Colonial Williamsburg Archaeological Reports

The Bates Site: Investigation of a Quaker Mer chant Merchant

Patricia Samford

with contributions by Joanne Bowen, Staff Zooarchaeologist Eric Ackermann, Bill Burke, Bill Dannenmaier, Lisa Flick, Barbara Larkin, Drake Patten, and Anne Ustach

Marley R. Brown III Principal Investigator

April 1990 Re-issued June 2001

The Bates Site: Investigation of a Quaker Merchant

Patricia Samford

with contributions by Joanne Bowen, Staff Zooarchaeologist Eric Ackermann, Bill Burke, Bill Dannenmaier, Lisa Flick, Barbara Larkin, Drake Patten, and Anne Ustach

Report submitted by: Department of Archaeological Research Colonial Williamsburg Foundation PO Box 1776 Williamsburg, Virginia 23187-1776

Marley R. Brown III Principal Investigator

April 1990 Re-issued May 2001

Abstract

uring the summer of 1985, the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation Department of Archaeological Research sponsored a summer archaeological field school in conjunction with the College of William and Mary History Graduate Program. One of the locations chosen for excavation was the Bates Site (44YO205), a colonial Quaker site containing both 17th- and 18thcentury components. The site is documented as having been owned by John3* Bates, a wealthy Quaker planter and merchant, at the beginning of the 18th century. Some of the archaeological components located on the site appear to date to his ownership of the property. The site is located in Skimino Hills, a modern housing division approximately eight miles west of Williamsburg. Previous archaeological salvage work conducted on the site in 1980 by the Virginia Research Center for Archaeology located a structure with a brick foundation and several other colonial-period features. The 1985 excavation further explored the structure,

which contained a brick-paved cellar that appeared to have been destroyed by fire during the third quarter of the 18th century. Also discovered was an early 18th-century refuse deposit, containing a large assemblage of domestic artifacts. John3 Bates was known to have operated a store at his Skimino Plantation, for which an inventory was taken at his death in 1720. Despite documentation of the stores contents, no detailed information on ceramics is included in that list. This is a recurring problem archaeologists and ceramic historians face when working with store and probate inventories. The artifact assemblage of the trash deposit, most likely associated with Bates store, provides an excellent opportunity to study an early 18th-century merchant and the range of ceramics which were available to the areas residents at the time. The assemblage and Bates store inventory are compared to that of other early 18th-century Virginia merchants.

*Superscript numbers are used throughout the text to denote successive generations of the members of the Bates family.

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Table of Contents
Page Abstract ........................................................................................................................ i Table of Contents ......................................................................................................... iii List of Figures ............................................................................................................... v List of Tables ............................................................................................................... vii Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................ ix Introduction .................................................................................................................. xi Chapter I. Environmental Setting ................................................................................... 1 Chapter II. Property History ......................................................................................... 3 44YO205 in the 17th Century ............................................................................... 3 The Quaker Community at Skimino ....................................................................... 5 44YO205 in the 18th Century ............................................................................... 5 Chapter III. Previous Archaeology ................................................................................ 9 Chapter IV. Field and Laboratory Methods ................................................................. 11 Field Methods .................................................................................................... 11 Laboratory Methods ........................................................................................... 12 Chapter V. Archaeological Results ............................................................................... 15 Trash Deposit ..................................................................................................... 15 Structure A ......................................................................................................... 16 Additional Testing .............................................................................................. 26 Chapter VI. Interpretations ......................................................................................... 27 Trash Pit Assemblage: A Comparison with the Store Inventory ............................. 27 John Bates3, Quaker Merchant ........................................................................... 31 John Bates3, Personal Lifestyle ............................................................................ 34 Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 37 Chapter VII. Conclusions and Recommendations ........................................................ 39 Bibliography ............................................................................................................... 41 Appendices I. John Bates 1720 Estate Inventory ................................................................... 45 II. Artifact Inventory ........................................................................................... 59 III. Unique Ceramic Vessel Catalog ..................................................................... 77 IV. State Site Survey Form ............................................................................... 103 V. Faunal Analysis ............................................................................................. 105 VI. List of Virginia Store Owners ...................................................................... 109

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iv

List of Figures
Page Figure 1. Location map ................................................................................................. 1 Figure 2. Guthrie house ................................................................................................. 2 Figure 3. 1704 York County landholdings showing Bates tract ....................................... 4 Figure 4. Gilmer Map of 1863 ...................................................................................... 6 Figure 5. Berthier Map of 1781 .................................................................................... 8 Figure 6. Approximate location of 1980 test units ........................................................ 10 Figure 7. Location of areas examined in 1985 .............................................................. 12 Figure 8. DAR context form ........................................................................................ 13 Figure 9. Trash pit, plan and profile ............................................................................. 16 Figure 10. Structure A test units ................................................................................... 18 Figure 11. Structure A, northwest corner profile ........................................................... 19 Figure 12. Unit 1, north wall and disturbances ............................................................. 19 Figure 13. Structure A, interior fill ................................................................................ 20 Figure 14. Unit 1, utility lines cutting Structure A foundation .......................................... 20 Figure 15. Structure A, northwest corner ..................................................................... 21 Figure 16. Structure A, northwest corner wall with charred beam in situ ....................... 21 Figure 17. Unit 3, east profile ...................................................................................... 22 Figure 18. Unit 3, northwest corner showing Structure A and associated features .......... 23 Figure 19. Unit 4, plan and profile ............................................................................... 23 Figure 20. Unit 4, rubble-filled trench .......................................................................... 24 Figure 21. Westerwald stoneware tankard ................................................................... 77 Figure 22. Westerwald stoneware tankard ................................................................... 77 Figure 23. English brown stoneware storage jar ........................................................... 78 Figure 24. Westerwald stoneware jug .......................................................................... 78 Figure 25. Staffordshire mottled stoneware vessels ...................................................... 80 Figure 26. Staffordshire mottled stoneware and brown stoneware tankards .................. 81 Figure 27. Staffordshire brown stoneware tankards ..................................................... 81 Figure 28. Staffordshire slipware mug .......................................................................... 85 Figure 29. Staffordshire slipware mug .......................................................................... 87 Figure 30. Delft floral motif plate ................................................................................. 87 Figure 31. Delft drug jar .............................................................................................. 88 Figure 32. Delft porringer ............................................................................................ 88 Figure 33. Chinoiserie motif delft punch bowl .............................................................. 89 Figure 34. Polychrome floral motif delft can ................................................................. 89 Figure 35. Delft salt handles ........................................................................................ 89 Figure 36. Floral motif delft plate ................................................................................. 91 Figure 37. Delft bulbous mug(?) .................................................................................. 91

List of Figures (contd)

Page Figure 38. Chinoiserie motif delft cup .......................................................................... 92 Figure 39. Delft plate .................................................................................................. 92 Figure 40. Beware of the Fox delft mug .................................................................... 96 Figure 41. Colonoware porringer handle ..................................................................... 97 Figure 42. Red sandy earthenware milkpan ............................................................... 100

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List of Tables
Page Table I. Ceramic vessel forms from trash deposit and store inventory ........................... 29 Table II. John Bates ceramic assemblage .................................................................... 30 Table III. The estate goods of John Bates, 1721 .......................................................... 35 Table IV. Relative frequencies, 44YO205-1, -17, -47 ............................................... 106 Table V. Relative frequencies, Bos taurus ................................................................... 106 Table VI. Relative frequencies, Sus scrofa ................................................................. 107

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Acknowledgments

ompletion of this project would not have been possible without the assistance of a number of people. Ann and James Guthrie, owners of the site, were most generous in allowing their yard to be filled with holes, people and equipment during our eight-week excavation. The Guthries also lent the artifacts earlier removed from the trash deposit to the Department of Archaeological Research for documentation and analysis. Charles Thomas and Lucia Vinciguerra, field technicians with the Department of Archaeological Research, supervised the field work, and had the dual responsibility of making sense of the site and teaching field school students the theory and technique of archaeological excavation. The field school students from the Graduate History program at the College of William and Mary who participated in this project were Eric Ackermann, Bill Dannenmaier, Lisa Flick, Mark Greenough, Jeff Holland, Barbara Larkin, David Rhoads, Amy Roberson, Chris Styrna, and Anne Ustach. These students were also responsible for various stages of artifact processing and analysis, with the addition of Drake Patten and Bill Burke, also of the Graduate History program. Eric Ackermann and Bill Burke, under the supervision of Staff Zooarchaeologist Joanne Bowen Gaynor, conducted the faunal analysis for the trash deposit assemblage. Eric and Bills report is included as Appendix V.

Lisa Flick delved into the York County Records for research into the Bates family, and the property history reflects her work. Staff members of the Department of Archaeological Research were also involved in this project. William Pittman and Leslie McFaden packed up the trash deposit artifacts from the Guthries house and transported them to the department laboratory. Bill and Leslie also spent a great deal of time during the fall and winter of 1985 training students and answering questions related to artifact identification and analysis. Staff Archaeologist Andrew Edwards and Director Marley R. Brown III were instrumental in coordinating efforts with Mr. and Mrs. Guthrie. Staff Photographer Tamera Mams is responsible for the graphics and artifact photographs seen in this report, as well as its final technical preparation. Elizabeth Bush performed conservation measures on those artifacts from the excavation which required attention. Greg Brown, Ann Martin and Meredith Moodey kindly offered their editorial assistance. Conversations with Peter Bergstrom of the Research Department of the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation were helpful in consolidating information about the Bates family and their relative position in colonial Virginia society. David Hazzard of the Virginia Research Center for Archaeology shared notes and photographs from the 1980 salvage work.

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Introduction

uring the summer of 1985, the Department of Archaeological Research conducted a test excavation at a colonial Quaker site (44YO205), located in York County, Virginia. This project was initiated as an unforeseen result of landscaping that the property owners undertook in the fall of 1984. In the process of removing shrubbery, Mr. James Guthrie cut through an early 18th-century refuse deposit. His wife, Ann Guthrie, an employee of the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, brought this discovery to the attention of the Department of Archaeological Research. This site was judged to be particularly important, since checking 17th- and 18thcentury land plats against current topographic maps showed that this area and the land around it was owned by the Bates family during the late 17th and into the 18th century. John3 Bates, who owned and occupied the site from the 1690s until his death in 1720, was a merchant as well as a planter. Artifacts recovered from the refuse deposit appear to be store goods, indicating that this site holds potential for providing insight into the commercial activities of rural merchants. A 1720 inventory of Bates estate lists not only his personal possessions, but the contents of his store as well (see Appendix I). Comparison of this inventory with the contents of the trash deposit may be useful in providing greater detail about the store goods that is not provided in the 1720 inventory, and particularly about the available ceramics. Examination of other Virginia merchant inventories from the late 17th through the early 18th centuries was undertaken to provide a comparison of Bates and other rural merchants with those operating in areas with more concentrated populations. Bates role as a Quaker merchant, catering primarily to a community of Friends, was also examined. xi

The location of the site had been documented by the Virginia Research Center for Archaeology in 1980, when roads for the Skimino Hills subdivision were constructed. This work revealed a discrete scatter of brick rubble, as well as the brick foundation of an 18th-century building. This foundation wall had been cut during the construction of a culvert, and at least eight brick courses were intact below grade. The site was recorded and a few artifacts recovered before the construction continued. The 1985 testing was confined to the property of James and Ann Guthrie, whose lot contained the western portion of the 18thcentury building discovered in 1980. The 1985 excavation allowed further examination of this building. Although portions of the site had been destroyed by construction activities occurring after 1980, chances are good that a great deal of archaeological data still survives in this area. For example, during the course of the testing at 44YO205, residents of several nearby houses visited the site, and described 18th-century artifacts found on their properties. Although the exact boundaries of Bates property are not known, the remains of the typical types of buildings associated with a plantation, such as a house, kitchen, dairy, and smokehouse, in addition to Bates store, should be present. Since Bates was known to have owned 30 slaves at the time of his death, some of which certainly lived at this plantation, slave quarters would have been located on his property as well. The 1985 work on the Bates site was conducted between June 18 and August 8 by the Department of Archaeological Research of the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. Members of the Graduate History program at the College of William and Mary conducted the fieldwork, under the supervision of Charles

Thomas and Lucia Vinciguerra. The objectives of this fieldwork were to salvage the remainder of the trash deposit, to determine the archaeological integrity of the remainder of the yard, and to delineate, as much as possible, the boundaries of the site and the relationships of various features.

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Chapter I. Environmental Setting

rchaeological site 44YO205 is located in York County, Virginia, about eight miles west of Williamsburg (Figure 1). York County, located on the Middle Peninsula in southeastern Virginia, is situated largely on coastal plain uplands, between the James and York Rivers. The general soil type in the area of the site consists of deep moderate-to-well drained loams collectively known as the Slagle-Emporia-Uchee complex (USDA 1985). The site itself is located between Skimino Creek and Queens Creek, two tributaries which drain into the York River. These tributaries flow in narrow, steep-walled valleys through the interior of the Peninsula until they reach the tidal area,

where the valleys widen and the creeks began to meander. Located at the southern end of Nina Circle, in Skimino Hills, a housing division which has been in existence since 1980, the site occupies a terrace situated 100' above mean sea level. A small branch of Carter Creek is located approximately 200' to the west. The house, an L-shaped rancher, was built approximately 75' off of the road (Figure 2). Since the house was constructed into the side of a ravine, there is an unfinished basement or crawl space under the west side of the house. The areas under the concrete driveway on the south side of the house and various landscaped garden beds were not archaeologically examined in 1985.

Figure 1. Location map.

Figure 2. Guthrie house.

Chapter II. Property History

44YO205 in the 17th Century
5c:566). This property was then passed on to his younger son, John2, uncle to John3, in John1s will of 1667/8. John1 Bates, of York County, Middlesex Parish, was listed as owning a plantation with houses, and as growing tobacco. Little else is known about him. In 1674, his son, John2 assigned the inherited 50 acres of land near Middle Plantation to his older brother, George Bates (born by 1650, died by January 1676/7), father of John3. This land seems to have been assigned to John Page of Middle Plantation later that same year. Around that time, in 1675, was the first reference to the Bates family in connection with the Skimino Creek site, when George received land along the creek from James Smithes. He sold 70 acres of this land to John Edmundson of James City County later that same year. This 70 acres later reverted back to the Bates family after passing through the hands of George Tindall. George Bates was listed in 1672 as a carpenter of York County, Bruton Parish (DOW 7:74) and as a former constable. He married Mary [?] by 1672 and had three children: two sons, James and John3, and a daughter, Mary. In his will, probated in January 1676/7?, he left his lands to be split between his wife and two sons, later divided in 1699. He also left each of his children one cow when they came of age. George Bates widow remarried twice, first to James Cooper (died by December 1680) and later to Edmund Brewer (married by August 1681). Her third husband assigned the widows portion of land to John3 Bates in 1698 with all right, title and interest. This new land apportionment appears to be what is depicted on the computer-generated map of 1704. The eastern section in John3 Bates name is where the present site is located (Figure 3). This section was described in George Bates will as being The part with the manner plantation. This whole allottment of land appears to be the 412 acres 3

istorical documentation indicates that the land where 44YO205 is located was occupied by the Bates family during the latter half of the 17th and most of the 18th century. Although the archaeological components on the site seem to be related only to the Bates family, the land was traced as far back into the early land grants/patents as possible in order to determine the use of the land prior to their ownership. The earliest known reference to this property comes in 1670, when John Smith bequeathed this land to his son James Smith[es]. Sometime before 1675, four hundred and twelve acres of this land along Skimino Creek was received by George Bates by escheat of James Smithes. As shown on a computer-generated cadastral map of 1704 York County landholdings (Figure 3), this property [Tract Reference #221D] was bounded by lands belonging, among others, to John Smithes (Bergstrom and Ferguson 1984). It is not known whether this land had been improved by Smithes prior to its transfer to George Bates. However, since Smithes was not relieved of all of his landholdings in the Skimino Creek area, it is likely that he retained any land that he had constructed a house and buildings on, thus relinquishing unimproved land to Bates. The first record of the Bates family in America is found in connection with the distribution of 750 acres of land in 1639, in which John1 Bates (1598c. 1667) and another man received a land patent. Fifty acres were given to each man for himself, plus 650 acres for the transport of 13 other people to the colonies. This land was in what was then known as Charles River County, at the head of Queens Creek (Pat. 1:638). Bates apparently soon sold most or all of his portion. He was then given a patent of 50 acres at Middle Plantation in 1655, with this patent renewed in 1665/6 (Pat.

Figure 3. 1704 York County landholdings showing Bates tract.

originally received by George Bates from James Smithes. John3 Bates, son of George and Mary Bates, is first seen in the York County Records by Janu4

ary 6, 1676/7, at his fathers death. He spent his childhood in York County, growing up under the care of his mother and two stepfathers. John3 married Hannah [?] by May 24, 1698, and together

they had four children: two sons, John5 (1692?1723) and Isaac (1709-1752), and two daughters, Hannah and Ann (1706?-1723?). Bates wife disappears from the York County records by February 1709/10 and, since no wife is mentioned in his will, it is presumed that she died sometime between then and John3 Bates death in December of 1719. John3 was a merchant in York County, owning two plantations, one in York County near Skimino (44YO205) and another at Poplar Springs in James City County. Each contained storehouses, with the plantation at Poplar Springs having a smiths shop and a mill as well. John3 was a surveyor of highways in York County throughout the first two decades of the 18th century. In January 1708/9, he was brought to court for not clearing the roads, but this suit was dismissed. He appears frequently in the York County records throughout the late 17th and early 18th centuries, appraising estates, buying outcried goods, and collecting and paying debts. Besides involvement in the mercantile business, John3 also owned the Poplar Springs mill at his death, along with over thirty slaves distributed between his two plantations. The large number of slaves plus a reference to what was known as Knights field slave quarter suggest that he was also actively involved in agriculture.

Apparently Bates soon joined the Quaker religion, for he and his brother James were delegates at the first recorded session of the Virginia Yearly Meeting in July 1702, representing the WarwickYork monthly meeting. James later became an influential Quaker minister (McCartney and Weston 1973). Around 1767, a meeting house was constructed where present-day Route 168 meets Route 646. The building stood until at least 1808 and served the Middle Peninsula northward into New Kent County. An archaeological survey conducted by the Virginia Research Center for Archaeology in 1974 revealed only a small scatter of brick on the documented site of the meetinghouse (Outlaw 1974).

44YO205 in the 18th Century

John3 died around December 25, 1719, leaving a will and a probate inventory (see Appendix I). The inventory showed the total estimated value of his estate at 1903.12.14. It is also revealed that, at that time, the plantation at Poplar Spring contained a dwelling, a store, a mill, a smiths shop, and a slave quarter. According to the inventory, Bates did not live at this plantation, perhaps it was rented to someone who ran the store or mill. The store alone contained 212.10.3 worth of merchandise. The plantation house in York County, at Skimino Creek, was Bates residence, and was a much larger house than that at Poplar Springs. A room-by-room inventory lists the contents of seven rooms: porch, hall, back room on the ground floor, and four chambers on the second floor. The house also contained a cellar, as well as a dairy and a kitchen, which were most likely detached from the house. Goods at his storehouse in York County were inventoried at 458.19.2. Thus, the total estimated value of John3 Bates estate at his death was 1903.12.14, which placed him in the upper range of York County residents at that time. John3 Bates bequeathed the York County plantation to his younger son, Isaac Bates (17095

The Quaker Community at Skimino

It is known that John3 Bates and his family became Quakers, probably around the beginning of the 18th century. A group of Quakers, living near Skimino Creek, established a Meeting there in the late 17th century (McCartney and Weston 1973). Thomas Story, an English Quaker missionary wrote in 1698:
though he [John3 Bates] was not a Friend by profession, yet very forward to provide seats, saying his House, he feared, would be too small for the meeting but he had room sufficient in his heart (McCartney and Weston 1973:4).

1753), as: the Plantation I now live on with all the Rest of my Plantations Adjoining thereunto (Will 1719). This land also included a storehouse, whose present contents were given in the inventory. From here the fate of the Skimino plantation becomes murky. It was held by Isaacs uncle, James Bates, until Isaac came of age in 1730. An announcement in the Virginia Gazette in November of 1737 states that Isaac Bates was selling:
A Tract of Land, lying on the Head of Scimino Creek, in York County, containing Seven Hundred and Eighty One Acres, with Several good Orchards, a convenient Landing, and a good Wharf thereon, within a Mile of the Dwelling-House. Whoever has a Mind to purchase the said Land, may apply to the Proprietor, living in Goochland County (Virginia Gazette, Parks, ed., 4 Nov. 1737).

It is doubtful whether Bates actually sold the land at this time. In his brother John4s 1722 will, he is left the land given by his father, but Isaac must pay John5 Bates daughter, Hannah 100 for it. If he does not, the land is to go to Hannah. Although apparently, by court record of 1753, Isaac never compensated Hannah, there is no record that she actually was granted the land in reversion. In 1755, two years after Isaac Bates death in 1753, his land, 487 acres in York County, was put up for sale by public auction, as requested in his will. The land was described as about seven miles from Williamsburg, near Fleming Batess, on both sides of the Road that leads from Glasss Ordinary to York River, well wooded and watered (Virginia Gazette, Hunter, ed., 24 Oct. 1755). This appears to be the rest of the Smith land. The land was again put up for sale, in 1773 and 1774, by John6 Bates, who granted it to John Meade, merchant of Williamsburg, in 1776. In

Figure 4. Gilmer Map of 1863.

the 1774 sale advertisement for the land, it is described as being very convenient to ...three parish churches, quakers meetinghouse, several gristmills, two warehouses, and a navigable landing (Virginia Gazette, Rind, ed. 19 May 1774). No information could be found concerning John Meade, and the title chain of the parcel containing the site is unknown from this point. Map research shows that 44YO205 is located adjacent to two roads depicted on 18thand 19th-century maps. A major road, following the present course of Route 646 north of the site, is shown on the Rochambeau Map (1781), as well as on the Boye Map (1825), the Abbott Map (1861) and the Gilmer Map (1863; Figure 4). What may be another road, extending north-south to the east of the site, along the present-day route of Route 604, is seen on the 1825 Boye Map and on the 1861 Abbott Map. These two roads meet at what is now known as Barlows Corner.

Besides providing historians and archaeologists with information on roads and transportation routes, these maps are useful because the locations of structures/ buildings are sometimes noted. A number of structures are shown on the Berthier Map (1781) (Figure 5), and these locations have been placed on the state archaeological site inventories by historian Martha McCartney (44YO-257, -258, -259, -265, -266). In fact, 44Y0266, a map-predicted site, is so close to the actual location of 44YO205, that they may actually be one and the same site. By the time that the Gilmer Map was drawn in 1863, the Bates site appears to have been unoccupied. Although a number of farms and their respective property owners are noted on the map, there are no buildings designated at the site of 44YO205. What appear to be logging roads around the site are shown on 1920s topographical maps, so it is possible that this area was logged during the early 20th century.

Figure 5. Berthier Map of 1781.

