate. V Log P Log V
It is not necessary to convert the measured ordinates to pressure or volume. 5Produce a graph of log P vs. Log V. This should be a straight line. The slope of this line will give values of the index n i.e. from PVn = constant. (C) Log P +n log V Or Log P Which is a linear relationship. = log C = -n log V + log C
CONCLUSION
(i) (ii) (iii) Summarize your results Explain the significance of n = 1 and n = = 1.4 for air. From the knowledge of (ii) above, estimate the probable value for n during this test and comment on the experimental value obtained.