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Opportunity Costs
If there were no scarcities, there would be no need to make choices. If there are no alternatives available, then the freedom to choose has very little meaning. Choosing a particular alternative means comparing the benefits and costs of that alternative.
Opportunity cost
Let B(Z) be the benefits from choosing alternative Z, and C(Z) be the costs of choosing Z. Then h Z should h ld b be chosen h if B(Z) ( ) > C(Z), ( ) not otherwise. B(Z): maximum rupee amount you would be willing to pay to do or choose Z. C(Z): rupee value of the resources you must give up in order to do Z.
As the definition of C shows, the cost must be calculated with reference to the other alternatives that were forgone. Definition: The opportunity cost of an action refers to the rupee value of the next best alternative forgone.
Even though opportunity costs include lots of non-monetary costs, we often monetize opportunity costs, translating the costs into rupee terms for comparison purposes. Monetizing opportunity costs is clearly valuable, because it gives a means of comparison
EXAMPLE Arun works as a waiter during weekends and earns Rs.100. A couple of his friends are trying to persuade him to go holidaying with them next weekend. They will bear the cost of transportation. However, Arun will have to pay his share of lodging which will be Rs.50 and also pay Rs.40 as meal charges. Arun calculates that the opportunity cost of holidaying is (a) Rs.100. (c) Rs.90. (b) Rs.190. (d) Rs.150.
Accounting costs are derived from financial reports that mainly categorize explicit rupee payments. As a result, accounting costs can miss out on some implicit or hidden costs. The major deficiency of the conventional economic statement is that it does not provide revenues and costs of alternative actions.
EXAMPLE Suppose that you invest Rs.1000 in some shares. You get a return of 20 per cent (Rs.200) annually. One day, you decide to start a small business of your own and sell off your shares and invest your money in your own business. At the end of the year, you find that you have made a profit of Rs.100 - 10 per cent return on your investment.
However, the economic view of the business will be that Rs.100 is being lost annually.
Two representations
Shares Own Business Income 200 100 _____________________________________ Own Business Profit 100 Opportunity Cost of Funds 200 Profit/Loss (-) 100
Why? Because the opportunity cost of the funds is Rs. 200, and this must be subtracted from the profit to give you a correct picture of the viability of your business.
ECONOMIC PROFIT (Added) value from the point of view of the firm: The concept of economic profit
Accounting profit is equal to total revenue minus i explicit costs Economic profit is equal to total revenue minus i all opportunity costs. The opportunity costs consist of both explicit costs and all implicit costs
Therefore, in economics, if we say that a firm is earning zero or negative profits, this does not mean that its accounting profit is zero or negative.
Even a positive accounting profit may hide the true cost of resources being used by the firm.
Profit and Loss Account for ABC Company for the year ending March 31, 2008
If economic profit = 0, then firm is said to earn normal profit: If a firm is to continue operations in an industry, economic rationale demands that it earn revenue at least sufficient to cover the returns from alternative uses of its resources. If economic profit > 0, 0 then the firm is making supernormal profits, and resources are attracted into the industry. If economic profit < 0, the firm can earn more elsewhere, and it would want to exit from the industry.
Suppose there are three types of capital used by a firm K 1, K 2, K 3, and their associated implicit returns are r1, r2 and r3. Then the total cost of capital will be r1K1 + r2K2 + r3K3. This can be written as rK,
WACC is the risk-adjusted cost of both the debt and equity capital and is designed to show the opportunity cost to all the capital suppliers to the firm.
Company
EVA
HLL 1535
13.7
3868
1003
765
239
Then r is weighted average return on all the capital employed by the firm that could have been earned elsewhere (in the best possible alternate usages). The total cost of capital, rK, is then called the weighted average cost of capital because of the way we define r.
Infosys
816
23.1
2483
242
224
17
Wipro
854
23.1
2680
235
111
124
Reliance
5115
11.4
47536
-318
328
-646
ITC
1304
13.7
5213
591
420
171
ONGC
6817
12.3
55198
17
-580
596
Production Possibilities Frontiers and Realworld Trade-offs Production possibilities frontier A curve g the maximum attainable showing combinations of two products that may be produced with available resources.
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