Chapter III. Previous Archaeology

lthough no intensive archaeological examination of the Bates site has ever been made, some limited testing was undertaken in 1980. In late March of that year, grading for road construction in connection with the upcoming Skimino Hills subdivision revealed evidence of colonial occupation in this area. Archaeologists at the Virginia Research Center for Archaeology (VRCA), a division of the Virginia Historic Landmarks Commission, were notified of this discovery by Glen Jones, owner of one of the lots in the area where the site had been discovered. Archaeologist David Hazzard surveyed and recorded the site, which was located at the southern end of Nina Circle. Four lots (numbers 129132) were included in the area examined at this time. In addition to scatters of artifacts located in the newly cleared areas, grading in connection with the road had revealed areas of interest on Lots 129 and 131. However, the site survey form prepared by the VRCA for the area of Lot 131 indicates that this portion of the site, designated 44YO205/2, has now essentially been destroyed. A brick foundation, located on Lot 129 during the cutting of a drainage culvert, was evidence of a substantial structure. The foundation, constructed in English bond, was two bricks wide and extended in depth to at least eight courses below grade. The culvert cut through the northernmost east-west running foundation wall. Four test units were excavated around the building in 1980, in order to determine its dimen-

sions and date. These units, whose locations are seen in Figure 6, showed that the building measured 28' north-south, although no east-west dimension for the structure was determined at this time. Artifacts, including creamware and delft, were found within the test holes placed around the building foundations, suggesting that the building was in use during the 18th century. This portion of the site was given the designation 44YO205/1. Although truncated by the road and culvert constructions, the internal fill of the structure appeared to contain intact stratigraphy. It was noted by the VRCA that the site was possibly threatened by future construction in the housing development, and close monitoring, followed by the necessary salvage work, was recommended. Between 1980 and 1984, at least thirteen houses were constructed on Nina Circle. A 50' minimum setback line for the location of houses on each lot aided in protecting Structure A from further disturbances. It is not known at this point what effects this may have had on other cultural resources on this and adjacent lots. Some monitoring of the construction of these homes may have taken place, since the map included in the site survey form records a small area of brick rubble on Lot 132, which was disturbed in August of 1980. It is almost certain, however, that destruction of additional archaeological resources occurred during the development of these lots, particularly since some of the houses were constructed with cellars and entailed deep excavation.

Figure 6. Approximate location of 1980 test units.

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Chapter IV. Field and Laboratory Methods

Field Methods
These smaller units were expanded as necessary, for further examination of cultural layers or features. Figure 7 shows the location of these units. Soil was removed using shovels and trowels, with recent disturbances and topsoil layers usually being shoveled out. The soil was removed in layers by unit, using color and textural changes to denote the various levels. These layers and features were recorded using the standard procedure of the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation Department of Archaeological Research. This procedure involves assigning a unique number, known as a context number, to each individual stratum or feature within a 10' square. This system facilitates stratigraphic interpretation using the Harris Matrix (Harris 1979), a flow chart system for tracking layers and features on the site. Information was recorded on soil color, texture, inclusions, and stratigraphic position. Figure 8 shows a sample context form. All layers and features within excavation units were mapped in plan. Features were bisected, and mapped in profile after half their fill had been removed. Photographs of archaeological features and strata were taken as deemed necessary. All soil was screened through " wire mesh, to facilitate the recovery of small finds. Cultural material from each layer was retained, with the exception of bricks, broken shells, and charcoal, whose presence was noted. Soil color was determined using Munsell Soil Color Charts (Munsell 1975), while texture was analyzed by determining the relative proportion of soil particles sizes within the individual samples (Hunter 1983). In the wooded ravine located to the west of the site, a series of small (one-foot diameter) shovel tests were randomly excavated. These shovel tests were used to determine the extent of erosion on the site, and to suggest the likelihood that cultural features were present in this area.

iven the relatively short period of time set aside for examination of 44YO205, and the range of goals to be accomplished, excavation strategy was formulated to work with these constraints in mind. One objective was to denote the boundaries of the site, to the extent possible given that testing was limited only to the Guthries property. Another goal was to determine the extent of damage that had occurred to the site since its 18th-century occupation, including those caused by erosion, logging, and housing construction. Since this excavation was held in the context of an archaeological field school, another objective was to teach students the methods and techniques of archaeological excavation, as well as to introduce them to various phases of archaeological survey work. A number of different excavation strategies were used at the Bates site to give the students just this kind of exposure. One of the first tasks at 44YO205 was to establish a grid which would enable the current site plan, as well as any recovered archaeological features, to be mapped. A baseline was established, running north-south, with an arbitrary terminal point located along Nina Circle, northeast of the house. The baseline was extended 90' to the south. Next a grid was laid out, using the baseline to establish a series of 10' x 10' square excavation units over the entire yard. These units were designated by the relationship of their northwest corner to the 0/0 datum; for example, a unit whose northwestern corner was 40' south and 30' west of 0/0 would be 40S/30W. Small 2.5' subunits, located within the larger 10' units, were intially placed throughout the site, in order to locate areas where stratigraphic evidence suggested the presence of cultural remains associated with the Bates occupation period.

11

Figure 7. Location of areas examined in 1985.

Laboratory Methods
Processing of the artifacts recovered from the excavation of the Bates site was begun in early September 1985, at the Department of Archaeological Research laboratory. Historical archaeology interns enrolled in the graduate history program at the College of William and Mary performed this processing, under the supervision of Laboratory Supervisor William Pittman. When artifacts were brought into the lab, they were accessioned according to the context number which they had been assigned in the field. At this time, the artifact assemblages were examined closely for fragile items or metal objects which could possibly be damaged during subsequent washing. Objects meeting this criterion were removed from their group and tagged with their 12

context number. Items needing conservation or x-ray treatment for identification were also removed at this time. After washing, the artifacts were sorted into general types within groups, and each artifact was labeled with its context number in India ink. Shell and faunal bone, which were not labeled, were removed and bagged separately. The next procedure in the processing was the preparation of an inventory of the artifacts and the assignment of a terminus post quem date for each group (Appendix II). This date is established by identifying the artifact in each group for which the most recent documented date of manufacture is known. A terminus post quem date establishes the earliest date after which the layer or archaeological feature could have been deposited.

Figure 8. DAR context form.

13

Ceramics, glass, and pipestems were mended within each context group, and then crossmended with other context groups. Crossmending provides information on the relationship of different strata and areas of the site to one another and aids in site interpretation. Through the processes of mending and crossmending, a number of unique vessels were identified and given unique vessel numbers. These unique vessels were described in detail, and photographs taken of each (Ap-

pendix III). After this documentation, some of the more complete ceramic vessles were restored. All artifacts from 44YO205 are the property of Mr. and Mrs. James Guthrie, and are currently being stored at the Department of Archaeological Research of the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. Notes, maps, and records generated during the excavation are also on file at the Department of Archaeological Research.

14

Chapter V. Archaeological Results

Trash Deposit (44YO205-17/-47/-48/-1)
ably never be known, since the southern edge of the feature was cut by house construction activities). The trash deposit cut into orange clay subsoil, and was filled with a sandy clay loam that ranged in color from dark brown (Munsell color 10YR3/3) to strong brown (7.5YR4/6). The shrub removal had taken from 0.25' to 0.5' of fill from the feature, leaving only 0.05' to 0.15' fill remaining along the bottom of the feature. Except along the extreme eastern edge, all fill had been removed. The feature was exposed at a depth of only 0.1' below the present-day ground surface, suggesting that the top of the feature had been cut and destroyed through grading. Indeed, Mr. Guthrie stated that at least two feet of soil had been bladed away by bulldozers during the construction of the house. It is not known, therefore, exactly how much of the feature had been destroyed during construction, and with subsequent erosion. Artifacts contemporaneous with those of the trash pit were found scattered on the ground surface down the slope of the ravine west of the feature, thus indicating that some erosion had occurred in the recent past. Although the shrub removal had destroyed all but the extreme eastern edge of the feature, the Guthries had luckily saved the soil which they had removed. This soil was later screened through wire mesh for the recovery of small finds, with some soil saved to be screened through fine window mesh in the event that the feature contained small floral and faunal remains. Artifacts removed by the Guthrie excavation, and those recovered from screening the removed soil, were given the context number 44YO205-1. The trash deposit fill removed during the 1985 excavation was assigned context numbers on the basis of their position within the ten-foot-square grid system (44YO205-17,-47,-48). Separating the Guthrieexcavated material from the rest was necessary so that later artifacts, unrelated to the trash de15

ne of the primary reasons the Department of Archaeological Research began the investigation of 44YO205 was the unexpected discovery of an early 18th-century trash deposit. This feature had been located by Mr. James Guthrie as he was removing shrubbery from the northwest side of his house in the fall of 1984. Large fragments of ceramics, glass, and white English clay pipes were revealed during the process, and Mr. and Mrs. Guthrie recovered large quantities of these materials from the area around the hole. Mrs. Guthrie, an interpreter for the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, brought these artifacts into the Department of Archaeological Research for identification, thus bringing the departments attention to this deposit. Mr. and Mrs. Guthrie agreed to allow recording and continued examination of the feature by archaeologists on the staff of the Department of Archaeological Research. The trash pit, located 4.0' northwest of the house, had been almost completely destroyed by the time archaeological examination was begun in June of 1985. The first step was to determine the limits of the feature and its remaining integrity. The area around the feature was cleaned, revealing an irregular triangular depression created by the Guthries shrub-removal, containing some early 18th-century artifacts. Subsequent stripping of the topsoil in the area around the depression revealed the edges of the trash deposit. In addition to the disturbance created by shrub removal, the feature had also been truncated to the south by activities associated with house construction, and to the west by a utility trench (Figure 9). The trash feature measured 5.8' east-west at its widest point, and at least 7.0' from north to south (a true north-south measurement will prob-

posit, would not affect the features terminus post quem. Indeed, three small fragments of pearlware were included with the materials recovered by Jim and Ann Guthrie. These later (post-1779) ceramics were not considered when assigning a terminus post quem, since the overwhelming majority of ceramics from 44YO205-1 and the controlled feature excavation dated the feature deposition as around the turn of the 18th century. These pieces of pearlware were probably contained in the thin layer of topsoil that covered the feature. The trash deposit, on the basis of the range and date of the ceramics and other material contained within its fill, appears to be related to John3 Bates mercantile, as well as domestic activities on the site. The ceramics, usually one of the best dating indicators for archaeological assemblages, include types common in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, with a terminus post quem of 1700 provided by fragments of Westerwald grey stoneware. The artifacts encompass a wide range of domestic debris, including ceramic table- and teawares, bottle glass, English white clay pipes, faunal bone, architectural debris, and personal items, such as buckles, beads, and straight pins. Over 5,000 artifacts were recovered from the trash deposit; it is impossible to know what proportion of the total assemblage was recovered, since, as stated before, much of the feature was destroyed previously. The ceramics and other artifacts found within the trash deposit will be discussed in depth in Chapter 6.

Figure 9. Trash pit, plan and profile.

1980 Excavation
In 1980 the VRCA had discovered Structure A as the direct result of a culvert construction, which cut through at least eight below-grade courses of a brick foundation. The brick, located within several inches of the ground surface, were traced at this time by probing, indicating that the structure measured 29' north-south by at least 18' eastwest. In an attempt to determine additional information about the building, four test units were placed along its northern and southern walls (Figure 6). One 2' x 2' unit, designated as 44YO205/5, was placed in the interior of the building along the northern wall. The strata associated with the interior of Structure A, seen in Figure 6, indicate that

Structure A
Introduction
During the 1980 exploration of 44YO205, the brick foundation of a structure was discovered. This building was examined in a little greater detail during the 1985 field school, in an attempt to determine more about its construction and destruction, its size, and its function.

16

the building had been destroyed by fire. The brick foundation was sealed by a 0.25' layer of claylike topsoil. Below the topsoil, and within the confines of the brick foundation, was a layer of brick rubble and ashes. This stratum, 0.23' thick, contained white clay pipestems, window glass, wine bottle glass, nails, bone, plaster, and mortar. It sealed a 0.18' layer of charred wood. Below the wood was a thick (1.7') deposit of orange clay and mortar. The clay sealed a layer of ash, 0.45' thick; below the ash was a 0.3' thick layer of greyish brown sandy loam, containing window glass. This later layer probably represented a floor or cultural layer in the cellar. The stratigraphic sequences in the other test units were not included in the information received from the VRCA. Records of test unit 44YO205/ 1, however, revealed a closer brick at the northeast edge of the exposed brick foundation. Although no return brick wall was found running to the south, it was felt that the presence of this closer brick suggested a building corner, or perhaps a door, in this location.

corner of the building, for a final size of 5' northsouth x 10' east-west. Modern and Construction-Related Layers and Features Removal of a thin (0.1 -0.2') layer of dark brown loam topsoil (44YO205-5) in this unit revealed a disturbed stratum composed of construction-related debris (44YO205-33). It appeared that the natural ground level of the terrace in this area had been cut by large machinery in order to create an eastward slope towards the culvert. Numerous 18th-century artifacts, such as white clay pipestems, wine bottle glass, delft, and structural debris such as window glass, mortar, and nails, were mixed in with this construction-related stratum, indicating that the machine grading had cut through intact cultural deposits. Cutting the construction debris strata were three utility trenches (44YO205-42,/-43/-98), associated with telephone and cable television installation. Two of these trenches also cut through the brick foundation wall of Structure A (see Figure 11 and 12). During the course of testing in 30S/40W, two of the backfilled VRCA test units were discovered and re-excavated. These two units, whose backfills were given the context numbers 44YO205-59 and 44YO205-73, were located along the inside of the northern wall (VRCA Test Unit 44YO205/-5) and at the northwestern corner of Structure A (VRCA Test Unit 44YO205/ 3; see Figure 6). 19th Century Fill Episodes Sealed beneath the construction debris was a layer of brown sandy loam containing brick and mortar (44YO205-41, -75). This layer sealed the northern brick foundation of Structure A, and contained large quantities of structural debris, such as handwrought nails, window glass, mortar, and burned brick fragments. Unfortunately, no artifacts with closely assignable dates were discovered in this stratum.

1985 Investigations
In an attempt to determine more information about the size and construction of the building, four test units were placed around Structure A in 1985. The location of these test units is shown in Figure 10. Test unit 1, placed along the northern wall of the structure, abutted the 1980 test unit 44YO205/3. The second test unit was placed on the interior of the building, while test units 3 and 4 were placed against the western and southern walls, respectively. The results from each test unit will be discussed separately below.

Test Unit 1
Test Unit 1 (30S,40W) began as a five foot square placed adjacent to the northwest corner of the structure. This unit abutted test unit 44YO205/3, excavated in 1980 by the VRCA. It was later expanded to the west, to span the

17

Figure 10. Structure A test units.

Sealed beneath the brown sandy loam were two tips of fill (44YO205-83, -74). These tips (Figure 13) were deposited from the west, as evidenced by their alignment within the cellar. 44YO205-74, a dark yellowish brown sandy loam, contained a fragment of colorless nonleaded glass, giving it a deposit date of sometime after 1864 (Pittman 1984). This, and all tips of fill above it (-41, -75, -83), were thus deposited sometime after that date. Figure 13 shows the relationship of stratum YO205-74 to the foundation of Structure A, directly overlying it, and to the builders trench of the structure (44YO20592). The builders trench remains mostly intact, with its western edge having been cut by a cable trench (44YO205-98). It appears that portions of the above-ground west brick foundation wall of Structure A were robbed or removed sometime during either the latter portion of the 19th 18

century or the early 20th century. Although the post-1980 installation of the cable, through a process best described as stitched into the ground, destroyed the exact relationship between the tip of fill (44YO205-74) and the builders trench, it is believed that the remainder of the cellar hole had been filled directly after the robbing episode. These tips of fill (44YO205-41, -75, -83, -74) were later cut by the post-1980 construction and grading on the site, with its associated stratum (44YO205-33). Structure A - Brick Foundation and Builders Trench Test Unit 1 was placed where the 1980 excavations had shown the north- western corner of Structure A to be located. Excavation revealed that both the western and northern walls of the

Figure 11. Structure A, northwest corner profile.

building were intact (Figure 14), although cut by two 20th-century utility trenches (44YO205-42, -43). The northern foundation (44YO205-44), located 0.6' - 0.9' below the current grade, was two bricks wide and set in English bond with shell mortar. It was composed of reddish brick which measured 8" x 4". The westernmost foundation wall (44YO205-87) was only 1 bricks wide. The exact relationship of these two walls to one another is not known, nor is the reason for their size discrepancy (i.e. whether they were constructed contemporaneously, or whether one represents a later addition), since a utility trench cut directly through the area where the two walls met (Figure 15). The west wall, the more narrow of the two, appeared to represent an exterior rather than an interior partition wall, since a builders trench was located along its western edge. This builders trench (44YO205-92), filled with yellowish brown silty clay, was 0.3' wide. Although the builders trench was partially excavated, it contained no artifacts which would give a clue as to the buildings construction date.

Figure 12. Unit 1, north wall and disturbances.

Interior Fill of Structure A The interior of the building seemed to be filled with debris relating directly to the destruction of the building by fire around the third quarter of the 18th century. Figure 13 shows the various levels of fill, consisting of tips of brick rubble interspersed 19

Figure 13. Structure A, interior fill.

with layers of ash, charcoal, and plaster. Directly below the stratum associated with the post-1864 robbing/filling episode was a layer of brick rubble (44YO205-94 and -52). This sealed a layer of ash and plaster which extended across the entire 10-foot length of the test unit (44YO205-54). The presence of a burned creamware plate (Unique Vessel #309-see Appendix III) indicates that the fire occurred after 1769, the earliest documented date at which creamware has been found in Virginia (Noel Hume 1969). Architectural debris, such as nails, mortar, and brick chips, were also common in the ash and plaster stratum. Many of the plaster fragments contained impressions of wood on their reverse, and some of the plaster fragments were found in association with 1" lathing nails. A thin (0.1' - 0.15') layer of brick rubble (44YO205-58) was sealed under the plaster and ash. This layer also contained fragments of burned creamware, as well as many burned nails and plaster fragments. The stratum contained various areas where certain types of debris were concentrated, perhaps as lenses. The debris, plaster, ash, and burned soil are shown in Figure 13. One of

these lenses (44YO205-68) was a solid lens of plaster dust, containing iron harness furniture. Yet another charcoal and plaster layer was sealed by the brick rubble lens (44YO205-67).

Figure 14. Unit 1, utility lines cutting Structure A foundation.

20

Figure 15. Structure A, northwest corner.

This layer yielded no datable artifacts, containing only nails and plaster. This layer sealed more charcoal and mortar, and the charred remains of a large wooden beam (see Figure 16). Exca-vation was halted at this point. In the sides of a utility trench cut (44YO205-42), how- ever, was evidence of a laid brick paving, most likely the floor of the cellar. The charred beam and charcoal lay directly over this paving. None of the soil strata below the brick paving showed any sign of burning or fire debris, suggesting floor levels pre-dating the installation of the brick paving. The test unit excavated inside the building foundation by the VRCA in 1980 showed similar fill strata, containing rubble, charred wood, and orange clay. It was not possible, however, to correlate the soil strata from the 1980 excavation of Test Unit 5 with the results of the 1985 excavation. There was no sign of the thick (1.7') layer of orange clay and mortar in the 1985 excavation, and although the 1980 excavation apparently cut through the fill to the bottom of the brick foundation, no brick paving was found.

Figure 16. Structure A, northwest corner wall with charred beam in situ.

21

Features and Strata on Structure A Exterior Only two strata were present around the exterior of the building foundation. The previously discussed topsoil (44YO205-5) and construction/ grading debris (44YO205-33) were present, sealing a yellowish brown silty clay subsoil (44YO205-55, -72). Any culturally deposited soil layers which would commonly be associated with such a site, such as sheet refuse or yard accumulations, were apparently graded away during the road and house construction. One feature cut through the subsoil outside of the northern wall of Structure A (44YO20557). Only partially exposed in the northeastern corner of the unit, this feature appears to have been a posthole, perhaps a scaffolding hole related to the construction of the building. The feature, located 0.6' away from the wall of the building, was left unexcavated, and it is impossible to provide relative dating due to the lack of stratigraphic information of layers sealing and cut by the posthole.

Test Unit 3
Test Unit 3, measuring 2.5' east-west x 5.0' northsouth, was placed with its northwest corner located at 52.5W/50S. This unit, placed over the southwestern corner of Structure A, showed evidence of the foundation wall at a depth of 1.0' below current grade. The brick was sealed by a number of modern strata, including topsoil, construction-related debris, and a 20th-century intrusion (see Figure 17). What appeared to be a posthole, perhaps used for scaffolding during the construction of Structure A, was present cutting sterile subsoil along the western side of the foundation wall (Figure 18). This posthole, which was left unexcavated, was similar to that found along the northern wall in Test Unit 1.

Test Unit 2
Test Unit 2 began as an attempt to locate Structure A, prior to obtaining the 1980 excavation notes from the Virginia Research Center for Archaeology. The property owner pointed out several seemingly laid-in-place brick which were protruding slightly above the ground surface in the area of the structure. Believing that this was possibly the location of one of the structures foundation walls, a 5' east-west x 10' north-south unit was placed with its northwestern corner located at 40S/35W. After removing a thin (0.15') layer of topsoil, it became apparent that the observed brick were actually part of a layer of displaced brick and plaster rubble. As it became apparent that this unit was placed directly within the interior of the structure and not along any wall, excavation was halted.
Figure 17. Unit 3, east profile.

22

Figure 18. Unit 3, northwest corner showing Structure A and associated features.

A builders trench for Structure A was located along the southern edge of the foundation. This feature, cutting sterile subsoil, was not excavated or assigned a context number in this unit.

Test Unit 4
Test Unit 4, a 2.5' east-west x 5.0' north-south unit, was placed where the southern foundation wall of Structure A was projected to extend. A 2.5' unit was first placed in the southwestern corner of 50S/40W. Upon the discovery of a dense stratum of brick rubble in the southern portion of the square, the unit was expanded 2.5' to the south to encompass the northwestern corner of the 10' unit 60S/40W. In Test Unit 4, consistent with the rest of the yard, a thin layer (0.15'-0.3') of topsoil (44YO205-69, -84) sealed a layer associated

Figure 19. Unit 4, plan and profile.

with the post-1980 construction of the house (44YO205-70, -85). The removal of these modern layers revealed a diagonally-running trench filled with brick rubble in a matrix of yellowish brown sandy loam (44YO205-82, -86, -93). This trench appeared to be fill from the 1980 archaeological test unit labeled as 4 on the 1980 field maps. This trench (seen in Figures 19 and 20) 23

Figure 20. Unit 4, rubble-filled trench.

extended 1.3' below the bottom of the post-1980 construction layer and cut into a solid layer of brick rubble (44YO205-81, -95). Here, due to time constraints, archaeological excavation was halted, but the brick rubble is almost certainly associated with the destruction of Structure A.

Conclusions Concerning Structure A

Archaeological evidence leads to several conclusions about the construction and destruction of Structure A. The lack of artifacts contained within the builders trench of the building suggests that there was probably no occupation of this immediate area prior to the construction of Structure A. The differing width of the north-south and eastwest foundation walls suggests above-ground technique of building construction. The two brick wide east-west running walls, measuring 18' in length, probably represent the gable ends of the structure. Eighteen feet is a standard colonial building width and the more substantial width of these walls suggests that they may have been constructed entirely of brick, with the fronts and backs composed of clapboard. The building burned sometime after the introduction of creamware into the colonies around 1769, but probably before the use of pearlware 24

became common, around 1779 (Noel Hume 1969). The site appears to have been abandoned after the fire, since the types of artifacts commonly associated with the 19th century were not found on the property. The brick walls of the building probably remained standing above ground, partially intact, into the late 19th century, when either they were removed during a salvage or cleaning of the property or they finally collapsed into the cellar hole. The cellar hole remained partially open, containing the debris of the burned building, timber, and collapsed roof. Over the years after the fire, this hole gradually and partially filled, through natural erosion, and the accumulation of windblown debris. The cellar hole was not filled completely, however, until the bricks were salvaged or removed sometime within the last century. This building raises some interesting questions. What was the appearance of Structure A? Was this building the house whose contents were inventoried in 1720? To suggest answers to these questions, evidence from documents and the testing results were examined in light of recent research on Chesapeake 17th- and 18th-century vernacular architecture. In the 17th-century Chesapeake region the vast majority of houses were post, or earthfast, buildings, a vernacular construction technique which has become known

as impermanent architecture (Carson et al. 1981; Neiman 1986). These buildings developed out of English architectural traditions, evolving to suit the needs of the Chesapeake colonists. Neiman chronicles one such post structure at Clifts Plantation, following it through structural changes and linking these to cultural and social changes which were occurring in the Chesapeake at the end of the 17th century (Neiman 1986). These changes were tied to the increasing social separation of masters from their servants and persons outside the family circle. Space within houses became more specialized, with certain areas set aside for family activities, and others for socializing and business matters. These post constructed manner houses, as they were often called in contemporary reports, gradually began to be replaced by houses containing brick foundations and brick chimneys at the beginning of the 18th century. Floor plans of domestic buildings also began to change, with central passage houses beginning to appear in Virginia in the first quarter of the 18th century (Wenger 1986:137). How do these findings of architectural historians conform with the architectural remains at the Bates site? The historical record suggests answers to these questions. Upon his death, Bates father left, as part of his estate, a manner house on his York County plantation. John3, a child at the time, remained under the guardianship of his stepfathers until 1698, when he married and acquired the house left to him by his father. This was probably the same house that Bates mentioned in 1698, when he feared that his house would be too small to hold the Quaker meetings (McCartney and Weston 1973). Did John3 Bates build a new home before his death in 1720? He was certainly wealthy enough to be able to construct a new home, and to relegate the old manner house to another use, perhaps as a store or slave housing. The 1720 inventory shows three rooms on the ground floor (porch, hall, and back room), and four above (chambers over the back room and porch and two chambers over the hall). This floor plan is very similar to the English three-cell struc-

tures, and may be very similar to the manor house at Clifts Plantation as it existed circa 1675 (Neiman 1986:297). Here, in the floor plan, is seen the increasing separation of public and private spaces, with the porch or lobby area being a convenient place to entertain guests or conduct business. In the Bates inventory, it is apparent that the porch of his house was being used for the more public functions of the household, since it contained objects designed to notify visitors of Bates rank and social standing. The porch contained twelve Rushea leather chairs, two old chairs, a table, a corner cupboard holding tea cups and canisters, a looking glass, a spy glass, and two pictures. While the table and chairs were used to accomodate guests, the cupboard with its display of teawares, and the mirror, pictures and spy glass were obviously meant as a visible symbol of Bates place within the social and economic ranking of the community. In no other room of his house did Bates concentrate such display of what could be considered luxury items. The hall appeared to have been used in the conducting of business, since a writing desk, and a set of standard weights and measures were contained in that room, along with some tables and chairs. None of the evidence of the earlier 17th-century use of the hall as the center for the daily activities of cooking, working and sleeping were evident (Wenger 1986:137). Beds, clothing and storage were only listed in the back room downstairs and in the chambers above. Also apparent was the separation of some functions such as dairying and cooking from the main house, as evidenced by the presence of a kitchen and dairy. This practice was common by the beginning of the 18th century (Neiman 1986:310). As can be seen, Bates documented house is suggestive of floor plans common in late 17thcentury houses, while the more permanent brick foundation of Structure A is more indicative of houses which began to be constructed at the beginning of the 18th century. It is the preliminary conclusion of this report that John3 Bates built Structure A sometime in the opening years of the 18th century, using a form of construction which 25

would display his wealth to the community, while still retaining a floor plan common to earlier-style post-in-the-ground structures.

Additional Testing
Several strategies were used for testing the integrity of the site throughout the property. In the front yard, in the area around the trash deposit and Structure A, a series of small 2.5' test units were located systematically. Using the baseline as a guide, four points were chosen at forty-foot intervals along the east-west line perpendicular to the baseline. Each of these points corresponded to a corner of an established 10' square unit on the site grid. In three cases, these 2.5' units were located in the northwest corner of the ten foot unit, while the proximity of the gravel driveway in the fourth case necessitated relocating the unit to the northeast corner. The locations of these units are seen in Figure 7. Results of the testing indicate that a great deal of grading had taken place in association with the construction of the house during the 1980s. Each unit displayed the same basic soil strata, which included topsoil and construction debris layers as described below.

plastic food wrappers, and wire nails, in addition to various 18th-century ceramic and glass items. This, plus the mixed nature of the clay soils contained in this stratum, indicate that this layer was formed as a result of massive earth-moving activities on the lot, conducted in association with the clearing of the lot and the construction of the house. In one particular area just west of the house (100S/50W), large quantities of gravel and sand interspersed in the layer seem to indicate that construction materials were stored there. Various utility trenches and modern holes of unspecified function cut through the construction layer. This strata sealed orange clay subsoil, thus indicating that no cultural layers survived intact below the construction debris. Only features which cut through subsoil will be apparent in future archaeological investigations, thus indicating that grading activities on the site have destroyed much of the sites archaeological integrity in the yard.

Ravine Testing
A series of small (1.0' diameter) shovel tests were placed at random in the ravine west of the house. Although it was not expected that architectural features relating to the 18th-century occupation of the site would be located on the slope of the ravine, it was hoped that answers to questions about trash disposal and soil erosion on the site would be found. These tests revealed a natural accumulation of humus layers overlying orange sandy clay subsoil. No artifacts were found in the shovel tests in the ravine, thus indicating that longterm erosion of the cultural strata from the terrace above had not occurred, and that this area was probably not being used for the disposal of trash during the former occupation of the lot. A small depression in the ravine, just past the west edge of the yard, was examined to determine if it was a cultural feature, such as an icehouse. Cleaning of the profile indicated, however, that this depression was created by a tree fall and thus had no cultural significance.

Topsoil (44YO205-18/-19/-22/-31)
This layer consisted of a thin (0.1-0.3') layer of very dark grayish brown (10YR3/2) loam. Artifacts contained in this layer were a mixture of 18thand 20th-century items, indicating the disturbed nature of this layer.

Construction Debris (44YO205-21/-23/-27/-32)

A layer of mixed yellowish brown sandy clay appeared consistently in all of the test units, sealed beneath the topsoil. This layer, ranging from 0.3' to 0.7' thick, contained fragments of tar paper,

26

Chapter VI. Interpretations

Trash Pit Assemblage: A Comparison with the Store Inventory
n addition to the detailed account of store goods and household items provided by the inventory, the excavation of an early 18th-century trash pit (c. 1700-1725) on the property provided an additional source of information on Bates store and home. The trash deposit produced over 5,000 artifacts, the largest assemblage of any feature at the Bates site. The ceramic type with the latest manufacture date in the assemblage was Westerwald stoneware which began production in 1700 (Noel Hume 1969). No ceramics whose initial production dated to the second quarter of the 18th century were recovered, strongly suggesting that the assemblage was deposited after the beginning of the 18th century and prior to Bates death. The most important step in the analysis was to determine the precise origin of the artifacts contained within the trash deposit assemblage. Since Bates was operating a store and a household on the same property, the artifacts could represent debris from either or both of these sources. The relative completeness of the ceramic vessels is indicative of a primary trash deposit, with the large number of unique vessels present (90) suggesting that this area was used primarily for discarding ceramics, glass, and other store items which were broken in shipment or prior to sale at Bates store. The journal of Colonel James Gordon contains an entry for March 12, 1760, where he described opening a shipment of goods from Bristol in which The glass broke very much (Anonymous 1903:197). In addition, the majority of the English and European ceramics show little or no signs of wear brought about by daily use, suggesting their likely origin as store merchandise. Quantities of animal bone and oyster shell present in the fill, however, would seem to suggest a household origin for at least some of this assemblage. The small quantity of faunal bone recovered from the trash pit (less than 1,000 elements), suggests several conclusions. First, the small quantities of bone again strengthen the hypothesis that the assemblage consisted largely of store, rather than household, garbage. Second, the predominant species recovered was cow, represented by seven identifiable individuals. The cattle bone recovered were mainly head and foot components, those portions generally considered butchering waste (see Appendix V). This could suggest the commercial sale of beef at Bates store, or the acceptance of foodstuffs, like beef, as exchange payment for goods. The ceramic assemblage is amazingly uniform in the quality of the ceramics contained within it. With the exception of stoneware drinking vessels, such as tankards and jugs, all of the tablewares from the trash deposit were of Stafforshire slipware or delft, a low-fired tin glazed earthenware. John3 Bates two store inventories also included earthenwares in a variety of table, kitchen and dairy vessel forms. As usual with inventories from the colonial period, the quality of detail about the vessel forms is much better than the information about body types. Although the ceramics are listed by their functions and sometimes size, they are described only very generally as Earthen ware. The inventory of his household possessions also lists earthenwares as being present. In comparing both the store and household goods listed in the inventory, it appears that Bates, although a member of the highest economic category for York County, was using the same types of ceramics and glass in his household that he was selling to the middle-class patrons of his store. Therefore, no attempt will be made to separate the artifacts in the trash pit assemblage into those 27

from the household and the store. Bates household will be discussed in detail later in this section. An attempt to integrate the terminology of the 1720 inventory with that of the ceramic assemblage of the trash deposit was made by using the Potomac Typological System (POTS), developed by Mary Beaudry and colleagues (1983). This system, using the emic terminology seen in 17thcentury probate inventories, links vessel forms seen in 17th-century Tidewater ceramic assemblages to terms used in contemporary records. Although the Bates inventory and trash deposit date to the first quarter of the 18th century, a period when ceramic tablewares were becoming more prevalent, terminology had changed little in the intervening years. The ceramic assemblage of both the trash deposit and store inventory have been characterized according to vessel forms to illustrate the range of vessels available at Bates store. Table I compares the numbers and percentages of vessel forms found in the trash pit and listed in the 1720 store inventory. The wide range of forms represented in the trash pit and inventory is apparent. Vessel forms contained within the trash pit, but not represented in the store inventory, are common ones (bowls, milk pans, chamber pots, mugs, etc), and most likely represent items that were depleted in Bates stock, rather than items which would have been used in his household but not sold in the store. In fact, these forms may have been among the most common ceramic items stocked within every Virginia store. For example, Bates James City County store inventory had 134 brown mugs (probably Staffordshire stoneware) of varying sizes listed in stock. There were no such mugs or jugs listed in the York County store inventory, although they were well represented (29 vessels) in the trash assemblage. The largest discrepancy between the trash assemblage and the store inventory lies in the percentages of ceramic plates. Plates were the most commonly stocked ceramic item in 18th-century Virginia stores (Martin 1989a), and Bates store was no exception. Thirty percent of the stores 28

ceramic inventory were plates, while only a little over 3% of that vessel form was present in the trash pit fill. It may be that plates, due to their shape and durability, were less likely than hollow vessel forms to break during shipping. This would account for their being under-represented in the trash pit deposit. It may also indicate the continued reliance of most households on pewter flatware, resulting in ceramic flatwares not selling as quickly as their hollow ceramic counterparts. If the store and archaeological ceramics are grouped together into types of wares (table, tea, kitchen), the very different composition of the trash deposit and the inventory in terms of vessel function is apparent (Table II). The trash deposit assemblage relies heavily on ceramics whose function is beverage consumption (55.5%), while food consumption-related vessels play a much smaller role (15.5%). This situation is reversed with the store ceramics, with 69.9% food consumption vessels, compared with 26.4% vessels for beverage consumption. This discrepancy can be accounted for in several ways. The preponderance of ceramic drinking vessels in any archaeological assemblage is no surprise; not only were ceramics preferred for tea drinking over pewter or tin vessels, but objects associated with drinking saw heavier use than tablewares such as plates and bowls (Miller, personal communciation). The filling and refilling of cups and mugs with hot and cold beverages, and the frequent handling of these vessels, presented a much greater opportunity for breaking and chipping than for plates and bowls, which only appeared during mealtimes, and then sat stationary throughout the meal. Another factor contributing to the much greater percentage of beverage consumption wares was the continuing reliance on pewter flatwares, as evidenced in the 186 pounds of pewter listed in Bates home and that stocked in his two stores. The opposite effect seen in the store inventory (more ceramic tablewares than beverage consumption items) can be explained in much the same manner. Pewter flatwares were probably more popular at this period, since, as they did not break and could be reused, they represented a

TABLE I. CERAMIC VESSEL FORMS FROM TRASH DEPOSIT & STORE INVENTORY
Trash Deposit # of Vessels % 16 19 10 2 3 7 1 1 2 8 3 1 5 12 90 17.78 21.11 11.11 2.22 3.33 7.78 1.11 1.11 2.22 8.89 3.33 1.11 5.56 13.33 100.00 York County Store Inventory # of Vessels % 53 12 65 25 42 4 7 2 6 216 24.45 5.55 30.09 11.57 19.44 1.85 3.24 0.92 2.77 100.00

Vessel Form * Punch bowls Mugs + Jugs + Saucers Plates Porringers Salts Bowls Galley Pots Milk Pans Chamberpots Basons Cans/Tea Bowls Dishes Sugar Pots Butter Pots Unidentified TOTAL
*

Vessel form terminology taken from Beaudry et. al. (1983), with the exception of tea bowls, which were not present in York county inventories in the 17th century. This includes 20 stoneware vessels from the trash pit. There were no stoneware vessels included in the York County Store Inventory.

better investment for the money. Although Bates was stocking ceramic tablewares in delft, the customer preference at his stores was more likely toward pewter. The low stock of ceramic beverage consumption vessels and high ratio of ceramic flatwares reflects this buying pattern. As addressed by Martin (1989b), archaeologists have tended to have myopic vision when analyzing domestic assemblages. Since pewter does not occur regularly in archaeological assemblages, due either to its never being discarded in this fashion because of resale value and durability, or because of its poor survival rate in the ground, archaeologists have a tendency to overlook its important role in colonial foodways. Household and store inventories, however, have shown pewters importance throughout the 18th

century (Martin 1989b). Pewter tablewares were more prevalent in the inventories; earthenware ceramics were generally more available after the turn of the 18th century. Tableware forms occurred in what was most likely delftware or Staffordshire slipwares. Bates York store inventory lists only a small quantity of pewter; this may be a reflection of the increasingly important role ceramics had begun to play in colonial culture around the beginning of the 18th century. Archaeological investigations at Clifts Plantation show that the use of ceramic vessels increased dramatically between 1670 and 1730 (Neiman 1980:45), rising from 34 unique vessels in the 1670-1685 period to 199 vessels recovered from 1720-1730 contexts. This has

29

also been demonstrated archaeologically in the New England area, where an increased reliance on ceramic vessels in various forms is seen through the 18th and 19th centuries (Deetz 1973). This rising number of ceramic vessels is indicative of a diminished reliance on pewter and wooden tablewares. Like ceramic tablewares, teaware vessels only make up a small percentage of the trash pit assemblage. Teawares are present in the trash pit in the forms of teacups and cans. In the early 18th century, the expense of tea and the specialized equipment which accompanied it limited its use in America to that of the prosperous and governing classes (Roth 1961:65). Although teawares were available in delftware and stoneware in the first quarter of the 18th century, Chinese porcelain was the most prestigious and expensive ceramic available in teaware forms. Most of the porcelain seen in early 18th-century inventories is present in the form of teawares. Porcelain has been found in small quantities on 17th-century Chesapeake sites occupied by wealthy families. William Kelso re30

covered small amounts of porcelain (less than 5% of vessels in both cases) on several 17th-century Kingsmill sites and at Jamestown (Curtis 1988:22). Since general stores such as Bates catered primarily to the middle classes (Bruce 1935), the lack of Chinese porcelain in both the trash deposit assemblage and store inventory is not surprising. Seven Virginia store inventories from the last quarter of the 17th through the first quarter of the 18th centuries do not include any porcelain in their stocks (For a list of these store owners, see Appendix VI). Any teaware forms that were available in local stores were labeled stone, meaning possibly white salt glazed stoneware or some other generic English stoneware. The absence of porcelain in general stores is not surprising, since, most likely, anyone who desired and could afford porcelain ordered it directly from England through agents. There was no need for merchants to stock what would have been, for them, an expensive and slow-moving item. Records from William Allasons Falmouth, Virginia store indicate that

he was not able to sell any of his porcelain plates during a three-year period, and was finally only able to sell six out of the original twelve plates (Smart 1987:6). This reference is for the period 1761 to 1774, a period when porcelain was much more common in the colonies due to lower prices brought about by extended and regular trade with the Orient. Some of the delft tea vessels found at the Bates site, however, are decorated with Chinoiserie motifs (UV 106, 121, 138, 139; Figures 33 and 38), perhaps attesting to the popularity of porcelain design motifs and the wish to emulate them on less expensive wares. Combining the ceramics from the trash pit and store inventory provides a more detailed look at what was available to rural York County shoppers at Bates store. The trash pit assemblage gives more detail on ceramic type and decoration, while the store inventory provides information on pewter which was missing from the archaeological record. Results show that Bates was stocking the wider range of consumer vessels which were becoming available to consumers in the first quarter of the 18th century. Despite this, it would appear that pewter tablewares were still playing an important role in food consumption. The middle-class clientele common to most such stores is suggested by the lack of expensive ceramic items such as porcelain and specialized ceramics within the store inventory or trash pit.

trine available at his store? Also of interest is Bates lifestyle compared with that of his fellow Friends, as well as his non-Quaker contemporaries. The trash deposit assemblage, examined in conjunction with information from Bates 1720 estate inventory, is used in the following discussion to derive answers about merchandising and Quaker life in early 18th-century rural Virginia. A brief overview of merchants and storekeeping in late 17th-and 18th-century Virginia is given here to provide a background for the Bates site and to place it in perspective with the economy and the role of Virginia merchants. Located in great numbers along Virginias navigable streams, stores formed an important aspect of colonial economics (Bruce 1935:380). In fact, the Present State of Virginia, published in 1697, pointed to stores as repressing the growth of towns (Hartwell, Chilton & Blair 1727). Hugh Jones, in his 1724 discourse on Virginia, noted that stores were kept in all convenient places and commented on the usual system of trade in Virginia:
At the stores in Virginia, the planters, etc. may be supplied with what English commodities they want...The merchants, factors, or storekeepers in Virginia buy up the tobacco of the planters, either for goods or current Spanish money, or with sterling bills payable in Great Britain...The tobacco is rolled, drawn by horses, or carted to convenient rolling houses, whence it is conveyed on board the ships in flats or sloops, etc. The tobacco purchased by the factors or store-keepers, is sent home to their employers, or consigned to their correspondent merchants in Great Britian (Jones 1724:88-89).

John3 Bates, Quaker Merchant

Excavating the site of John3 Bates plantation presented a unique opportunity to examine an early 18th-century Quaker merchant. Living and working in what was essentially a rural setting, he served the inhabitants of the surrounding area, who were largely of the Quaker faith. This presented some interesting opportunities for contrasting Bates with contemporary merchants from the standpoint of his Quaker religious beliefs. Did Bates sell the same items as non-Quaker merchants? Could a colonial planter buy luxuries or seldom needed goods from a Quaker store, or were only those items prescribed by the Quaker plainness doc-

Since currency was scarce, tobacco was the common medium of exchange in colonial Virginia, and it was accepted by merchants in return for supplies and goods. Later in the 18th century, stock usually arrived from England in the spring and fall, but in the period examined in this report, stock arrived yearly, usually in the fall. Most merchants supplied middle-class patrons, with the upper classes usually placing their orders directly with factors in England (Bruce 1935:382). At31

tention has been focused on Virginia merchants (Bergstrom 1980; Gill n.d.; Smart 1987), although this work has largely been limited to the later 18th century. Historians have extensively studied Quaker merchants, though this work has been confined to merchants in northern urban areas (Davison 1964; Tolles 1948). Quakers were known to be shrewd but honest businessmen, and more than a few made their fortunes through commerce. This financial success has been partly attributed to the Quaker rule against taking oaths, which restricted members from holding responsible government positions (Lewis 1976:17). Business was an acceptable occupation, an area in which aspiring Quakers could channel their energies and develop a degree of power and respect within the community. John3 Bates was one such Quaker merchant. Although not destitute as a young man (he was willed 412 acres of land in York County as a child), Bates was able to accumulate, in addition to his two stores and mills, approximately 1700 acres of land in York, James City and New Kent Counties before his death. It is not known when John3 Bates opened stores at his York and James City County plantations, but it was most certainly in the years between 1698 when he inherited his fathers property, and January of 1705/6, the first reference to his occupation as a merchant. He is seen in the York County Records on numerous occasions between 1705 and 1718 sueing for debts owed him. Approximately six months after Bates death in 1720, an inventory was taken of his estate. Detailed descriptions of the household contents of his James City County and York County plantations, as well as the contents of both stores, were provided. Bates York County store inventory, containing goods valued at over 539, compares favorably with those of other Virginia merchants from the same general time period. The James City County store stock was valued at just over 212. Although Bates store stock did not seem particularly depleted at the time the inventory was 32

taken, he had obviously not received a recent shipment. The lack of hogsheads or parcels of extra non-perishable merchandise in the store or elsewhere on the plantation supports this interpretation. Neither of Bates store inventories contain any mention of tobacco, most likely because the inventories were taken in June, after the last falls crop would have already been sent to England in exchange for additional merchandise. Unfortunately, there are no known account books or ledgers from Bates stores, and it is also unknown whether any store goods were sold in the interim between his death and the taking of the inventory approximately six months later. Since detailed information in the forms of an inventory and an archaeological assemblages are available for analysis, does the documentary and material record from Bates estate show any evidence of his Quaker faith? To answer this question, it is important to examine the Quaker religion and the potential impact of its beliefs on the archaeological record. Brown (1987) has discussed the difficulties of delineating signals of Quaker occupation in archaeological assemblages. Despite strict rules designating plainness in all aspects of their daily lives, it is evident from the documentary and archaeological record in New England that some Quakers owned finery similar to that of non-Friends. It appears to have been particularly difficult for wealthy merchants, with greater access to consumable goods, to abide by the rules of plainness (Tolles 1963). The following examination of the York County store and household inventory, as well as the objects from the trash deposit, attempt to answer questions about Bates adherence to plainness regulations in those areas of material culture deemed to be the most sensitive indicators of practicing Quaker beliefs. These indicators would be most evident in objects which could express social standing, such as clothing, furniture, and ceramic and glass tablewares. These items figured prominently in Quaker plainness regulations, which detailed strict codes of behavior to Quakers.

An early 18th-century (1708) discipline written by the New England Yearly Meeting outlined standards for the evaluation of Quaker possessions:
Regulation of Friends Deportment and Apparell That all should keep to the Plainest in their household stuffe and furniture both Riding and otherwise, avoiding in particular striped or Flowered Bed or window hangings of Divers Colours and Quilt Counterpaines and Table clothes of like gaudy colars likewise Vallants and fringes and that side saddles and others be plaine without fringes and bridles without needless Buckles and Bosses (Minutes:44).

in our garb, yet some things we did change to greater simplicity....Our fine veneered and garnished cases of drawers, tables, stands, cabinets, escritoires, &c., we put away, or exchanged for decent plain ones of solid wood, without superfluous garnishing or ornamental work; ... our curtains, with valences, drapery and fringes that we thought too fine, we put away or cutoff; our larger looking-glasses with decorated frames we sold, or made them into smaller ones; and our closets that were laid out with many little curious or nice things were done away. (Barclay 1876)

The Half-Years Meeting of May 1694 was more specific about Quaker household furnishings:
As to chests of drawers, they ought to be plain and of one colour, without swelling works, As to tables and chairs, they ought to be all made plain, without carving, keeping out of all new fashions as they come up, and to keep to the fashions that is serviceable, And, as to making great mouldings one above another about pressbeds and clock-cases, &c., [they] ought to be avoided, only what is decent according to Truth, So that all furniture and wainscoting should be all plain, and of one colour.

Some New England Quakers were admonished that if they did own silver vessels or flowered dishes, they should not display them (Minutes:44). Additionally, discussions of late 17thand 18th-century Quaker dress consistently mention the elimination of useless decoration, such as lace, ribbons, ornate buttons, and braid (Warwick, Pitz, & Wyckoff 1965:201). Overall, the Quaker style of clothing was similar to that worn by nonQuakers in England and America at the time, but simpler and made with less ornate fabrics. There is evidence that some Quakers reformed their own households and standards of dress:
As to our own clothing, we had but little to alter, having both of us been pretty plain

Despite regulations, it was difficult for some wealthy Quakers to reconcile their fortune and the Quaker regulations of plainness (Brown 1987:265). Wealthy Quakers often made up for the lack of ornamentation by having clothing made only of the finest and most expensive fabrics (Tolles 1963:126). Bates position as a Quaker, serving a Quaker community, suggests that his store stock should perhaps be devoid of certain items restricted under the plainness regulations. Seven Virginia merchant inventories, taken between the period of 1675 to 1728, were examined for comparison with Bates. Although this may seem a small sample, the erratic preservation of such early inventories limits the number available for study. Several categories of goods which are believed most likely to reflect Quaker beliefs through their presence or absence were examined in particular. These include alcoholic beverages, fabric and other clothing related items such as lace, ribbons, buckles and buttons. This comparison shows that Bates beliefs as a Quaker did appear to be reflected in the contents of his store. At first glance, the goods at Bates York County store appear to have been fairly typical of such establishments. Customers could obtain fabric, cutlery, cooking implements, ammunition, fishing supplies, or any other of a wide variety of items needed for daily use. Yet for all their variety, the largest portion of most 18th-century stores stock consisted of fabric and other clothing items. As discussed previously, dress was highly regulated by Quakers wishing a plain demeanor. 33

When compared with stocks of other Virginia merchants taken between 1675 and 1728, Bates is the only merchant whose inventory contains no lace, gold thread, ivory combs, or other ornate haberdashery. The extensive stock of fabric in both of Bates stores included a range of core fabrics, such as fine and coarse woolens, linens, and cottons, as well as a small quantity of some luxury fabrics, such as silk. The most plentiful fabric in his stock was osnaburg, an inexpensive linen used for slave clothing. Although perhaps a reflection of the recording practices of the inventory takers, when Bates stock is compared with that of other Virginia merchants, his fabric stock seems to be largely solid colored fabrics. There is no mention, as was common in the other inventories of the same period, of flowd. or printed linen or muslin, etc. Also listed in Bates stock is a black hood, a common head covering for Quaker women during the colonial period (Earle 1970:244). Clothing remains are represented in archaeological assemblages by non-perishable items, such as buttons, buckles, and straight pins. A copper alloy buckle, button, and straight pin were the only clothing-related items recovered from the trash deposit. Neither the button nor the buckle show any signs of the gold gilt which was against Quaker dress regulations. Another area where Bates differs from that of other merchants was in his lack of alcoholic beverages such as brandy, cider, and rum, perhaps due to Quaker criticism of drinking. The York County store inventory listed 12 whiskey bottles, however, perhaps attesting to the sale of alcohol.

John3 Bates Personal Lifestyle

John3 Bates estate inventory, taken at his death in 1720, provides a glimpse of not only the items which Bates sold in his two stores to area residents, but also of his household goods. It is also interesting to examine John3 Bates in terms of his personal lifestyle, compared with that of his nonQuaker contemporaries. Differences in his store 34

goods were visible, giving his business an outward appearance of following Quaker regulations, but did this extend into his personal possessions? Did Bates fall prey, as did some of his northern colleagues, to the temptations of owning restricted finery? This can be determined by examining the contents of Bates home as revealed in his inventory. Although Quakers religious beliefs were strict in many respects, Quakers did not question the rights of owning private property or the achievement of high social status (Frost 1973:196). According to Frederick Tolles, the ideal Quaker was plain in his personal appearance as well as in his home. Research, however, has shown that wealthy Quakers in urban areas kept up with current fashions in architecture, clothing and furniture, making it virtually impossible to distinquish their material possessions from those of their contemporaries (Brown 1987:265). Rural Quakers, on the other hand, were distinguished by their attention to details of organized and material life, their deemphasis of luxury and frills, and their industriousness (Jensen 1986:16). Thus, a man of Bates wealth was not expected to live as abstemiously as his less wealthy neighbors, and his home and dress, as long as they were plain, could be of the best sort without drawing undue criticism. Did Bates uphold this plainness in his daily life in rural York County or was he, as a member of the wealthiest segment of York County, more apt to follow the ways of the urban Quaker merchants? An examination of his inventory and the trash pit assemblage should provide clues to Bates behavior as expressed in his material possessions and how they fit into Quaker doctrines. It should be noted here that although the Quaker religion was officially opposed to slavery, Bates did own some thirty slaves at the time of his death. It was stated, however, by Quaker Samuel Fothergill in the mid-18th century that Quakers in Maryland often owned slaves, and that Virginia was almost as bad (James 1963:160). This direct transgression of Quaker beliefs was apparently overlooked, since other sources document the frequent ownership of slaves among southern

Quakers (Jensen 1986:39). For a large planter like Bates, slaves were virtually indispensable for domestic and agricultural chores. Before we can examine the differences which may be accounted for by Quaker religious beliefs, a portrayal of York County inhabitants in general needs to be established as a basis for comparison. Research examining the material culture and daily lives of 17th-and 18th-century residents of the Virginia and Maryland Tidewater (Carson and Walsh 1981; Carr and Walsh 1985; Walsh 1983; Main 1982) has focused primarily on the use of probate inventories, wills, and other documents which record easily quantifiable information on all social classes. In an analysis of York County probate inventories taken between 1710 and 1722, Carson and Walsh (1981) have calculated mean numbers of various household items for estates of differing values. This information allows a comparison of Bates and his personal possessions with those of similarly wealthy York county residents. It was found that Bates, whose household goods alone from his two plantations

were valued at 1131.8.6, ranked with those persons in the highest wealth category, that of estates valued above 491. Table III illustrates that Bates compares favorably with the wealthiest York County residents in his major household possessions. For example, beds were very important items in Virginia households, with the acquisition of beds and bedding forming a top priority for colonial planters of this period. Bates owned eight beds at his York County plantation home, ranging in value from a modest 1.15 to 12.00, with the average value of each bed at over 5.00. Only 17% of all inventoried York County estates valued at over 226 between the years 1710 and 1722 contained combinations of chairs, tables, desks, and case furniture; Bates was one of those households. The large number of chairs listed shows the use of individual seating arrangements. His home contained none of the communal seating pieces, such as benches, common to that time period. Bates became a Quaker sometime between 1698 and 1702, when he was in his twenties. He

35

was probably still residing in the small manor house built by his father, as evidenced by his fear in 1698 that his house would not be a large enough meeting place for the Quakers (McCartney and Weston 1973:4). Bates appears to have been largely a self-made man, inheriting a parcel (412 acres) of land from his father, but building up his wealth through his store profits and land transactions. At his death, around the age of 43, Bates had been able to construct a new home and furnish its seven rooms with luxury goods, including looking glasses, two pictures, and a clock with a case, valued at 6. Carson and Walsh (1981:47) have found that homes were becoming increasingly specialized places for working, relaxing, and entertaining by the mid-18th century. The rooms in Bates home appeared to have served specialized functions, apparent not only by their designation in the inventory, but also through the listing of their contents (Appendix I). The number of rooms in Bates home and their specialized functions show a separation of private and public spaces which was not yet common throughout the colony. For example, Bates appears to have been conducting at least some of his store business in the Hall of the house. This room contained a writing desk, a clock, and a pair of large stilliards, (a portable balance with a hook attached for weighing objects), as well as a couch, numerous chairs and several tables, perhaps used for the accomodation of customers. This room may have served as the counting room for his York County store. Additional stilliards, and scales and weights for sugar, tobacco and money, were located in the storehouse. The term porch was usually used, as today, to designate an appendage to the front of the house for the protection of the front door (Main 1982:294). The room designated as the porch in the Bates house, however, contained elaborate furnishings and was apparently enclosed and used for entertaining. Here was housed a dozen leather chairs, two old chairs, a table, a spy glass, two pictures, and a corner cupboard containing six teacups and two canisters. A parcel of books was located in the back room; unfortunately, no titles 36

are listed. The beds were all contained in the back room of the house or upstairs, another sign of the separation of public and private space. In what other ways was high social standing and high quality of life represented in the inventory? For one, artificial lighting remained somewhat of a luxury in rural areas in the early 18th century (Carr & Walsh 1985:15). Bates use of artificial lighting within his home was apparent through several sconces, seven brass candlesticks, a candlebox and snuffer. The ownership of both a clock and a watch by Bates is also indicative of status. It was found that, while timepieces were more common in urban areas, rural residents relied more on the natural cycles of daylight and darkness to regulate their activities. The two pictures listed in the porch, along with a mirror and spy glass, are also items which point to social display. Analysis of York County probate inventories from the 17th and early 18th centuries have also shown that kitchen and dining equipment was generally minimal (Walsh 1987:7). Walsh has found that around the first quarter of the 18th century, wealthy families began to increase the variety of their cooking and dining implements, thus increasing the variety of food preparation. Bates household goods certainly give evidence that he was participating in this change. The pudding and patty pans, chafing dish, frying pans, skillets, sauce pans and spits listed in Bates probate record indicate that he and his family were enjoying fried and roasted meats, puddings, sauces, and other dishes at a time when most York County families were probably eating mainly boiled one-pot meals (Walsh 1987:7). Although the trash pit assemblage revealed only one ceramic vessel, a delftware salt, associated with specialized food preparation and consumption, the inventory of the household reveals otherwise. Bates kitchen and dairy contained several copper pans and pots, a tea kettle and a chocolate pot, two egg slices, and five dish covers. In the house, two dish bearers and the teacups and canisters also attest to the specialization of dining items. This specialized equipment shows that dining had reached the level

of a social display at the Bates household, something which did not become common in the Chesapeake until much later in the 18th century (Carr and Walsh, forthcoming). A large quantity of linens, another luxury item, were also listed in the inventory, including eight diaper cloth and five coarse tablecloths, 38 napkins, and numerous sheets and towels. What about ceramic items in Bates household? Turning to Bates inventory, it is seen that all of his household ceramics, with the exception of 6 Tea Cupps and 2 Canesters, were described as a prell of earthen Ware, with several such parcels located in various rooms of the house. Most likely, this earthenware was comprised of delft tablewares and coarse lead-glazed food processing and storage vessels. The teacups and canisters of the inventory, not described as burnt or India chine ware as was common with porcelain, were most likely delft, since their value, when included with that of a corner cupboard, came to a mere 10 shillings. Were Bates household ceramics typical of the time for a man of his wealth? Beginning around the second decade of the 18th century, a sample of Virginia merchants inventories show porcelain teawares included among their personal possessions (Richard Walker 1728; Joseph Walker esq, 1724; Henry Hayward 1720/1). Although Bates certainly could have afforded Chinese porcelain, his household goods, as inventoried, included only earthenwares. It is known that he did partake of tea, as evidenced by the presence of tea canisters, a tea kettle, and six teacups, perhaps similar to the delft teacup found in the trash deposit (Figure 38). Although this lack of porcelain, a luxury item, could be attributed to Bates Quaker beliefs of plainness, those teacups found in the trash pit are decorated with floral and chinoiserie designs.

Conclusion
As evident from the inventory and trash pit, John3 Bates Quaker beliefs seemed to be apparent in

his store. It appears that his store stock is reflective of the Quaker beliefs of plainness, with undecorated fabrics and black hoods available, while very little personal adornment finery was on his shelves. Yet, the ceramics which were recovered from the trash pit are largely decorated tablewares, seemingly going against the Quaker prohibition of flowered vessels. But Quakers, like all colonists, could only use what was available to them, and the ceramic tablewares produced during this early period were generally decorated. In order to use ceramics in their homes, the Quaker community may have had to settle for decorated items. Bates household possessions, however, suggest a different demeanor in his personal life. His house, with its room furnishings suggesting specialized functions, is indicative of social changes which were occurring at the beginning of the 18th century. The luxury items listed in some of the downstairs, or public rooms, such as mirrors, clocks, spyglasses and ceramic teawares, suggest a certain degree of social display. Some of these items, such as mirrors, were against Quaker regulations, so it is obvious that Bates saw no problem with owning and displaying them. The same specialization seen in room function seems to hold true for Bates food preparation items and presentation ceramics. The specialized functions of tools such as egg slices and the expense of copper pans suggests that care and attention was placed on the preparation and presentation of food served in the Bates household. Guests in Bates home would have been able to sit in chairs at fabric covered-tables, with indivually set places. The food would have been formally presented on covered dishes. Bates is an example of a man typical of his wealth category for early Chesapeake society. Despite his Quaker beliefs, Bates was actively participating in the acquisition of consumer goods which was beginning to distinguish the residents of Tidewater Virginia.

37

38

Chapter VII. Conclusions and Recommendations

lthough two separate test excavations have been conducted at 44YO205, there is still a great deal of work which could be done there in order to provide clues about the physical appearance, dimensions, and dating of the site. Conclusions will be drawn here and recommendations made for any further research or archaeological investigation that may take place in the area in the future. From information gathered thus far, it appears that the date span of the site occupation ranges from circa 1675 to around the end of the 18th century. John3 Bates father first owned this property by 1675 and probably built the manner plantation that stood there at the time of his death in 1676/7. This was the house that John3 inherited and probably resided in at the turn of the 18th century. Surely, too, this was the house that John3 feared in 1698 would be too small to contain the meeting of Quakers (McCartney and Weston 1973:4). There was no evidence of this early manner plantation, either through structural features or through 17th-century artifact scatters, located through testing in 1980 or 1985. Most likely, this manner plantation would have been a less permanent type of housing, similar in form and construction to that of Clifts Plantation at Stratford Hall (Neiman 1980). Here, archaeological investigations revealed a late 17th-century frame house, supported on wooden posts. Such post houses were common in the 17th-century Chesapeake for planters of all social levels (Neiman 1980:17).

Soon after the turn of the 18th century, John3 Bates built Structure A. It probably served as his house, since that is the only known large structure listed in his inventory. It contained a brick paved cellar, as well as seven rooms. After his death at the end of 1719, the property in York County passed to his younger son Isaac, and remained in the Bates family until the beginning of the fourth quarter of the 18th century. Structure A burned sometime during the third or fourth quarter of the 18th century. The property, or at least that part of it, was abandoned after the fire, since no 19th-century artifacts were found on the site. At the present time the site is not threatened, and it is not likely that it will be in danger of major disturbance. Testing in the yard revealed that recent grading had destroyed all soil layers above subsoil, with the likely result being that only features which cut into subsoil will be present. This would eliminate any information that could be obtained through spatial patterning of artifacts. The location of certain types of outbuildings will be lost through the removal or grading of their shallow brick foundations. Recommendations for further work include additional testing of Structure A in order to determine it construction date, its spatial orientation on the property, and the presence and location of other buildings. The artifacts located by other residents along Nina Circle should be examined and inventoried in order to provide information on the actual dimensions and spatial aspects of the site.

39

40

Bibliography
Abbot 1861 Brown, Marley R., III 1987 Among Weighty Friends: The Archaeology and Social History of the Jacob Mott Family, Portsmouth, Rhode Island, 1640-1800. Ph.D. dissertation, Brown University. Bruce, Philip 1935 Economic History of Virginia in the Seventeenth Century. Volume II. Originally published 1895. Peter Smith, New York. Carr, Lois Green, and Lorena S. Walsh 1985 Changing Life Styles and Consumer Behavior in the Colonial Chesapeake. Paper presented at the Conference of Anglo-American Social History, Williamsburg. Carr, Lois Green, and Lorena S. Walsh n.d. Changing Lifestyles and Consumer Behavior in the Colonial Chesapeake. In Of Consuming Interests: A Style of Life on the 18th Century, edited by Ronald Hoffman and Cary Carson. Forthcoming Carson, Cary, Norman F. Barka, William Kelso, Garry Wheeler Stone, and Dell Upton 1981 Impermanent Architecture in the Southern American Colonies. Winterthur Portfolio:135-196. Carson, Cary, and Lorena S. Walsh 1981 The Material Life of the Early American Housewife. Paper presented at the Conference on Women in Early America. November 5-7, 1981, Williamsburg.

Campaign Maps. Army of the Potomac, Map No. 1. Yorktown to Williamsburg. In Atlas to Accompany the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, 18611865 .

Anonymous 1903 Journal of Col. James Gordon. William and Mary Quarterly XI(1st s.):195205. Barclay, Robert 1876 The Inner Life of the Religious Societies of the Commonwealth. London. Beaudry, Mary C., Janet Long, Henry Miller, Fraser D. Neiman and Garry Wheeler Stone 1983 A Vessel Typology for Early Chesapeake Ceramics: The Potomac Typological System. Historical Archaeology 17(1), 18-43. Bergstrom, Peter 1980 Markets and Merchants: Economic Diversification in Colonial Virginia 1700-1775. Ph.D. dissertation, University of New Hampshire. Bergstrom, Peter and J. Mark Ferguson 1984 Making the Map that Never Was. Colonial Williamsburg Journal VII(2). Berthier 1781 #39e Campe a Williamsburg le 26 Septembre, 7 Milles de Arches hupe le 27 Sejour. Original in Private Collection of Count de Longvillers, Chateau de Rochambeau.

41

Curtis, Julia 1988 Perceptions of an Artifact: Chinese Porcelain in Colonial Tidewater Virginia. In Documentary Archaeology in the New World, edited by Mary Beaudry, pp. 20-31. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Davison, Robert A. 1964 Isaac Hicks; New York Merchants and Quaker 1767-1820. Harvard University Press, Cambridge. Deetz, James 1973 Ceramics from Plymouth, 1635-1835: The Archaeological Evidence. In Ceramics in America, edited by Ian M. G. Quimby, pp. 15-40. University of Virginia Press, Charlottesville. Earle, Alice Morse 1970 Two Centuries of Costume in America 1620-1820. Volumes I and II. Dover Publications, New York. Reprint of 1903 edition. Frost, J. William 1973 The Quaker Family in Colonial America; A Portrait of the Society of Friends. St. Martins Press, New York. Gill, Harold n.d. The Retail Business in Colonial Virginia. Draft manuscript, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. Gilmer, J. F. 1863 Map of New Kent, Charles City, James City, and York Counties. Chief Engineers Office

Harris, Edward C. 1979 Principles of Archaeological Stratigraphy. Academic Press, London. Hartwell, Henry, James Blair and Edward Chilton 1727 Present State of Virginia, and the College. Printed for John Wyat, London. Hunter, Robert 1983 Archaeological Soils. Manuscript on file, Office of Archaeological Excavation, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, Williamsburg. James, Sydney 1963 A People Among Peoples; Quakers Benevolence in Eighteenth-Century America. Harvard University Press, Cambridge. Jensen, Joan 1986 Loosening the Bonds: Mid-Atlantic Farm Women 1750-1850. Yale University, New Haven. Jones, Hugh 1724 The Present State of Virginia. Published in London, 1724. Edited by Dr. Richard L. Morton, Chapel Hill, 1956. Lewis, Marlene 1976 The South River Monthly Meetings of Friends, 1757-1800: A SocioReligious Study. M.S. thesis, Utah State University. Lipski, Louis L. 1984 Dated English Delftware; Tin-Glazed Earthenware 1600-1800. Sotheby Publications.

42

McCartney, Martha, and Margaret N. Weston 1973 The Friends of Skimino Meeting. Unpublished report on file, Division of Historic Landmarks, Richmond, Virginia. Main, Gloria 1982 Tobacco Colony: Life in Early Maryland, 1650-1720. Princeton University Press, Princeton. Martin, Ann Smart 1989a Fashionable Sugar Dishes, Most Fashionable Ware: Consumer Demand for Eighteenth-Century Tea and Tablewares. Paper presented at the first Archaeological Congress/ Society for Historical Archaeology annual meeting, Baltimore. 1989b The Role of Pewter as Missing Artifact. Historical Archaeology (2): 1-27. Miller, George Personal Communication. Minutes Minutes of the Yearly Meeting of the New England Society of Friends. Original books and microfilm at the Rhode Island Historical Society Library, Providence, Rhode Island. Munsell 1975 Munsell Soil Color Charts. Macbeth/ Kollmorgen Corporation, Baltimore. Neiman, Fraser 1980 The Manner House Before Stratford (Discovering Clifts Plantation), edited by Alonzo Dill. A Stratford Handbook. Stratford. 1986 Domestic Architecture at the Clifts Plantation: The Social Context of Early Virginia Building. In Common Places;

Readings in American Veranacular Architecture, edited by Dell Upton and John Michael Vlach, pp. 292-314. University of Georgia Press, Athens. Outlaw, Alain 1974 Excavations at Burkes Corner and Survey of the Skimino Meetinghouse Lot, York County, Virginia. 1974. Virginia Historic Landmarks Commission. Nol Hume, Ivor 1969 Guide to Artifacts of Colonial America. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. Roth, Rodris 1961 Tea Drinking in 18th-Century America: Its Etiquette and Equipage. Paper 14. Contributions from the Museum of History and Technology, United States National Museum Bulletin 225. Washington, D. C. Pittman, William (compiler) 1984 Laboratory Manual. Office of Archaeological Excavation, Department of Archaeology, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. Smart, Ann M. 1987 The Limits of the Possible: Availability and Costs of Tablewares in an Eighteenth-Century Virginia Store. Unpublished paper presented at the 1987 Society for Historical Archaeology conference, Savannah, Georgia. Tolles, Frederick B. 1963 Meeting House and Counting House; The Quaker Merchants of Colonial Philadelphia 1682-1763. Reprint of 1948 edition. The W. W. Norton & Co., Inc., New York.

43

USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) 1985 Soil Survey of James City and York Counties and the City of Williamsburg, Virginia. Printed in cooperation with Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Walsh, Lorena 1987 Summary of Economic and Societal Changes in the Chesapeake with Relation to Foodways, circa 1620-1820. Paper presented at the Foodways Conference, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, Williamsburg. Warwick, Edward, Henry Pitz, and Alexander Wyckoff 1965 Early American Dress; The Colonial and Revolutionary Periods. Bonanza Books, New York.

Wenger, Mark R. 1986 The Central Passage in Virginia: Evolution of an Eighteenth-Century Living Space. Perspectives in Vernacular Architecture, II, edited by Camille Wells, pp. 137-149. University of Missouri Press, Columbia. York County Records Copies on file at the Department of Research, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, Williamsburg, Virginia.

44

Appendix I. John Bates 1720 Estate Inventory

Inventory of the Estate of John Bates of York County Mercht. decd. Taken this Tenth day of June 1720. by us the Subscribers being first Sworn Vizt. In Poplar Spring Storehouse in James City County Linens Vizt: 2 ps. of Garlix Holland 2 ps. Do. 2 ps. Do. 1 P of Dowlas 1 ps. Shirting Holld..............3 A remnant of Dowlas Do. Course Dowlas Remnant Narrow Garlix A ps. of Irish Holld Remnant Irish Do. 1 ps. Cambrick 1 ps. Kenting Remnant of Musling Remnant of Course Linnen 1 ps. Course Diaper 2 Remnants of Do. Diaper Course Garlix 2 ps. Course Colld. Linnen Do. Linnen in a Remnant 1 P. Double Garlix Bedticks 3 bed Ticks 1 Bunt Narrow boulster Tick Silks 2 ps. of Sattin A Remnant Do. 4 Remnants of Persian Silk Stockings Boys Course Yarn Mens Course Yarn Small boys Course Do. Woms. Course Yarn Girles Course Do. Mens ordry. worsted Do.Do. Womsn. worsted Girles Worsted Course 5 P black Course Yarn Worsted Stocks. Calicoe Ordry Stript Calico Romold Hankfrs N. 54 qty. N. 52 N. 58 28Ells 22 9 19 24 20 yds. 16 @ 26/6 @ 25/6 @ 28/6 @ 41 @ 1/3 2. 2. 2. 1. 3. 2. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. . 3. . 5. . 1. 2. 13. 11. 17. 13. 9. 11. 3. 4. 10. 4. 4. 4. 15. 4. 12. 8 3 9 6 9 3 6

35 yds. 8 do. 27 21 2 Ells 26 28 N. 930

54 yds. 20

2. 7. 3 2.

73/4 yds. 55 21 68 Do. 15P 3 doz. & 9P 17P 5 doz. & 9P 5&2 26P 1Do 21 P. 2 doz. P. 3P. 14 yds 24

@ 7 @ 2/4 @ 20d @ 13d @ 11d

2. 15. 6 . 12. . 5. 2 8. 5. . 2. . 2. 1. 18. 6 13. 9 8. 9 8. 9 9. 11 19. 7 16. 2

2. 16. 4 2. 16. 4 1. 12. . 5. 10 . 2. 4 1. 1. 1. 6. 8

Taken from York County Orders, Wills, Etc. #15, 1716-1720, pp. 628-638.

45

Romald Do. Spoylt & Rotten Woolens. Course Druget moth & Rat eaten Course Camblet DO. Do. One ps. Do. Worsted Skrank Camblet 1 P. blew plain Remnant blew Do Course Kersey moth eaten Ordry broad Cloth One P Broad Cloth qty. Remnant of Colld. plains Remnant of druget print Do. 6 yds. Drugget Stuffs. 1 Ps Stuff 1 P Do Ordry. Stuffs narrow Do. Stuffs narrow 1 Remnant of Darrys One ps. Poplin White Cotton Course double Stuff Cantaloons Do Mixed Crape Mourning Crape Shaloon Duroys & pieces no. Number Sagathy 3 piecesNo Number Duroys in a Remnant Sagathy in a Remnant Rat eaten Do. in Do Drugget Sagathy Cold. frize Black Calimanco Course Course Buckram Whisk Setts Two half pieces of white Cotton Fustian in a Remnant White Cotton in Do. Red Do. in Do A Suit of Curtains & Vallins 2 ps. of Swans Skin Capp of Severall Sorts Blanketts Ratt eaten Ordry. Stuff Cantaloon Do. Fine Kersey Pewter. In plates dishes & basons qty. Pottle Tankards Pint Do. Qt. Do. Qt. Do. very much bruised A Splitt porringer

23 23. N (19) 18 29 30 29 47 11 27 16

@ 1/ 35 35 Do

@ 1/3 @ Do @ 4/3 @ 4/8 @ 14

N14 27 35 31 8 7 yds. 2 3 4 27 3

26 yds 26 at 9d

. 1. 1. 1. 2. 1. 1. 1. 2. 2. 6. . 1. . 1. 1. 2. . 1. . . . . 1. . 2. 3. 1. 1. . . . . . 1. 1. . . . . 3. 1. 1. . . 1. . . . . .

10. 12. 15. 15. . 15. 17. 16. 7. 13. 7. 19. 10. 6. 6. 7. 10. 10. 7. 5. 2. 1. 4. . 4. 14. 12. 7. 19. 4. 12. 12. 16. 6. . 10. 7. 9. 8. 18. 19. 17. 10. 12. 1. 7. 19. 9. 6. 2.

6 3 8 2 11 9 1 3 8 10 6 3 3 2 9 6 6 6 6 4 6 4 8 4 8 6 6 6 2

@ 9d

20 32 7 yds. 4 123/4 5 11 13 343/4 9 yds. 12 17 @14d 9 doz. &5 7 P. 16 yds. 4 yds. 11 26 lb. 3 4 1 2

39

@ 2/6 @ 1/6

@ 9d @ 4d @ 2/6 @d @ 3/2

2.

46

Earthen Ware. 1 three Galln. Butter pott Three 1 Gall. Do. One 2 Gall. Do. 4 2 qt. Do. 7 pottle brown Muggs 22 qt. Do. 69 pt. Do. 36 pt. Do. Hatts Mens felts Mens do. Mens fine hattes of Sevl. Sorts Iron Work 19 m. 10d. Nails 2 m. 8d. Do nails 7 m. 20d. Do. 2 m. 4d. Do. Sheep Shears Taylors Sheers Narrow Axes Broad Axes Narrow Hoes Drawing Knives Heading Knife Broad Chiswells 2 Heading Do. Scribing Do. 2 Furmers Scribing Gough back augers Lathing hammers Trowels Round Shreve Taper Shreve Carpendrs Adses Grubbing Hoes Pothooks Frying panns 10 qty. Smoothing Irons Piercers Claw Hammers Iron potts 3 qty Chest Looks very Rusty Padlock one Gridd Irons Crosscutt Saws 1 Iron whip Saw Iron Staples One small wedge X Garnets 3 old hinges 1 Small Iron Candlestick 2 Mariners Compasses Brass 1 brass Kettle weight 4 brass Candlesticks 2 Small dram Glasses Glasses 2 dox. & 7 flint drinking Glasses

. 4. 6 . 1. . 1. . 2. . 5. 10 . 9. 2 . 17. 3 . 6. 16 6 15 6. 15. 8

14 6 15 4 6 3 1 3 3 1 1 8 3 1 1 2 1 8P 62 lb. 2 2 doz. 2 87 lb. 6 3 3 19 2P

4. 15. . 8. 2. 13. 8 . 4. . 7. . 9. 1. 7. . 8. . 6. . 3. . 1. . . . . . . . . . . 1. . . . 1. . . . 1. . . . . . . . . . . . 5. . . 8. 4. 1. 1. 2. 1. 4. 5. 1. 1. 1. 1. 2. . 2. 1. 7. 1. . 2. 3. . 15. 15. 5. . 12. 10 6 6 6 10 10 8 4 9 8 7 7 8 6 9 3 6 8

50

@ 5d

@ 3d.

10 lb.

47

Cheese 4 Cheeses qty. 93 lb. Shoes Mens plain Shoes 18 P Boys plain Do. 12P Mens Shoes another Sort 7 Woms. Do 2 Girles Do. 4 Boys Do. 1 5 horse whips 5 Woms. fine Shoes 1P Saddles one Small hunting Saddle 2 leather halters 10 Single Girths 7 Double Do. 3 Cirb bridles 2 Snaffle Do. 2 Setts of worn horse harness Haberdash: 4 Knotts of pearch line ery 2 doz. dramhooks 5 Small Graters 13/4 lb. pack thread A parcell buttons of all Sorts in a Trunk 6 lb. white brown thread 53/4 lb. colld. & Brown 26 pieces of Tape & binding 19 half peices 45 bunch of Narrow holld. Tape 9 lb. of Mohair 6 Pr. Shammy Mens Gloves 7 P mens wht wash Do. 9 hhds. Silk 1 P Cotton Cards 4 doz. thimbles 4 m. pinns A parcell of Needles 1 Small Girdle 10 Sticks Sealing Wax 2 P. knitting Needles 62 Sail Needles 4 Small horn Combs Oz. twist thread 50 yds. of Yellow black & blew Cadiz & 4 yds worsted Cadiz in parcells Hoods 2 whole Sarsnet hoods 1 P. Silk Stockings Bodice one P leather bodice one P woms. Do. Stitched with Silk one P woms. Paragon Cutlery 1 doz. mens Knives & forks 10 mens wood painted knives & forks 3 Ivory knives Single 19 box knives 7 Jack or Spring knives 7 Small pr. Scizers 2 Inks with Cases

@ 4d.

@ 3/9

@ 20d @ 20d

1. 2. . 1. . . . . . 1. . . . . . 1. . . . . 2. . . 2. 1. 3. . 1. . . . . . . . . . . .

4. 15. 18. 6. 5. 9. 2. 6. 5. . 2. 4. 5. 10. 2. 10. . 2. . 1. . 10. 9. 5. 2. 3. 7. 1. 4. 1. 2. 2. 1. . 1. . 3. . .

10 6 3 4 4 6 4 2 10 8 4 5 9 10 7 6 6 3 6 3 6 8 2 6 6

. 5. . 6. . 9. . 4. . 11. . 6. . 5. . 3. 9 . 2. . 3. 11 . 1. 5 . . 9 . . 5

48

1 P Snuffers 3 Tobo. boxes 42 P brass buckles 40 P Iron or Steel 7 P Childrens Do 6 P. bath mettle Spurrs 4 P Iron Do. 1 P Small Stilliards & pea Shott 213 lb. of Shott & bullets Books 15 horn books. 13 primmers 7 Psalters A parcell of pipes To a Remnants of old Goods Silks. 2 ps. Sattin 55 yds. Remnant Do. 2 yds. 4 Remnants of Persian Do. 62 yds. 11 doz. & 7 linnen handkfs. 5 Ells Course Sheeting 1 P Dowlas N8 7 Ells Do. 4 P Irish hose 2 Lanthorns 1 Dark Do. 1 hatt 2 P Scales & weights & 1 P Small money Scales 1 P large Scales & weights 1 black hood

. . . . . . . . 1. . 1.

. 1. 10. 6. . 8. . . 5. 8. 10.

2 6 6 8 7 10

@ 20d @ 8s P dz. 52 Ells

8. 5. 4. . 3. . . . . . 5. .

18. 13. 12. 5. . 8. 1. 3. 3. 10. . 4.

6 9 8 2 3

212. 10. At the Plantation house at Poplar Spring 10 head of Young Cattle 26 Sheep 1 Tumbrell Cart & wheels old 1 Grindstone 1 writing Desk 1 press bedstead. 1 bed bolster 2 pillows 1 P Sheets 2 Pillow Cases 1 Rugg 1 Small quilt 12 old leather Chairs 6 Cane Chairs 1 P Small bellows 1 P Small Stilliards 5 Small muggs In the hall 1 feather bed bolster 2 pillows 1 P blanket 1 Rugg 1 p Sheets 2 pillow Cases 1 Suit old Curtains &c. bedstead Cord & hyde 1 P Sheets 3 Course Co. Napkins Towells 1 pillow Case 3 Course Rable Cloths 2 flock beds 2 p blankets 2 Ruggs 1 old feather bed & bolster A pacell of horse harness A parcell of old Limber above Stairs &c.

7. 10. 5. 4. 3. . . 5. 2. 10. 5. . 2. 8. 1. 4. . 1. 3 . 6. . 2.

8. 10. 1. 5. 2. 1. 1. 10. . 10. . 10.

49

The pewter in the Kitchen Tinn ware 2 frying panns 1 Gridd Iron 1 Small Kettle 3 P pott hooks 1 P tongs 1 Chafing dish 1 Comb & brush 2 Sifters A Tubb & other Lumber in the Kitchen 2 butter potts 1 mare & Colt a prell. of wearing apparell 3 Tobos. hhds. 35 lb. wool unsortd Sundrys at the mill abt. 47 barrells Indian Corn @ 8/ P barrel 5 bushells wheat 1 Chest 1 P Shoes 1 Gunn 1 X Cutt Saw 1 halter 3 bottles 7 old Cask 2 old baggs 2 old flock beds & bedding Iron pott & frying pan & a prell. Lumber 1 old Jack plain 1 Grindstone Sundrys in Smiths Shop 1 Mare & Colt In Knights field Quarter 31 Cattle Cesar a Negroe man Maria Do. woman Emanuel John Cesars Negroe boy 3 old potts 2 doz. bottles & a prell. Lumber A prell. of hydes Billy a boy Moll a woman Sambo a man Hannah an old woman Mungo a man Jemmy Sam Molley a Child Quimmer a man A mare & Colt Total at Poplar Spring In the Store House at his Own plantation in York County Saddles &c To 4 Small Hackney Saddles To 8 Do. with flapps 4 Hackney Do. Spoilt with Ratts 6 Kerb bridles @ 10/

2. . . 10. 2. . . . . . 4. . . 10. 2. 1. 15. 4. . . 6. 17. 6 6

18. 16. 1. . 1. . . 1. . . . 4. 1. 10. 10. 2. 10. 15. 1. 4. . .

31. 30. 25. 10. 25. 1. . 20. 30. 35. 25. 25. 20. 30. 10. 35. 1.

. . . . . 10. 10. . . . . . . . . . 5.

653. 19.

2. . 7. 4. 1. . 1. .

50

8 Snaffles 10 halters 10 P Stirrup Leathers 9 belts 14 Singles Girths 12 double Do. 18 horse whips 6 woms. Saddles with furniture Cart To 2 Cart Salles 1 hill Collar 1 bridle Woollens & Stuffs To 4 P drugget 1 P Spanish bro. Cloth 2 ps. Duroys qty. 9 ps. Saggathy Serges Duroys in Remnants Saggathy in Remnants Coarse Drugget in Remnants 1 P Shaloon Shaloon in Remnants half broad Cloth 6 Ps. Kersey 2 P half Whisks Coarse bro. Cloth Do. bro. Clo. Kersey in Remnants Ordry. Cotton for wrapping Pennistone 2 P Cotton 1 P Do 1 P Swansey 5 ps. of Do. in Remnants 3 P Colld. fustian 1 P Do Courser 1 P half thicks 18 yds. of Milled Serge Bedding & bedticks 1 feather bed & bolster 3 Ruggs 9 blankets damnifyed 1 Coverlid 6 flanders bedticks 3 Course bedticks 1 Bunt 11 yds. ordry bedtick 1 bedtick Brown Linens & buckram 17 Ps. of Oznabrs. qty. Remnants in Do. Course Kemmells in Remnants damnifyed 2 P brown Sheeting A Remnant Do. Towelling in Remnants very brown 5 P buckram

@ 20d @ 12d @ 14d 8d @ 4d

. . . . . . 1. 14. 1. 4. 5. 2. 15. 2. 2. 4. 1. 2. 3. 12. 3. 2. . 3. 1. 2. 7. 1. . 3. . 1. 1. 3. 1. . . 7. 1. . . .

13. 10. 11. 6. 4. 12. 10. 14. 1. 6. 12. 16. 15. . 16. 10. 18. 8. 9. 16. 19. 7. 15. 17. 12. 6.

4 8 8 8 8 4 1 9 6 6 3

40 yds. 14 yds. 36 yds. 30 32 90 @ 16d @ 20d @ 13d 48 @ 2/8

26

19 6 51 32 37 76 each 51 31 24 each 18 32

@ 2/6 @ 2/6 @ 18d @ 13d @ 14d @ 13d

@ 14d @ 20d

8. 2 14. 10 5. 7 8. 6 14. 18. 8 10. 7. 8. 8. 3. 4. 18. 14. 16. 19. 6 10 7 4 8 6 6 8 6

@ 24/ @ 19d 18d

1489 ells 311 47 57 21 20 12 yds. each

@ 7d @ 7d @ 4d @ 14d @ 4d @ 4/6

47. 10. 9. 14. . 15. 3. 6. 1. 4. . 6. 1. 2.

51

dyed Linnen White Linnens N 13 1 P Dowlas L 1 P Do 26 H 1 P Dowlas 11 Dowlas in Remnants G Do. in Remnants 56 Do. in Remnants 56 Ordry Garlix hold 12 Do. Holld 18 Narrow Do. 3 ps. Irish Linnen Table Linnen 15 yds. 6/4 Diaper N. 225 Narrow Dowlas Stuffs 6 P Stuffs qty. 26, 26, 36, 26, 26, 26. 1 P Sattin Narrow Stuff Double Do Cantaloons Crape Black Russells Camblet moth eaten A Remnant of Stuff Course Camblet Do. Camblet Shaloon Calico Muslins & Silks 4 ps. Calico 1 p. Do. 1 p Chints Calicos in Remnants 1 ps. Do.16 Printed Linnen 1 ps. Do.15 Fine Muslin Course Do Persian Silk for Lining Cuttenees Handkfs. To 34 Romald handkrfs 32 Linnen Co. 20 Cotton Do. 122 Silk Do. Fine Linnens 3 Casks of Kenting 2 ps. of Cambrick Haberdashery 16 ps. colld. Ingle 10 P narrow Do. White 9 bunches of Holld. Tape 5 hd. pinns 22 P mens Gloves 2 P woms Knives 5 doz. & 5 box knives large 5 doz. & 10 Smaller

76 52 Ells 26 55 15 18 17 53 43 20 yds each 2 26 Ells 166 yds 27 96 11 33 36 15 22 7 2 11 10

@ 5

1. 13. 3. 1. 1. 3. 1. 1. 3. 2. 2. 4. 1. 1. 10. 3. 4. . . 1. 1. 1. . .

@ 14d @ 22d @ 15d @ 18d

17. 8 13. 10. 5. 3 18. 6 11. 12. 13. 2. 10. 10. 8. 16. 19. 8. 18. 12. 16. . 13. 5. 13. 2 9 3 3 10 4 4 10 9

@ 2/6 @ 117d @ 20d @ 4d @ 16d @ 1/6 @ 15d @ 15d

. 10. 6. 15. 1. 6. 1. 8. 6 1. 18. 4 1. 6. 2. 2. 3 5. 2. 11. . 2. 1. 1. 10. 1. 1. . . . . 1. . . . 14. 5. 12. 6. 11. 1. . . 8 9 4

N 2 16 yds each @ 27/ 3 18 12 23 @ 20d 11 38 28 133 3 @ 19d @3 @ 21d @ 21d

@ 8d @ 20d @ 20d @ 9/6 @ 8d

9 yds. Do.

18. 17. 2 10. 8 4. 2 7. 6 . 4 9. 4 2. 12. 2 2. 6

52

11 Doz. & 3 Do. 3 ordry. Razors 18 ps. worsted Cadiz 2 P Gartering Ribbons & Ferreting 10 yds. 12 d. Ribbon 7 Do. 6d Do. 52 yds, Silk ferreting 4 bunches of bobbing 1 ordry. Sarsnet hood Books. 2 horn books & 1 primmer 7 pds. of Colld. thread 1 pds. of Course Nunns Mohair 23 pds. of Mohair 1 Trunk of buttons of all Sorts 9 Japan Watch Cases 184 pack Needles 11 dox. Shoe buckles 2 P brass Spurrs 2 mouse Trapps Hatts. 4 doz. & 11 fine hats of Severall Sorts 2 doz. & 10 felt Do. Shoes 7 doz. mens Shoes 1 P Small Girles 1 P. woms. Do 1 doz. woms fine Case & bread Shoes 6 P boys plain 13 P mens Do old Shop Keepers 4 p woms. Do. Tin Ware Lanthorns Funnells Milk panns Coverlids Dripp panns Some panns Pepper boxes Grators Candle boxes Lamps Candlesticks Graters Cullenders Coffee potts Dark Lanthorns 1 Garden Water pott Pewter One dish 1 two qt. bason 11 plates 1 pottle Tankard 8 Do. Spoons Pickles 1 Cases pickles Earthen Ware Pint bowles Large Do. Smaller Do. Sugar potts

@ 20d

1. . . . . . . . . . . . 5. 1. . . . . . 16. 3. 12. . . 4. 1.

2. . 1. 4. 6. 2. 8. . 3. . 13. 3. . . 18. 5. 10. 1. 1. 11. 4. . 1. 2. 19.

6 6 8 4 8 6 3 3 3 3

3. 6. 12. 13. 17. 2. 8. . 1. 3. 3. . . 5. 2. 3. 2. 4. 2. 9. 2. 1. 6. 13. 2. 2. . 8 6 4 6 9 3 6 4 6 1 10 8 8 6 11 6

4 41 25 15 2 15 5 10 4 5 2 9 4 3 3 5 lb

41 5 7 2

@ 4d 5d 5d 3d

. . 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. . . . .

53

Porringers Pint basons Qt. Do. Pottle Do. large plates Small Do. Dishes Pint Canns Glasses One box Glasses Pepper Pepper Cheese 6 Cheeses qty. Scales & Weights 3 P of money Scales & weights 4 P Sugar Scales & wts. 1 P large Tobo. Scales & wts. 1 P Small Stilliards 1 P large Do Iron Ware To 24 broad hoes 61 frying panns qty 15 Iron potts 106 Narrow hoes 10 broad axes 54 Narrow Axes 4 flesh forks 1 Carpenters Adz 1 Coopers Adz 8 firming Chisells 5 Broad Do. 6 firming Gouges 1 fire Shovell 5 p pott hooks 3 P Shoe makers pincers 1 Lath 15 P Sheep Shears 2 drawing knives 1 whipp Saw 1 X Cutt Saw 1 old Tennant Saw Nails To 60 m. 8d. Nails 36 m. 10d. Do. x 10m. 20d. Do 32 m. 6d. Do 12m. 4d. Do. Shott Three Ct. wt. of Shott of all Sorts Brass To 2 Small brass Kettles wt. 18 lb. To 1 brass Tea Kettle To a prell. of Lumber in the Store loft To a prell. of Lumber in the Store Cellar A prell. of pipes 300 lb. of Sugar 12 Whiske bottles

25 23 12 7 65 12 7 4 37 lb. 90

2d 2d 4d 6d 2 1/1 2d 10d 2 @ 17d 3d

314 lb 398 1/3

@ 5d 25 @ 3/3

. . . . . . . . 2. 2. 1. 1. . 5. . . 1. 6. 4. 5. 1. 4. . . . .

4. 4. 4. 3. 13. 2. 5. . 10. 2. 2. . 10. . 3. 15. 15. 10. 19. 14. 12. 5. 2. 1. 1. 7.

2 9 6 10 10 5 6 10 6 4 6 6 8 6

. 1. 4 . 4. 2 . 3. . 3. . 10. . 2. . 15. . 6. . 5. 12. . 9. . 3. 13. 4. 16. 1. 3. 1. 16. . 18. . 9. 2. 10. 1. 10. . 5. 3. 15. 2. 8. 4

@ .4/ @ .5/ @ 7/4 3/ @ 23d/

54

Stores Goods amount to 15 p Ct. is

458. 19. 2 68. 10. 539. 9. 15. . . 10. 10. . 4. 2 6

6 Butter potts Kath: Shamlin 4 Cows & Calves 2 Do. 1 Horse 1 watch & chain 88 oz. 13d. wt. Silver In the dwelling house one old horse one dark bay Do. 8 old horses 3 mares 2 Colts 1 young horse In the Porch 12 Rushea leather Chairs 2 old Chairs and Table 1 Corner Cup board 6 Tea Cupps 2 Canesters 1 looking Glass & Spy Glass 2 pictures In the Hall 6 new Cane Chairs 6 old Do 2 Tables 1 Couch &c 1 Scritore old 1 Clock & Case 1 large Glass A prell. of earthen Ware 2 Mapps 2 dish bearers 1 old Chair & a prell. of Lumber 1 P large Stilliards A prell. of Lumber in the press Sundry wearing Cloths In a Closet under the Stairs In the Back Room 1 Small Table & 2 trunks & box 1 Chest of Drawers 1 Elbow Chair 1 old leather Do. 1 Glass a prell of earthen Ware & 2 Tinn Sconces A prell. of books A prell. of aprn. Candle box & Search 8 Diaper Table Cloths 5 Course Do. 7 Course Napkins

@ 5/

. 5. 6. 2. 1. 4. 22.

10. 10. 20. 7.

. . . .

6. . . 10. . 10. 1. 5. . 5.

2. 1. . 1. 2. 6. 1. . . . . 1. 7. 1.

2. . 12. 5. . . 10. 10. 2. 5. 15. 5. . 10.

6 6

1. 2. . . 1. .

. 10. 15. 15. 5. 2.

55

12 Towells 31 finer Napkins, 22 pillowbers 1 P fine Sheets 13 P Course 10 Shirts 1 bed Curtains Vallins head CLo. & Tester 1 P Sheets bedstead 1 Cord 1 Quilt old & hyde 1 bed &c Chamber Over the Back Room 1 bed 1 P old Sheets bedstead 3 Pillow Cord hyde & 1 P old blankets 4 Ruggs 3 old blankets 25 lb. Rice A prell. of Linnen abt the Wool 2 old Trunks 1 old Chest 1 watering pott 1 hammock a Remnant of Canvas 1 funnel 1 Sauce pann 3 Course Sheets In the Inner Chamber over the Hall 7 Cane Chairs 3 Ruggs A Sett of Curtains & Vallins 1 Coverlid bedstead Cord & hyde 1 Table 1 old Trunk 1 P old And Irons. 1 dish 4 plates 2 Glasses 1 Chamber pott 1 fire tongs In the Out Chamber over the Hall 1 flock bed 1 Rugg 1 P blankets 2 pillow bedstead & Cord 1 feather bed 2 bolsters, 1 p Sheets 1 pillow 1 blanket bedstead & cord 2 Cane chairs 1 warming pan 1 old Trunk In the Porch Chamber 1 Good feather bed 1 blanket 1 P Sheets 1 Pillow 1 Suit Curtains & Vallins bedstead Cord & hyde 1 feather bed 1 feather bed bolster 3 pillows 1 P sheets 1 blanket Curtains & Vallins 1 Quilt bedstead & Cord 2 new Ruggs 12 Cane Chairs 1 Table & looking Glass 2 Chamber potts 1 Speaking Trumpet In the Dairy 4 Patty Panns 7 pudding panns 14 Tinn milk panns

10. . 2. 10. 9. . 5. .

3. . 2. 8. . 5. . 6. 3 . 2. 6

1. 10.

2. 2. 1. 10. 1. 15. . 12. 6

2. . 4. . . 1. 5

12. . 3. 10. 8. 2. 4. 1. . . . . 15. 4.

. 6. . 7. . 10.

56

2 egg Slices, 1 Cullender 2 Tinn Kettles 3 Sauce panns 5 dish Covers 1 funnel 1 Chocolate pott, 1 Copper has pann 1 Tea Kettle 186 lb. pewter at 9d A parcell of earthen Ware In the Kitchen 7 brass Candlesticks 1 P Snuffers & Snuff dish 3 old brass panns 2 old Kettles wt. 76 lb. @ 12d 2 bell mettle Skillets wt. 17 lb. 1 Copper pott 4 Iron potts 2 frying panns 4 P pott hooks, 1 Gridd Iron 1 Chaffing dish, 4 box irons, 2 Spitts, 1 P Iron doggs, 1 flesh fork, 1 Ladle, 3 potracks, 11 Iron Scures 1 brass mortar 1 bird Cage Table & other Lumber In the Cellar a prell. of old Cask abt. 8 doz. empty bottles In the Tobo. house old Lumber 2 Cows @ 25 1 Tumbrell 1 Saddle 2 padds Some old harness

. . 1. 6. .

10. 14. . 19. 6 4. 6

3. 1. . 1. .

16. . 10. 10. 5.

2. 10. . 10.

2. . 2. 1. 2.

. 10. 10. . 10.

Negroes Vizt. Jacob a boy Tony do Lucy a Girle Sarah a Girle Nanny Do. Barbary a woman Grace Do Patty a Girle Hannah a Girle Tomason a Child Venus Do. Billy Mulatto boy George a Young Man Sara a Girle Oxford a Man Paul a Mulatto man Frank 22. 25. 20. 18. 13. 25. 35. 30. 30. 10. 12. 25. 40. 30. 35. 50. 30. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

57

We the Subscribers here under mentioned having according to Order of York County Court appraised the Estate of Mr. Jno. Bates mercht. decd. being first Sworn before one of His Majestys Justices of the peace According to Articles within this Inventory amounted to Vizt. In the Store Goods at Poplar Spring which at 15 p Ct. is In Store Goods in York County which at 15 p Ct 212. 31. 458. 68. 772. Negroes Household Stuff Horses Cattle and other Goods both in James City County & York County as within mentioned amounteth to 10. 3 17. 1 19. 2 16. 10 3. 6

1131.

8.

1903. 12. The Total Sum of the Esate within mentioned laid out & appraised amounts to One thousand Nine hundred & three pounds Twelve Shillings one farthing, as Witness our hands this Seventeenth day of June Anno. Domi. 1720. At a Court held for York County June 20th. 1720 Wm. Kenny Hen. Powers Saml. Cobbs

This Inventory &c. of the Estate of Jno. Bates decd. was presented in Court & admitted to Record. Test. Phi: Lightfoot Cl. Cur.

58

Appendix II. Artifact Inventory

YO205-1
Terminus Post Quem: post 1700 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 11 8 1 1 4 1 1 5 1 1 119 6 1 1 1 22 5 11 19 2 1 tankard handle button, one piece, copper alloy washer?, iron spoon bowl and handle fragment, copper alloy snaphance gun lock, iron hook, iron shovel blade, probably small coal or ash shovel, iron shovel nosing, iron barrel hoop? fragment, iron lock bolt fragment, iron unidentified object, possibly knife blade, iron gun barrel fragment, iron pierced spatula, copper alloy small square buckle frame?, iron? unidentified object, sheet metal with hole through center, iron domed cap, iron strap, iron linch pin, iron unidentified object, iron divider fragment?, iron unidentified object, possible skinners knife blade fragment, iron unidentified object, iron lock bolt fragment?, iron curled finial?, iron ax blade fragment?, iron unidentified object, heavily corroded with iron nail attached, iron reinforcing ring or collar, iron spur, iron knife blade, iron knife or razor blade?, iron unidentified object with tin enameled earthenware encrusted in corrosion, iron nails, wrought, rosehead?, iron porcine tusk delftware fragment, blue and white decoration Fulham type stoneware fragment window glass fragment wrought nails, <2" wrought nail fragment, <2" wrought nail 2-4" quartz pebble plaster fragment delft fragment, polychrome decorated wrought nails, <2" wrought nail fragment, <2" delftware fragment, polychrome bowl colonoware fragments delftware fragments, undecorated English stoneware fragment, brown glaze yellow lead glazed Staffordshire slipware, combed blue glass fragment delftware fragments, blue on white, drug pot colonoware, bowl fragments red-bodied coarse earthenware, lead glazed colonoware fragments, burned **pearlware, undecorated fragments **pearlware, handpainted blue on white decoration

Spoil from Trash Deposit

59

9 2 1 3 1 24 4 20 4 35 8 2 17 8 124 3 1 4 1 1 6 12 3 76 492 34 253 159 1 1 1 1 6 1 1 2 717 5 65 188 112 28 2 13 9 1 3 7 2 2 25 2 1 4 15 2 1 1 1 1 2 38 28 3 13 1 2

Westerwald stoneware, cobalt blue decoration, incised floral motifs Westerwald stoneware, undecorated mug (?) base fragments salt glazed stoneware, undecorated Staffordshire stoneware Staffordshire stoneware handle fragment Westerwald blue and grey stoneware mug with incised AR and crown decoration charcoal fragments slag fragments (sample retained) nail fragments misc. unidentified iron brick chips stones oyster shell oyster shell, incomplete tooth fragments brick fragments cinder fragment delftware fragments, undecorated delftware fragment, green decoration Staffordshire stoneware fragment Staffordshire earthenware fragments green window glass colorless curved glass, leaded wrought nail, <1" wrought nails, 1-2" wrought nails, 2-4" wrought nails, incomplete shanks wrought nails, incomplete with heads scrap lead lead weight small piece scrap lead mortar with shell inclusions flint chert, red unknown stone coal fragments (sample retained) unidentifiable bone fragments teeth embedded in bone identifiable bone fragments pipe stem fragments pipe bowl fragments pipe stem fragments with partial bowls attached 1complete pipe bowl, unmarked complete pipe bowls, marked RT, and AS astride heel pewter fragments glass fragments, darker green, curved marble, half unidentified fragments, copper alloy flint fragments colorless glass fragments, curved, leaded base fragments pale green glass fragments, curved assorted curved glass fragments, colorless, leaded curved glass fragments, colorless handle fragments charred wood fragments delftware fragments, blue and white decoration colorless table glass, folded foot rims colorless table glass, curved iron hook white salt glazed stoneware fragment delftware, polychrome decoration Buckley fragment salt glazed stoneware, blue delftware fragments, bowl or chamberpot, undecorated delftware fragments, undecorated delftware fragments, mug or can base delftware glaze fragments delftware, curved pulled handle delftware fragments, rim, mended

60

9 4 2 26 6 1 4 1 24 2 34 16 3 2 1 5 39 9 3 2 11 27 167 33 3 10 8 21 9 7 1 4 73 2 3 33 50 4 23 174 27 18 4 109 18 7

delftware fragments, same vessel delftware fragments, robin egg blue glaze delftware fragment, undecorated delftware fragments, undecorated colonoware fragments, handle case bottle base glass beads glass bead, half delftware plate fragments, blue and white decoration delftware plate fragments, blue and white decoration delftware mug fragments, polychrome decoration, Beware of the Fox delftware plate fragments, blue and white decoration green leaded glass, medicine bottle colorless leaded wine glass stem fragments colorless leaded glass, handle fragment grey/green glass perfume ? bottle fragments Westerwald grey stoneware, cobalt blue decoration coarse earthenware fragments Buckley ware bowl rim fragments Buckley ware fragments wine bottle neck fragments wine bottle base fragments wine bottle body fragments delftware bowl fragments, polychrome decoration delftware mug fragments, polychrome delftware fragments, undecorated delftware fragments, blue and white decoration delftware cup fragments, blue and white decoration delftware plate fragments, polychrome decoration delftware fragment, polychrome decoration delftware fragment, manganese spattered delftware fragments, polychrome decoration delftware fragments, blue and white decoration delftware fragments, polychrome decoration delftware fragments, undecorated delftware cup fragments, undecorated delftware porringer fragments, undecorated Buckley earthenware milk pan fragments Staffordshire mottled ware fragments Staffordshire lead glazed earthenware, slip combed decoration Westerwald stoneware, blue and grey mug fragments white salt glaze stoneware fragments Fulham type stoneware delftware fragments, undecorated delftware fragments, blue and white decoration delftware fragment, pink bodied, undecorated

YO205-2 40S/35W
Terminus Post Quem: p. 1850 (wire nail) 7 1 1 2 1 plaster fragments *wire nail cut nail, 2-4" pipe stem fragments wine bottle glass fragment

Topsoil

YO205-3 70S/90W
Terminus post quem: p. 1850 (wire nail) 1 7 10 1 13 10 2 *wire nail wrought nails wrought nail fragments iron bar (3" in length) misc. iron fragments unidentified stone fragments slag fragments

Topsoil

61

5 3 48 3 5 11 1 1 1 1 2 8 1 2 2 2 1 20

wine bottle glass fragments misc. glass fragments bone fragments unidentified animal teeth pipe stem fragments pipe bowl fragments pipe bowl fragment, marked IC pearlware fragment, undecorated yellow lead glazed Staffordshire earthenware, combed decoration colonoware fragment salt glaze stoneware delft fragments, undecorated Staffordshire earthenware, mottled delft, blue and white decoration delft fragments, glaze missing delft fragments, manganese spattered delft fragment, robin egg blue glaze oyster shell

YO205-4 60S/90W
Terminus post quem: 1864 (colorless glass fragments) 2 2 1 6 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 5 11 3 1 2 3 5 5 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 brick fragments slag fragments iron plate, slightly curved wrought nail fragments, <2" *colorless glass fragments wine bottle glass fragments colonoware fragment yellow lead glazed Staffordshire earthenware fragment delft fragment, bluish tint glaze Fulham type stoneware English salt glaze stoneware, handle fragment coarse earthenware, North Devon gravel tempered fragments coarse earthenware, North Devon fragments oyster shell cinders misc. iron fragments mortar fragments brick chip wrought nail fragments, <2" wine bottle glass fragments pipe stem fragments bone fragments flint chip pipe bowl fragment delftware fragment, blue and white decoration delftware fragment, robin egg blue glaze delftware fragment, undecorated pearlware, transfer printed, blue pearlware fragments

Topsoil

YO205-5 30S/40W
Terminus post quem: modern (styrofoam McDonalds container fragment) 1 1 1 1 7 1 2 4 2 1 2 iron rod fragment iron fragment, curved wrought nail, <2" *styrofoam McDonalds container fragment plaster fragments pipe bowl fragment whiteware fragments bone fragments wrought nails, <2" wrought nail, 2-4" wrought nail fragments, <2"

Topsoil

62

3 1 2 3 2 1 1 1 1 2 1

misc. iron fragments electric light fixture? mortar fragments pipe bowl fragments bottle glass fragments Buckley lead glazed earthenware fragment creamware fragment vessel glass, pale green English brown stoneware, Fulham type oyster shell fragments pale green curved glass fragment

YO205-6 60S/90W
2 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 7 1 1 1 1 slag fragments nail(?), <2", heavily corroded pipestems wine bottle glass fragments delft fragments, undecorated delft fragment, blue and white decoration wrought nail, <2" wrought nail, incomplete, <2" misc. iron fragments bone fragment Buckley lead glazed earthenware fragment *English brown stoneware, Fulham type glazed brick fragment

Construction Related Debris

Terminus post quem: p. 1690 (English brown stoneware, Fulham type)

YO205-7 70S/90W
Terminus post quem: modern (section of plastic pipe) 1 1 1 1 3 7 1 1 2 1 2 6 3 3 1 10 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 9 1 1 11 1 12 1 5 5 quartz crystal unidentified animal tooth Staffordshire mottled earthenware fragment lead ball, diameter 1/2" oyster shell wine bottle glass fragments *section of plastic pipe mortar fragment flint fragments miscellaneous stone cinders wrought nails fragments, <2" window glass, green vessel glass fragments, colorless delftware fragment, polychrome decoration delftware fragments, undecorated delftware fragments, blue and white decoration delftware fragment, blue glaze yellow lead glazed Staffordshire earthenware, combed decoration German stoneware, sprig molding Burslem (?) stoneware fragment English stoneware fragment, Fulham type creamware fragments white salt glazed stoneware fragment oyster shell delftware fragments, white delftware fragment, polychrome decoration delftware fragment, brown (?) decoration misc. iron fragments wire nail wrought nails, <2" wrought nail fragment, 2-4" wrought nail fragments, <2" tar paper fragments

Construction Related Debris

63

2 2 31 12 13 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

slag wrought iron nail, 2-4" bone fragments pipe stem fragments pipe bowl fragments glass vessel fragment, pale blue/green bakelite fragment, marked LX pearlware fragment white salt glazed stoneware fragment coarse earthenware, red bodied delftware fragment, polychrome decoration delftware fragment, robin egg blue glaze

YO205-9 70S, 100W

Terminus post quem: p. 1850 (wire nail) 1 3 1 1 1 7 1 3 5 1 *wire nail, 2-4" slag fragments unidentified iron fragment glazed brick fragment wrought nail fragment bone fragments oyster shell pipe bowl fragments pipe stems coarse red earthenware fragment

Topsoil

YO205-10 70S/80W
3 4 2 1 5 3 4 1 1 1 1 1 oyster shell misc. iron fragments, tubular brick chips misc. stone chip wrought nail fragments, <2" pipe stem fragments pipe bowl fragments wine bottle glass fragment delftware, undecorated delftware fragment, blue and white decoration *pearlware fragment, blue transfer print coarse earthenware, North Devon gravel tempered?

Construction Related Debris

Terminus post quem: p. 1787 (pearlware fragment, blue transfer print)

YO205-11 70S/100W Subunits C and D

1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 5 2 1 1 nail shank fragment unidentified iron fragment brown lead glazed redware handle delftware fragment, blue and white delftware fragments, undecorated delftware fragment, glaze missing bone fragment oyster shell wine bottle glass fragments pipe bowl fragments pipe stem fragments delftware fragment *yellow lead-glazed Staffordshire earthenware, dot decoration

Construction Debris

Terminus post quem: p. 1670 (yellow lead-glazed Staffordshire earthenware, dot decoration)

YO205-12 70S/90W
Terminus post quem: p. 1670 (slipware fragment) 1 1 wine bottle glass fragment bone fragment, unidentified jaw with teeth

Shrub Removal Hole

64

2 1 1 1 1 2

wrought nails <2" misc. iron fragment pipe stem fragment pipe bowl fragment *slipware fragment oyster shells

YO205-13 70S/90W
Terminus post quem: no date available 13 2 1 1 1 1 bone fragments oyster shells nail fragment wrought nail, <2" window glass fragment delft fragment, undecorated rim sherd

Shrub Removal Hole

YO205-15 60S/100W
Terminus post quem: p. 1850 (wire nail) 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 2 2 1 2 2 *wire nail, 2-4" misc. iron fragments slag fragment cinder wrought nail fragment, <2" pebble misc. stone fragment bone fragments tooth fragment delftware fragments, undecorated yellow lead glazed Staffordshire earthenware flint chip pipe stem fragments wine bottle glass fragments

Construction Related Layers

YO205-16 70S/90W
Terminus post quem: p. 1917 (tar paper fragment) 1 1 6 1 2 3 1 1 oyster shell *tar paper fragment wrought nail fragments, <2" leaded wine glass stem, colorless pipe stem fragments pipe bowl fragments vessel glass fragment, green, pharmaceutical bottle? yellow lead glazed Staffordshire earthenware, dot decoration

Construction Related Feature

YO250-17 70S/90W
Terminus post quem: p. 1700 (Westerwald grey stoneware, cobalt decoration) 3 54 3 1 1 5 88 33 30 1 1 1 63 3 20 window glass fragments wine bottle glass wine bottle base fragments wine bottle neck fragments thin walled, green curved glass fragment, pharmaceutical bottle delftware fragments, blue and white drug jar delftware fragments, undecorated pipe bowl fragments pipe stem fragments delftware plate fragment, blue and white decoration delftware fragment, manganese and blue decoration delftware fragment, pink body wrought nails, <2" wrought nail fragments delftware fragments, blue and white decoration

Trash Deposit Fill

65

3 2 6 4 1 1 68 22 433 4 1 19 3 24 1 14 94 1 2 1 1 11 31 8 1 6 1 1 8 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 10 5 1 1 7 3 1 28 4 12 1 4 3 1

leaded glass fragments fragments, curved tinted green glass oyster shell oyster shell fragments red bodied coarse earthenware nail fragment slag fragments animal teeth, unidentified bone fragments stones burned flint fragment wrought nail fragments with heads iron spikes, 3" wrought nail shank fragments colonoware fragment, burned brick fragments misc. unidentified iron fragments chert coarse red earthenware fragments coal iron ladle bowl wrought nail fragments, <2" wrought nail fragments, <2" wrought nail fragments, 2-4" pipe bowl with stem, unmarked colonoware fragments colonoware fragment, burned Staffordshire earthenware, combed decoration delftware fragments, undecorated pipe heel Staffordshire stoneware fragments *Westerwald grey stoneware, cobalt decoration leaded bottle ? glass copper alloy clothing pin fragment copper alloy clothing buckle, complete wrought nails, 2-4" wrought nail fragments wrought nail fragments with heads glass bead flint chip yellow lead glazed Staffordshire earthenware, dot decorated red sandy ware fragments colorless glass knop from wine glass, leaded colonoware fragments colonoware fragments, burned Westerwald blue and grey stoneware Westerwald grey stoneware fragment Westerwald grey stoneware, cobalt and manganese decoration Fulham type stoneware fragments English stoneware fragment

YO205-18 60S/50W
Terminus post quem: p. 1864 (window glass, colorless) 2 2 1 1 1 wrought iron nails, <2" pearlware fragments delftware, blue and white decoration *window glass, colorless wine bottle glass fragment

Topsoil

YO205-21 60S/50W
Terminus post quem: p. 1864 (window glass fragment, colorless) 1 2 1 wrought nail fragment, <2" wrought nails, <2" wrought nail, 2-4"

Construction Related Layer

66

1 1 2 1 1 2 1

wine bottle glass fragment pipe stem fragment bone fragments pipe bowl fragment *window glass fragment, colorless pearlware fragments, handpainted polychrome pearlware fragment

YO205-22 100S/50W
Terminus post quem: modern (plastic fragment) 1 1 1 5 wire nail *plastic fragment oyster shell bottle glass, colorless

Topsoil

YO205-23 80S/70W
1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 delft fragment, handle (porringer?), undecorated delft fragments, blue and white decoration delft fragment, undecorated wrought nail, incomplete, <2" misc. iron fragment bottle glass fragments, green pipe stem *German stoneware fragment, sprig molded

Construction Related Layer

Terminus post quem: p. 1700 (German stoneware fragment, sprig molded)

YO205-24 80S/70W
Terminus post quem: no date available 1 1 1 wrought nail, incomplete, <2" wrought nail, <2" misc. iron fragment, nailhead?

Feature

YO205-27 100S/50W
Terminus post quem: p. 1914 (crown bottle cap, iron) 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 4 1 wire nails, >2" nail shank fragment *crown bottle cap, iron walnut shell mortar fragment, sand temper oyster shell copper alloy disc, 3/4" diameter, possible button part pipestems colorless molded bottle glass fragments delftware fragment, undecorated

Construction Related Layer

YO205-32 100S/20W
Terminus post quem: p. 1864 (window glass fragment, colorless) 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 5 2 Buckley ware fragment unidentified stone bone fragment pipe bowl fragment green vessel glass *window glass fragment, colorless pipe stem fragments delft fragment, undecorated cauliflower type creamware fragment coarse earthenware fragment, North Devon gravel tempered(?) wrought nail <2", burned wrought nails, <2" wrought nails, 2-4"

Construction Debris

67

YO205-33 30S/40W
Terminus post quem: p. 1762 (creamware fragment) 4 1 1 1 2 3 7 2 1 6 2 7 3 4 1 1 mortar fragments burned wood fragment plaster fragment oyster shell, burned nail fragments wrought nails, complete <2" wrought nails, incomplete <2" iron fragments, unidentified wrought nail, complete, 2" pipestems pipe bowl fragments window glass fragments, light green wine bottle glass fragments delft fragments, blue on white decoration *creamware fragment unidentified fragment, bone?

Construction Related Layer

YO205-38 60S/90W
Terminus post quem: p. 1864 (window glass fragment, colorless) 8 1 4 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 misc. iron fragments, large flint fragment window glass fragments, green *window glass fragment, colorless bone fragments wrought nail, <2" wrought nail, incomplete, <2" pipe bowl fragment pipe stem fragment delft fragment, plate, blue and white decoration colonoware fragment slag fragments

Shrub Removal Hole

YO205-39 70S/90W
Terminus post quem: p. 1690 (English brown stoneware, Fulham type) 1 5 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 wrought nail, <2" bone fragments animal tooth, unidentified delftware fragment, blue and white decoration delftware fragments, undecorated *English brown stoneware, Fulham type bone fragment wine bottle glass fragment wrought nail fragment, <2"

YO205-41 30S/40W
Terminus post quem: no date available 1 1 3 11 13 7 2 2 5 9 1 10 4 burned brick fragment wrought nail, complete, >2" charcoal fragments wine bottle glass fragments oyster shell mortar fragments mortar fragments with plaster brick fragments misc. iron fragments wrought nails, <2" wrought nail, 2-4" wrought nails, burned, <2" wrought nail fragments

Brown/Grey Loam

68

5 1 2 1 1 1 2 3

wrought nail fragments with heads front plate of stock lock bone fragments pipe bowl fragment pipe stem leaded glass fragment window glass fragments green glass, curved bottle fragments

YO205-42 30S/40W
Terminus post quem: 1690 (English stoneware fragment, Fulham type) 5 1 6 4 2 1 1 3 3 6 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 11 10 1 1 1 10 1 4 1 3 3 pipestem fragments pipe bowl fragment wine bottle glass fragments window glass fragments pharmaceutical glass fragments delft fragment, blue on white decoration iron fragment, possible cooking pot wrought nails, T-head, <2" wrought nails, rose head, >2" wrought nails, rose head, <2", burned wrought nails, T-head, >2", burned headless nail fragment iron fragment, unidentified wrought nail fragment nail fragment, burned delft, polychrome decoration bone fragments wrought nails, <2", burned wrought nails, <2" wrought nail fragment, <2" oyster shell delft fragment wall plaster fragments, lathe marks on unfinished surface *English stoneware fragment, Fulham type oyster shell, two burned wall plaster fragment glass fragments, green wrought nails, 2-4"

Utility Trench

YO205-43 30S/40W
Terminus post quem: p. 1805 (cut nail) 5 1 4 1 2 1 1 1 7 2 1 1 12 1 26 2 1 1 plaster fragments wrought nail, >2", partially burned wine bottle glass fragments blue vessel glass fragment wrought nails, 2-4" wrought nail fragments, 2-4", burned pipe bowl fragment white salt glazed stoneware fragment plaster fragments, with lathe impressions window glass fragments bone fragment oyster shell wrought nails, <2", burned *cut nail, 2-4" wrought nails, <2" wrought nail fragments, <2" iron harness buckle iron saddle tree fragment

Utility Trench

69

YO205-46 60S/90W
Terminus post quem: p. 1864 (window glass, colorless) 2 2 5 3 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 bone fragments wrought nails, <2" wrought nail fragments, <2" misc. iron fragments cinder lead glazed Staffordshire earthenware, combed decoration lead glazed Staffordshire earthenware, dot decoration delftware, robins egg blue glaze German Westerwald stoneware, decorated with cobalt and manganese pipe bowl, unmarked *window glass, colorless wine bottle glass fragments

Grey Sandy Loam

YO205-47 60S, 90W

Terminus post quem: no date available 7 1 12 4 6 1 7 2 18 1 1 5 3 22 slag fragments iron chain, three links misc. iron fragments oyster shell wrought nails <2" wrought nail, 2-4" nail fragments wrought nail fragments, with heads bone pipe stem delftware fragment, undecorated colonoware fragments wine bottle glass fragments window glass fragments

Trash Deposit Fill

YO205-48 70S/100W
Terminus post quem: no date available 3 3 1 1 1 oyster shell unidentified iron fragments wrought nail, <2" pipe bowl fragment, burned small unidentified stone chip

Trash Deposit Fill

YO205-50 60S/90W
Terminus post quem: no date available 3 1 1 1 oyster shell mortar fragment wrought nail, <2" delftware fragment, undecorated

Postmold

YO205-51 60S/90W
Terminus post quem: p. 1820 (whiteware, annular decoration) 9 1 8 7 23 2 1 4 5 1 wine bottle glass leaded glass fragment slag fragments bone fragments misc. iron fragments oyster shell oyster shell, incomplete wrought nail fragments with heads, <2" wrought nails, <2" iron unidentified, with nail and glass embedded

Posthole

70

1 4 1 2 2 3 2 1

iron tumbler for stock lock pipe stems pipe stem with heel and bowl pipe bowl fragments colonoware fragments delftware fragments, blue decoration delftware fragments, blue and white decoration *whiteware, annular decoration

YO205-52 30S/40W
Terminus post quem: no date available 3 1 1 3 2 1 3 4 9 4 7 5 1 oyster shell oyster shell, incomplete mortar fragment bones snail shells brick fragment wrought nails, <2" wrought nail fragments with heads misc. unidentified iron wrought nails, burned, <2" wall plaster with lathe impressions wine bottle glass colonoware fragment

Brick Rubble

YO205-53 30S/40W
Terminus post quem: no date available 1 3 3 5 3 5 brick fragment with attached nail snail shells plaster fragments with wood impressions on reverse wrought nails <2" wrought nail fragments, <2" glass fragments, devitrified

Plaster and Mortar Rubble

YO205-54 30S/40W
Terminus post quem: p. 1769 (creamware fragment) 3 23 5 2 24 3 2 1 3 1 11 1 4 2 1 3 1 1 1 22 nail fragments wrought nails <2" wrought nails 2-4" wrought nails 2-4", burned wrought nails <2", burned Fulham type stoneware, probable storage jar, burned possible copper alloy frags. plaster frag. *creamware frags., plate creamware fragment with case bottle glass melted on case bottle frags. eggshell fragment oyster shell wrought nail fragments, <2" iron plate?, mount? misc. iron fragments unidentified stone with quartz inclusions plaster fragment misc. stone fragment plaster fragments, lathe impressions

Ash and Plaster

YO205-58 30S/40W
Terminus post quem: p. 1769 (creamware fragment) 5 1 melted case bottle glass fragments mortar or plaster fragment

Rubble Fill

71

2 2 1 3 12 35 67 1 4 9 3 1 22 5 2 3 3 1

burned oyster shell English brown stoneware, Fulham type, burned *creamware fragment, burned wrought nails, T-head, burned >2" wrought nails, burned, >2" wrought nails, burned <2" wrought nails, <2" nail shank, burned plaster fragments with wood grain plaster fragments with lathe impressions oyster shells iron harness furniture fragment wrought nails, >2" wrought nail fragments, <2" wrought nail shank fragments <2" wrought nail tacks, <1" wrought nails, <1" wrought nail head fragment, burnt, <1"

YO205-59 30S/40W
Terminus post quem: no date available 5 3 8 3 2 1 1 13 1 1 15 6 wrought nails, <2", burned wrought nails, >2", burned wrought nails, >2" wrought nails, ,<2" nail shanks wrought nail fragment, <2" polished (?) bone fragment plaster fragments pipestem pipe bowl fragment wine bottle glass body fragments wine bottle glass, base fragments

1980 Test Unit #5

YO205-67 30S/40W
Terminus post quem: no date available 4 2 plaster fragments wrought nails, <2", burned

Charcoal and Plaster Layer

YO205-68 30S/40W
Terminus post quem: no date available 9 1 3 1 5 1 1 charcoal fragments harness furniture, iron wrought nail fragments, <2" wrought nail >2" wrought nail fragments, <2" burned wrought nail fragment, <2", burned iron tack, <1"

Plaster Dust

YO205-69N 50S/40W
Terminus post quem: 20th century (plastic fragment) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 nails <2" nail fragment Buckley ware fragment creamware fragment delft fragment, white colorless glass fragment, thick *plastic fragment

Topsoil

72

YO205-70 50S/40W
Terminus post quem: no date available 1 1 1 brick frag., glazed pipe stem frag. nail, shank frag.

Construction Related Layer

YO205-71 50S/60W
Terminus post quem: p. 1670 (yellow lead glazed Stoffordshire earthenware fragment, combed decoration) 1 1 1 1 1 1 aboriginal ware fragment, pebble tempered yellow lead glazed Staffordshire earthenware fragment, buff body *yellow lead glazed Staffordshire earthenware fragment, combed decoration wine bottle glass fragment light green curved glass fragment light green window glass fragment

Topsoil

YO205-73 30S/40W
Terminus post quem: no date available 1 1 nail fragment, <2" pipebowl fragment

1980 Excavation Backfill-Test Unit #3

YO205-74 30S/40W
Terminus post quem: p. 1864 (colorless glass fragment) 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 bone fragment delft fragment, polychrome floral decoration, tea bowl oyster shells burned brick fragment delft fragment, rim sherd burned clay fragment(?) unidentified metal corrosion fragment wrought nail, >2", badly corroded wrought nail fragment, badly corroded *colorless glass fragment wine bottle glass fragment table glass fragment, curved

Fill over Robbed Wall

YO205-75 30S/40W
Terminus post quem: no date available 1 1 1 wrought nail, under 2" bottle glass fragment, green pipe stem fragment

Light Brown Loam

YO205-76 50S/60W
Terminus post quem: no date available 5 2 2 4 4 1 2 2 2 unidentified iron, flat fragments wrought nails, incomplete <2" wrought nails, complete <2" wrought nails, complete, >2" bone fragments delft fragment, polychrome decoration wine bottle body fragments window glass fragments blue/green pharmaceutical glass fragments

Construction Related Layer

YO205-77 50S/60W
Terminus post quem: post c. 1899 (cement fragments) 2 *cement fragments

Intrusion

73

1 1 1 5 1 3 1 1 2 1 1 4 1 1

oyster shell unidentified iron, flat, 1" square wrought nail, complete, <2" wrought nail fragments, <2" wine bottle glass base fragment pipestems wine bottle glass body fragment case bottle glass fragment yellow lead glazed Staffordshire earthenware, combed decoration lead glazed redware black glazed redware pearlware, burned slightly creamware white salt glazed stoneware fragment

YO205-79 30S/40W
Terminus post quem: no date available 1 delft fragment, blue on white decoration

Feature

YO205-82 50S/40W
Terminus post quem: no date available 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 mortar fragments mortar fragment, burned small round fragment of iron corrosion nail head fragment with 1/4" shank, corroded iron fragment, unidentified, 2" x 1/2" wine bottle neck fragment window glass fragment pipe bowl fragment

1980 Excavation Backfill

YO205-83 30S/40W
Terminus post quem: no date available 2 1 1 1 1 5 3 1 1 4 4 9 7 3 1 egg shell fragments tooth, unidentified animal bone fragment bone fragment, animal gnawed mortar fragment nail shank (?) fragments wrought nails, complete <2" wrought nail, complete, >2" wrought nail fragment, <2" bone fragments window glass oyster shell wine bottle glass fragments, body pipe stem fragments lead glazed coarseware fragment, rim sherd

Brown Silty Clay

YO205-85 60S/40W
Terminus post quem: p. 1720 (white salt glazed stoneware fragment) 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 nail fragment wood fragments pipe stem fragment delft fragment, blue on white decoration nail, <2" nail, 2-4" grey bodied salt glazed stoneware Westerwald stoneware, manganese decorated *white salt glazed stoneware fragment

Construction Layer

74

YO205-86 60S/40W
Terminus post quem: no date available 2 1 wrought nail fragments, <2" wrought nail, complete <2"

1980 Excavation Backfill

YO205-88 50S/60W
Terminus post quem: no date available 1 1 2 pipe bowl fragment, marked with initials R. C. plaster fragment nail fragments

Robbers Trench

YO205-91 30S/40W
Terminus post quem: no date available 2 rose head wrought nails <2"

YO205-93 50S/40W
Terminus post quem: no date available 1 wine bottle base fragment, pontil scar

1980 Excavation Backfill

YO205-94 30S/40W
Terminus post quem: no date available 2 2 2 1 2 wrought nails, <2: wrought nails, <2", incomplete wrought nails, <2", burned plaster fragment oyster shells

Brick Rubble

75

76

Appendix III Unique Ceramic Vessel Catalog

by Eric Ackermann, Bill Dannenmaier, Lisa Flick, Barbara Larkin, Drake Patten and Anne Ustach
U.V. 001 (Figure 21)
Tankard. Rim and body fragments of Westerwald stoneware. Vessel is decorated with a floral incised motif and an AR armorial sprigged decoration in cobalt blue. The AR excise mark is located along the top rim, which is cordoned. The vessel is composed of a grey body paste with a salt glaze. Vessels of this sort were common between 1702 and 1714. Catalog # 0.001.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: 4" rim diameter, 4" base diameter, 6" height Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 002 (Figure 22)

Tankard. Virtually complete vessel of Westerwald stoneware. The vessel is decorated with a floral (buds and leaves) incised motif. An AR armorial sprigging in debased cobalt blue completes the decoration. The vessel is composed of a grey body paste with a salt glaze. Tankards of this sort were common between 1702 and 1714. Catalog # 0.002.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: 37/8" base diameter, 3" rim diameter, 4" height Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 003
Tankard-Base and body fragments of Fulham type stoneware. The vessel is decorated with molded cordons at its base and appears to show evidence of sprigged body decoration. Brown iron oxide slip is present on the

Figure 21. Westerwald stoneware tankard.

Figure 22. Westerwald stoneware tankard.

77

exterior of the vessel and a tan metallic oxide slip coats its interior. The vessel is composed of a tan body paste which is covered with a salt glaze. Catalog # 0.003.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: 4" base diameter Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 004 (Figure 23)

Storage Jar or Jug-Base and body fragments of English brown stoneware. An incised line encircles the vessel just below the handle. This vessel has a brown iron oxide slip on its exterior and a grey wash on its interior. A grey body paste with an exterior salt glaze composes the vessel. Catalog # 0.004.YO205-42 Principal Measurements: 5" base diameter Archaeological Context: Utility trench through Structure A

U.V. 005 (Figure 24)

Small bulbous-bodied jug. Body and base fragments of Westerwald stoneware. Sprigged medallion decoration and incised floral ornaments in cobalt blue on a manganese oxide colored background is present only on the front of the vessel. The back of the vessel is undecorated. Cordoning is present around the base of the vessel. A grey body paste with an interior as well as exterior salt glaze composes the vessel. Catalog # 0.005.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: 3" base diameter Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

Figure 23. English brown stoneware storage jar.

Figure 24. Westerwald stoneware jug.

78

U.V. 006
Tankard. Pulled handle and body fragments of Fulham stoneware. A brown iron oxide slip is applied to the vessel exterior and a tan slip coats its interior. A tan body paste covered with a salt glaze composes the vessel. Catalog # 0.006.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: Indeterminable Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 007
See U.V. 005. Incorporated into Unique Vessel 005.

U.V. 008 (Figure 25)

Tankard. Body and rim fragments of Staffordshire mottled stoneware. Decorated with a single raised line beginning 1" down from rim, this vessel has an iron oxide lead glaze on its exterior and interior. The vessel is composed of a light grey/tan body paste. Catalog # 0.008.YO205-2 Principal Measurements: 3" rim diameter Archaeological Context: Topsoil

U.V. 009 (Figure 26)

Tankard. Rim and body fragments of Staffordshire mottled stone- ware. Cordoned decoration begins 1" below the vessels rim. An iron oxide glaze coats the interior and exterior of the vessel, which has a tan body paste. Catalog # 0.009.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: 6" rim diameter Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 010 (Figure 25)

Unidentified vessel form, possibly bulbous mug. Base, body and handle fragments of Staffordshire mottled stoneware. Cordoning begins 1 1/2" from the base of the vessel. A brown mottled iron oxide lead glaze is present on the vessels interior and exterior surfaces. A thick pooling of glaze is located in the bottom interior of the vessel. The vessel is composed of a tan body paste. Catalog # 0.010.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: 3" base diameter Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 011 (Figure 26)

Tankard. Rim, body and pulled handle fragments of Staffordshire stoneware. Cordoning begins " below the rim of the vessel. A dark brown iron oxide slip is present on the vessels exterior with a tan slip coating the interior. A tan body paste with a salt glaze composes the vessel. Catalog # 0.011.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: 3" rim diameter Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 012 (Figure 27)

Tankard. Rim fragment of Staf- fordshire brown stoneware. Cordoning begins 1/4" below the vessels rim. A brown iron oxide slip coats the exterior and interior surfaces of the vessel. A tan body paste with a salt glaze composes the vessel.

79

Figure 25. Staffordshire mottled stoneware vessels.

80

Figure 26. Staffordshire mottled stoneware and brown stoneware tankards.

Figure 27. Staffordshire brown stoneware tankards.

81

Catalog # 0.012.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: Indeterminable Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 013 (Figure 27)

Tankard. Rim and pulled handle fragments of Staffordshire brown stone-ware. Cordoning begins 1" below the rim of the vessel. A brown iron oxide slip is applied to the vessels exterior with a tan slip coating its interior. A tan body paste with a salt glaze composes the vessel. Catalog # 0.013.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: 3" rim diameter Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 014 (Figure 27)

Tankard. Rim and body fragments of Staffordshire brown stoneware. Cordoning is present on the vessels exterior. A brown iron oxide slip coats the exterior of the vessel with a tan slip applied to its interior. A tan body paste with a salt glaze composes the vessel. Catalog # 0.014.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: Indeterminable Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 015
Tankard. Body fragments of Burslem stoneware. The vessel has rouletted decoration. The top portion of the vessel is coated with an iron oxide slip while the bottom is dipped in white slip. A tan body paste with a salt glaze composes the vessel. Catalog # 0.015.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: Indeterminable Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 016
Unidentified vessel form. Body fragment of Nottingham stoneware. Cordoning is present on the vessels exterior. A ginger-colored iron oxide slip is applied to the vessels exterior with a grey/brown slip on its interior. A tan body paste with a salt glaze composes the vessel. Catalog # 0.016.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: Indeterminable Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 017
Tankard. Pulled handle fragment of Fulham stoneware. A brown iron oxide slip is present on both the vessels exterior and interior. A grey body paste with a salt glazed surface composes the vessel. Catalog # 0.017.YO205-4 Principal Measurements: Indeterminable Archaeological Context: Topsoil

U.V. 018
Tankard. Rim fragment of Nottingham stoneware. A brown iron oxide slip is present on both the exterior and interior of the vessel which is composed of a reddish brown body paste covered with a salt glaze.

82

Catalog # 0.018.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: Indeterminable Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 019 (Figure 26)

Tankard. Base, body, and rim fragments of Staffordshire brown stoneware. The vessel is decorated with cordoning at its base and an incised line " below its rim. The lower half of the vessel has been dipped into white slip, while the top half has a tan iron oxide slip. Tan slip also covers the vessels interior. A salt glaze coats the entire surface of the vessel. Catalog # 0.019.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: 4" base diameter Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 020
Unidentified vessel form. Body fragment of Westerwald stoneware. Incised motifs in cobalt blue decorate the vessel which is composed of a grey paste with a salt glaze coating its entire surface. Catalog # 0.020.YO205-3 Principal Measurements: Indeterminable Archaeological Context: Topsoil

U.V. 021
Tankard. Rim and body fragments of Westerwald stoneware. Incised floral motifs in cobalt blue decorate the vessels surface. Cordoning in cobalt blue is also present. The vessel is composed of a grey body paste with a salt glaze. Catalog # 0.021.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: 5"+ rim diameter Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 022
Unidentified vessel form. Body fragments of Westerwald stoneware. Incised decoration in cobalt blue decorates the vessel which has a salt-glazed surface. Catalog # 0.022.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: Indeterminable Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 023
Tankard. Body fragments of Westerwald stoneware. Sprig-molded and incised floral decoration in cobalt blue and manganese oxide decorates the vessel, which has a grey body paste coated with a salt glaze. Catalog # 0.023.YO205-46 Principal Measurements: Indeterminable Archaeological Context: Disturbed

U.V. 024 (Figure 27)

Tankard. Body fragments of Staffordshire brown stoneware. Cordoning is present on the exterior of the vessel which is coated with a brown iron oxide slip. A tan iron oxide slip is applied to the vessels interior. A grey body paste with a salt glaze composes the vessel.

83

Catalog # 0.024.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: Indeterminable Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 025 (Figure 25)

Unidentified vessel form. Body fragment of Staffordshire mottled stoneware. A single incised line decorates the fragment, which flares outward above the incised line. A mottled brown lead glaze coats the interior and exterior of the vessel, which is composed of a tan body paste. Catalog # 0.025.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: Indeterminable Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 026
Unidentified vessel form. Body fragment of Westerwald stoneware. Sprig- molded armorial decoration in cobalt blue decorates the vessel, which has a tan slip coating its interior. The grey body paste of the vessel is covered with a salt glaze. Catalog # 0.026.YO205-23 Principal Measurements: Indeterminable Archaeological Context: Modern construction layer

U.V. 027 (Figure 25)

Unidentified vessel form. Base fragment of stoneware. A grey/tan stoneware paste composes the vessel which has a thick white slip applied to its interior, followed by an iron oxide slip marbled decoration and a clear lead glaze. The glaze closely resembles that of a Staffordshire slipware. Catalog # 0.027.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: Indeterminable Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 051
Bulbous Mug. Rim, body, base, and handle fragments of Staffordshire slipware. A buff body paste composes the vessel, which has a clear lead glaze on its interior and exterior surfaces. The base of the vessel is unglazed. Brown slip dots decorate the exterior rim while the remaining surface is covered with a combed decoration. The vessel has a pulled handle and a rim which flares slightly outward. A raised band is present where the rim meets the vessel body. Catalog # 0.051.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: 4" rim diameter, 31/16" base diameter, 3" height Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 052
Bulbous-bodied mug. Body and base fragments of Staffordshire slipware. A buff body paste with clear lead glaze on both the interior and exterior composes the vessel. The base of the vessel is unglazed. The exterior surface is covered with a combed decoration in brown iron slip. Catalog # 0.052.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: 3" base diameter Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

84

U.V. 053
Bulbous mug. Body and rim fragments of Staffordshire slipware. A buff body paste composes the vessel which has a clear lead glaze present on both its interior and exterior surfaces. The vessel is decorated with brown slip dots along its exterior rim which flares slightly outward. Combed brown iron slip decorates the remaining surface of the vessels exterior. Catalog # 0.053.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: 4" rim diameter Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 054
Bulbous mug. Body, rim, base, and handle fragments of Staffordshire slipware. A buff body paste composes the vessel, which has a clear lead glaze on its interior and exterior surfaces. The base is unglazed. The vessel is decorated with brown slip dots along its exterior rim which flares outward slightly. Combed brown iron oxide slip decoration is present on the rest of the vessel exterior. A raised band is noted where the rim meets the vessel body. The vessel has a pulled handle. Catalog # 0.054.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: 4" rim diameter, 3" base diameter, 2 15/16" height Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 055
Mug? Rim, handle, and body fragments of Staffordshire slipware. A buff body paste composes the vessel which has a clear lead glaze on its exterior and interior surfaces. Interior decoration in the form of vertical lines in brown iron oxide slip is present. The vessels exterior is undecorated. The vessel has a pulled handle. Catalog # 0.055.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: 5" rim diameter Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 056 (Figure 28)

Bulbous mug. Rim, body and base fragments of Staffordshire slipware. A buff body paste composes the vessel. A clear lead glaze coats both the interior and exterior surfaces of the vessel which has combed iron oxide slip decoration on its exterior. The rim of the vessel is flared outward. It is noted that the lead glaze is flaking very badly from the body of this vessel. Catalog # 0.056.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: 3 5/8" base diameter, 4 5/8" rim diameter, 2 7/8" height Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 057
Mug. Rim and body fragments of Staffordshire slipware. The vessel is composed of a buff body with a clear lead glaze coatings its interior and exterior surfaces. It is a fairly straight-walled vessel with a slightly flared rim.

Figure 28. Staffordshire slipware mug.

85

Catalog # 0.057.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: Indeterminable Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 058
Unidentified vessel form. Body fragments of Staffordshire slipware. The vessel is composed of a buff body with a clear lead glaze covering its exterior and interior surfaces (glaze missing from interior). Combed brown slip decoration is present on the vessels exterior. Catalog # 0.058.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: Indeterminable Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 059
Mug? Rim fragments of Staffordshire slipware. A buff body paste with clear lead interior and exterior glaze makes up this vessel. Combed iron oxide slip decoration is present on the vessels exterior. The vessel is straight-sided with a slightly flared rim. Catalog # 0.059.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: 4" rim diameter Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 060
Mug? Rim and body fragments of Staffordshire slipware. A buff paste composes the body of the vessel which is coated with a clear lead glaze on its interior and exterior surfaces. Brown iron oxide dotted slip decorates the exterior of the vessels rim which flares slightly. Catalog # 0.060.YO205-11 Principal Measurements: 4" rim diameter Archaeological Context: Modern construction layer

U.V. 061
Unidentified hollow ware vessel form. Body fragment of slipware. A red body paste covered with a clear interior and exterior lead glaze composes the vessel. White slip decorates the vessel exterior. Catalog # 0.061.YO205-12 Principal Measurements: Indeterminable Archaeological Context: Shrub-removal hole

U.V. 062
Unidentified hollow ware vessel form. Body fragment of Staffordshire slipware. A buff body paste with clear lead glaze on the interior and exterior surfaces composes the vessel, which has an exterior combed decoration in brown iron oxide slip. Catalog # 0.062.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: Indeterminable Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 063
Unidentified hollow ware vessel form. Body fragment of Staffordshire slipware. The body of the vessel is composed of a buff paste which is covered with a clear interior and exterior lead glaze. Combed decoration in brown iron oxide slip is present on the vessels exterior.

86

Catalog # 0.063.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: Indeterminable Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 064
Unidentified vessel form. Rim and body fragments of Staffordshire slipware. A buff paste composes the vessel body which is coated with a clear lead glaze on both the interior and exterior surfaces. Combed decoration of brown iron oxide slip extending to the rim is present on the vessels exterior. Catalog # 0.064.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: Indeterminable Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 065 (Figure 29)

Bulbous mug. Body, handle, and base fragments of Staffordshire slipware. A buff body paste with a clear lead glaze applied to both its interior and exterior surfaces composes the vessel. The vessels base is unglazed. Combing in brown iron oxide slip decorates the vessels exterior. The vessel has a pulled handle. Catalog # 0.065.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: 3" base diameter Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 066
Mug? Body fragment of Staffordshire slipware. The vessel has a buff body with a clear lead glaze on its interior and exterior. Brown iron oxide slip dotted decoration in two bands runs along the body of the vessel. Catalog # 0.066.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: Indeterminable Archaeological Context: Trash deposit Figure 29. Staffordshire slipware mug.

U.V. 101
Bowl. Rim and body fragments of delftware. The vessel has a buff body paste with a white tin enamel glaze. The vessel is undecorated and its walls are of medium thickness. Catalog # 0.101.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: 9" rim diameter Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 102 (Figure 30)

Small plate. Rim and body frag- ments of delft. The vessel has a pinkish red body paste with a white tin enamel glaze covering its entire surface. Painted decoration in red and blue with a central floral motif is present on the vessel. The rim design is made up of blue and red painted dashes and dots. The plate has no foot ring. Figure 30. Delft floral motif plate.

87

Catalog # 0.102.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: 6" rim diameter Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 103 (Figure 31)

Drug jar. Rim, body and base fragments of delftware. The vessel has a buff to pinkish body paste with a white tin enamel glaze on its interior and exterior surfaces. The vessel is decorated in a traditional blue-on-white geometric design with a row of xs painted around the center of the jar. A row of dashes in pairs encircle the jar at its top and bottom. The walls of this vessel are very thick. Catalog # 0.103.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: 4" rim and base diameter, 41/8" height Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 104 (Figure 32)

Porringer. Rim, body, base and handle fragments of delftware. The vessel has a pinkish body paste with a white tin enamel glaze covering its entire surface. The vessel walls are of medium thickness and the porringer has an everted rim. Catalog # 0.104.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: 5" rim diameter, 27/8" foot ring diamenter, 27/8" height Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

Figure 31. Delft drug jar.

U.V. 105
Bowl or porringer. Body, rim and base fragments of delftware. The everted-rim vessel has a buff body paste and a white tin enameled glaze covering its surface. The vessel is undecorated. with an Catalog # 0.105.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: 6" rim diameter, 3" base diameter Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

Figure 32. Delft porringer.

U.V. 106 (Figure 33)

Punch bowl. Rim, body, and base fragments of delftware. The vessel has a pinkish body paste with a white tin enameled glaze covering its entire surface. It is painted in a polychrome chinoiserie design with colors including blue, red, yellow and green. The decoration present on the exterior of the vessel includes floral aspects as well as cross- hatching. Two blue painted lines surround the base of the vessel and the rim decoration consists of a blue zigzag line with red A-like figures. This design is contained within blue circumferential lines, two below and one above the zigzags. The vessel walls are very thin. The vessel has a standing foot ring.

88

Catalog # 0.106.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: 4" rim diameter, 2" base diameter, 3" height Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 107
Bowl? Body fragments of delftware. The vessel has a pink body paste and a white tin enamel glaze. The exterior is decorated in polychrome floral motifs in blue, green, and red. The walls of the vessel are of medium thickness and the interior of the vessel is undecorated. Catalog # 0.107.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: Indeterminable Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 108
Bowl? Body fragments of delftware. This vessel has a light buff body paste and a white tin enamel glaze. The exterior of the vessel is decorated with a painted polychrome floral design in green and red. The interior of the vessel is undecorated. Catalog # 0.108.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: Indeterminable Archaeological Context: Trash deposit Figure 33. Chinoiserie motif delft punch bowl.

U.V. 109 (Figure 34)

Can. Rim, body, base, and handle fragments of delftware. The vessel has a pinkish body paste and a white tin enamel glaze. The vessel is decorated with a painted polychrome floral design in brown, blue, and yellow. Three blue lines encircle the base of the can while one blue line surrounds the rim. The decoration on the pulled handle appears to be horizontal slashes in blue. The interior of the vessel is undecorated. The thickness of the vessel walls ranges from medium near the base to thin at the rim. Catalog # 0.109.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: 2" rim and base diameter, 2" height Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

Figure 34. Polychrome floral motif delft can.

U.V. 110 (Figure 35)

Salt. Body, rim, base, and handle fragments of delftware. This vessel has a pinkish body paste and a white tin enamel glaze. The vessel is undecorated and has walls of medium thickness.

Figure 35. Delft salt handles.

89

Catalog # 0.110.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: 7" rim diameter, 3" base diameter Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 111
Bowl. Rim, body and base fragments of delftware. The vessel has a light pink body paste and a white tin enamel glaze. The vessel is undecorated, has a rolled everted rim, and a footring. The vessel walls are of medium thickness. Catalog # 0.111.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: 6" rim diameter, 3" base diameter, 3" height Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 112
Plate. Rim and body fragments of delftware. The vessel has a buff-colored body paste and a white tin enamel glaze. The plate is decorated in a geometric design painted in blue, consisting of an interlocking diamond pattern. Surrounding this diamond pattern are circumferential rings painted in blue. Catalog # 0.112.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: 7" diameter Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 113
Tea bowl. Rim and body fragments of delftware. The vessel has a light buff body paste and a white tin enamel glaze. The vessel is decorated in an unidentifiable motif in a polychrome palette with blue sponged and painted designs combined with yellow and peach painting. Catalog # 0.113.YO205-42 Principal Measurements: 4" rim diameter Archaeological Context: Utility trench through Structure A

U.V. 114
Small bowl. Rim and body fragments of delftware. The vessel has a buff-colored body paste and a white tin enamel glaze. It is decorated in a polychrome palette of blue, green, brown, and purple. The rim is decorated with three blue circumferential lines around the vessel exterior. The exterior body motif is a floral, possibly chinoiserie, design. Catalog # 0.114.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: 3" rim diameter Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 115
Chamber pot. Rim, body, and base fragments of delftware. The vessel has a pinkish body paste and a greyishblue tinted white enamel glaze. The undecorated vessel has medium thick walls and a standing footring. Catalog # 0.115-YO205-1 Principal Measurements: 8" rim diameter, 6" base diameter Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 116 (Figure 36)

Plate. Rim, body, and base fragments of delftware. The vessel has a pinkish body paste and a white tin enamel glaze. The plate is decorated in a blue floral design with a geometric checker pattern. The plate rim is edged in blue.

90

Catalog # 0.116.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: 9" rim diameter Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 117
See U.V. 104. Incorporated into Unique Vessel 104.

U.V. 118 (Figure 37)

Bulbous mug? Rim and body frag- ments of delftware. The vessel has a pinkish body paste and has been partially dipped into a tin enamel glaze. The interior is covered with a greyish white tin enamel glaze. Catalog # 0.118.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: 2" rim diameter Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 119
Drug jar. Body fragments of delftware. The vessel has a light buff body paste and a white tin enamel glaze. It is decorated in a geometric design painted in blue and manganese. Catalog # 0.119.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: Indeterminable Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 120 (Figure 38)

Cup. Rim, body, and base fragments of delftware. The vessel has a light buff-colored paste and a white tin enamel glaze. It is decorated in blue with a floral chinoiserie motif. The floral design is repeated in triplicate around the exterior of the cup. The pulled handle is decorated with blue slashes running horizontally across

Figure 36. Floral motif delft plate.

Figure 37. Delft bulbous mug(?).

91

the handle. There are two circumferential lines in blue around the base of the cup and along the top of the standing foot ring. Catalog # 0.120.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: 2"rim diameter, 1" base diameter, 2" height Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 121 (Figure 39)

Small plate. Virtually complete vessel of delftware. The vessel has a light buff body paste and a bluish-grey tin enamel glaze. The interior is decorated with blue in a bird and fruit motif which is located at the center of the plate. Interlocking diamonds surrounded by single and double blue lines decorate the rim. Catalog # 0.121.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: 6" outside diameter, 3" base diameter Archaeological Context: Trash deposit Figure 38. Chinoiserie motif delft cup.

U.V. 122
Bowl? Body fragments of delftware. The vessel has a light buff body paste and a white tin enamel glaze. The exterior is decorated with a blue floral motif and the interior is undecorated. Catalog # 0.122.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: Indeterminable Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 123
Chamberpot. Rim and body fragments of delftware. The vessel has a buff-colored paste and a whitish blue tin enamel glaze. The vessel is undecorated and has relatively thick walls. Catalog # 0.123.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: 6" rim diameter Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 124

Figure 39. Delft plate.

Bowl. Base fragments of delftware. The vessel has a light buff body paste and a whitish pink tin enamel glaze. The vessel appears to be undecorated and possesses a standing foot ring. Catalog # 0.124.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: 2" foot ring diameter Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

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U.V. 125
Unidentified vessel form. Rim, body and base fragments of delftware. The vessel has a buff-colored body paste and a pinkish white tin enamel glaze. The vessel appears to be undecorated and has thin body walls. Catalog # 0.125.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: 3" rim diameter, 3" base diameter Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 126
Bowl. Body and rim fragments of delftware. The vessel has a buff body paste and a white tin enamel glaze. Crazing is evident over the entire glazed surface of the vessel. The vessel has an everted rim. Catalog # 0.126.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: 8" rim diameter Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 127
Bowl. Body and rim fragments of delftware. The vessel has a cream-colored body paste and a white tin enamel glaze. The vessel is decorated in two shades of blue with a geometric sponged design. Catalog # 0.127.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: Indeterminable Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 128
Can. Rim fragment of delftware. The vessel has a pinkish body paste and a white tin enamel glaze. It is decorated with a painted blue and brown line and dot motif. The exterior rim of the can is decorated with a single blue line. Catalog # 0.128.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: Indeterminable Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 129
Bowl. Rim fragment of delftware. The vessel has a light buff-colored body paste and a white tin enamel glaze. This bowl is decorated in a painted red and blue motif. Catalog # 0.129.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: Indeterminable Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 130
Tile. Edge and body fragments of delftware. This object has a buff-colored body paste and a robin egg blue tin enamel glaze on one side only. The tile is relatively thick. Catalog # 0.130.YO205-3 Principal Measurements: Indeterminable Archaeological Context: Topsoil

U.V. 131
Bowl. Body fragment of a delftware. This bowl is decorated with a polychrome chevron of green and brown. There is also a blue line present on the sherd. The vessel has a buff-colored paste and a white tin enamel glaze. The sherd is of medium thickness.

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Catalog # 0.131.YO205-76 Principal Measurements: Indeterminable Archaeological Context: Modern construction layer

U.V. 132
Unidentified vessel form. Fragment of delftware. The vessel has a pinkish paste and a white tin enamel glaze. Speckled manganese is present on the exterior of the fragment. The walls of this vessel are thin. Catalog # 0.132.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: Indeterminable Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 133
Cup or small bowl. Rim and body fragments of delftware. The vessel has a buff- colored paste and a white tin enamel glaze. It is decorated with a painted blue, red and purple polychrome motif. There is a red swag design around rim and the vessel walls are thin. Catalog # 0.133.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: Indeterminable Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 134
Bowl. Body fragment of delftware. The vessel has a buff-colored paste and a white tin enamel glaze. It is decorated in a painted green, red, and yellow floral motif. The walls of this vessel are relatively thin. Catalog # 0.134.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: Indeterminable Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 135
Bowl. Base fragment of delftware. The vessel has a very light cream-colored body paste and a white tin enamel glaze. It is decorated in blue with a painted line around the base and blue sponging on the bottom of the vessel. The walls and base of this vessel are of medium thickness. Catalog # 0.135.YO205-33 Principal Measurements: 1/6" standing ring, 3" base diameter Archaeological Context: Modern construction layer

U.V. 136
Mug. Base and body fragments of delftware. The vessel has a buff-colored body paste and a white tin enamel glaze. It is cordoned at the base and the body decoration is unknown. The mug walls are of medium thickness. Catalog # 0.136.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: 3" base diameter Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 137
Plate. Rim, body, and base fragments of delftware. The vessel has a pinkish body paste and a white tin enamel glaze. It is decorated with a blue and white hatching design around the rim and a delicately painted floral pattern in the middle. This plate has fairly thin walls.

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Catalog # 0.137.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: 8" rim diameter Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 138
Bowl. Body fragment of delftware. The vessel has a buff-colored paste and a white tin enamel glaze. It is decorated with painted blue, possibly a chinoiserie design. This vessel has walls of medium thickness. Catalog # 0.138.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: Indeterminable Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 139
Bowl. Body and rim fragments of delftware. The vessel has a white buff-colored body paste and a white tin enamel glaze. It is decorated in painted blue. Much of the decorative glaze is gone, but there is evidence of a blue line around the rim and a floral, possibly chinese design. The walls of the vessel are fairly thick. Catalog # 0.139.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: Indeterminable Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 140
Plate. Rim and body fragments of delftware. The vessel has a pinkish body paste and a white tin enamel glaze. It is decorated in painted blue with a floral design and the rim is encircled by a blue line. The walls of the vessel are of thin to medium thickness. Catalog # 0.140.YO205-7 Principal Measurements: Indeterminable Archaeological Context: Modern construction layer

U.V. 141 (Figure 35)

Porringer. Handle fragments of delftware. The vessel has a light buff paste and a blue-tinted tin enamel glaze. The handle is not decorated. The porringer probably was not decorated as well. Catalog # 0.141.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: Indeterminable Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 142
Shallow bowl. Rim and body fragments of delftware. The vessel has a light buff- colored paste and a bluish tin enamel glaze. It is decorated in painted blue. The walls are of medium thickness. Catalog # 0.142.YO205-33 Principal Measurements: Indeterminable Archaeological Context: Modern construction layer

U.V. 143
Chamberpot. Rim, body, and base fragments of delftware. The vessel has a buff- colored paste and a white tin enamel glaze. The decoration is unknown. Catalog # 0.143.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: 6" base diameter, 9" rim diameter Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

95

U.V. 144
Bowl. Body fragments of Nevers delftware. The vessel has a buff paste and a dark blue tin enamel glaze. It is decorated with white painted lines. Catalog # 0.144.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: Indeterminable Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 145
Plate. Rim fragment of delftware. The vessel has a buff-colored paste and a white tin enamel glaze. The vessel is decorated in painted blue. Catalog # 0.145.YO205-79 Principal Measurements: Indeterminable Archaeological Context: Feature near Structure A

U.V. 146
Punchbowl? Body fragment of delft-ware. The vessel has a light buff-colored paste and a white tin enamel glaze. It is decorated in painted blue strokes. Catalog # 0.146.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: Indeterminable Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 147 (Figure 40)

Tankard. Virtually complete vessel of delftware. The vessel has a pink-colored paste and a light blue tin enamel glaze. It is decorated in blue, green, brown, and red with a scene of composed of a fox, grass, and trees. The slogan Beware of the Fox is painted around the vessel. An example almost identical to this tankard is shown in Dated English Delftware (Lipski 1984:240) with the explanation: The usual inscription on this type of tankard (an on some punch bowls) is Be ware of the Fox: a reference to a seventeenth-century usage of the word foxing as spoiling a drink. The earliest dated example of delftware with this inscription bears the date 1711. Catalog # 0.147.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: 5" height, 3" base diameter, 3" rim diameter. Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 148
Porringer or Bowl. Base, footring, and handle fragments of delftware. The vessel has a buffcolored paste and a white tin enamel glaze. It appears to be undecorated.

Figure 40. Beware of the Fox delft mug.

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Catalog # 0.148.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: 2" base diameter Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 149
Porringer. Body and rim fragments of delftware. The vessel has a buff-colored paste and a white tin enamel glaze. The porringer appears to be undecorated. The walls are of medium thickness. Catalog # 0.149.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: Indeterminable Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 150
Porringer. Body and rim fragments of delftware. The vessel has a buff-colored paste and a white tin enamel glaze. It appears to be undecorated. The walls of the vessel are of medium thickness. Catalog # 0.150.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: Indeterminable Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 151
Unidentified vessel form. Base and body fragments of delftware. The vessel has a pink-colored paste and a white tin enamel glaze. It appears to be undecorated. The walls are thick. Catalog # 0.151.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: Indeterminable Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 201
Pan. Rim and body fragments of Colono-Indian earthenware. The vessel has a buff-colored paste. It is undecorated and unglazed. There is evidence of either uneven firing or burning in color and texture variations. The vessel walls are thick and inconsistent in depth. Catalog # 0.201.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: 11" rim diameter Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 202 (Figure 41)

Porringer. Handle pieces, rim, and body fragments of colonoware. The vessel has a buff-colored paste. It is undecorated and unglazed. The walls of the vessel are relatively thin (considering ware) and uneven in thickness. Catalog # 0.202.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: 5" rim diameter Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

Figure 41. Colonoware porringer handle.

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U.V. 203
Pan or Bowl. Body fragments of aboriginal ware. The vessel has a red-colored paste. It is undecorated and unglazed. The vessel has thick walls. Catalog # 0.203.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: Indeterminable Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 204
Pan or Bowl. Rim and body fragments of aboriginal ware. The vessel has a black- colored paste. It is undecorated and unglazed and has thick walls. Catalog # 0.204.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: Indeterminable Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 251
Milkpan. Rim, body, and base fragments of red sandyware. The vessel is composed of a red/orange sandy body paste with a clear lead glaze coating the interior. A red wash is present on the exterior of the vessel. Iron oxide inclusions are noted to be present in the lead glaze. Fragments include a rounded rim with a spout section. Catalog # 0.251.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: 15" rim diameter; 9" base diameter, 3" height Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 252
Bowl? Body and base fragments of red bodied coarseware. A red body paste with a brown lead glaze coating the interior and exterior composes the vessel. The vessel is straight-sided. Catalog # 0.252.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: 9" base diameter Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 253
Milkpan. Base, body, and rim fragments of Buckley coarseware. A light pinkish body paste composes the vessel which has a clear lead glaze on its interior. The glaze appears ginger-colored. A red wash coats the vessel exterior. White clay inclusions are present in the body paste. The vessel has a squarish lip and wheel marks are visible on the milkpans interior. Catalog # 0.253.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: 13" rim diameter, 111/8" base diameter, 3" height Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 254
Mug? Base and handle fragments of red earthenware. The vessel has a brownish red body paste with dark brown lead glaze on its interior and exterior. It has been dipped in the glaze leaving the surface near the base of the vessel uncoated. The vessel has a pulled handle. Catalog # 0.254.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: 2" base diameter Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

98

U.V. 255
Milkpan. Body and base fragments of red sandyware. A red body paste with a grey core resulting from the firing composes the vessel. A clear lead glaze coats the vessels interior. An incised circumferential mark is present on the interior wall of the vessel. Catalog # 0.255.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: 10" base diameter Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 256
Milkpan. Rim, body, and base fragments of Buckley coarseware. A medium orange body paste with white clay inclusions composes the vessel which has a dark brown lead glaze on its interior. The exterior and squared-off rim of the vessel are unglazed. Catalog # 0.256.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: 12" rim diameter Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 257
Milkpan. Rim fragment of red sandyware. The vessel has a red body paste with a clear lead glaze on its interior. A red wash coats the unglazed exterior of the vessel. Catalog # 0.257.YO205-83 Principal Measurements: 13" rim diameter Archaeological Context: 19th-century interior fill of Structure A

U.V. 258
Milkpan? Rim fragments of Yorktown coarse earthenware. The pinkish cream body paste of the vessel has red (hematite?) inclusions. A clear lead glaze coats the vessel interior. A pink wash covers the unglazed exterior of the vessel. Catalog # 0.258.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: Indeterminable Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 259
Milkpan. Rim fragment of North Devon coarse earthenware. The vessel is composed of a orange body paste with gravel inclusions. A clear lead glaze coats the vessel interior only. This vessel is highly fired and appears to have been damaged in the kiln. An iron oxide stain is apparent on the rim. Catalog # 0.259.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: 12" rim diameter Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 260 (Figure 42)

Milkpan. Base, body, and rim fragments of red sandyware. A deep orange body paste with a clear lead interior glaze which appears greenish-yellow in color composes the vessel. A blackish wash coats the unglazed exterior of the milkpan. Part of the rim spout is evident. Catalog # 0.260.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: 14" rim diameter, 8" base diameter, 2" height Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

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Figure 42. Red sandy earthenware milkpan.

U.V. 261
Unidentified vessel form. Body fragment of black-glazed redware. The vessel is composed of a red body paste with a black lead glaze on its interior and exterior surfaces. The vessel appears to be finely potted. Catalog # 0.261.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: Indeterminable Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 262
Unidentified vessel form. Body fragment of black-glazed redware. The vessel has a red body paste with a black lead glaze on its interior and exterior. Catalog # 0.262.YO205-6 Principal Measurements: Indeterminable Archaeological Context: Modern Construction Layer

U.V. 263
Milkpan. Rim and base fragments of red sandyware. The vessel has a reddish orange body paste with gravel inclusions. A clear lead glaze covers the interior of the vessel. A reddish wash coats the exterior of the vessel. Part of the milkpan spout is evident. Catalog # 0.263.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: 13" rim diameter Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 301
Unidentified hollow ware vessel form. Body fragment of white salt-glazed stoneware. The vessel has an offwhite paste and a clear salt glaze. The decoration is unknown. The vessel is fairly thin. Catalog # 0.301.YO205-43 Principal Measurements: Indeterminable Archaeological Context: Utility trench through Structure A

U.V. 302
Plate or Platter. Body and footring fragments of pearlware. The vessel has a buff- colored paste and a clear bluish glaze. It is decorated in a transfer-printed blue floral pattern. This vessel has medium thick walls. Catalog # 0.302.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: Indeterminable Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

100

U.V. 303
Unidentified vessel form. Body fragment of pearlware. The vessel has a light buff paste and a clear bluish glaze. It has polychrome decoration in painted orange, light blue, and brown. The brown looks feathered though the motif is unknown. The walls are very thin. Catalog # 0.303.YO205-21 Principal Measurements: Indeterminable Archaeological Context: Modern construction layer

U.V. 304
Unidentified hollow ware vessel form. Body fragment of creamware. The vessel has a cream-colored paste and a clear yellowish glaze. The decoration is unknown and crazing is evident. The walls are of medium thickness. Catalog # 0.304.YO205-33 Principal Measurements: Indeterminable Archaeological Context: Modern construction layer

U.V. 305
Unidentified hollow ware vessel form. Body fragment of Whieldon-ware. The vessel has a cream paste and a greenish glaze. There is no decoration apparent but there are small raised bumps on the interior. The walls are of medium thickness. Catalog # 0.305.YO205-32 Principal Measurements: Indeterminable Archaeological Context: Modern construction layer

U.V. 306
Unidentified vessel form. Body fragments of pearlware. The vessel has a buff-colored paste and a clear bluish glaze. It is decorated in polychrome orange, green, blue, brown, and yellow in what seems to be a floral motif. The vessel has thin walls. Catalog # 0.306.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: Indeterminable Archaeological Context: Trash deposit

U.V. 307
Unidentified hollow ware vessel form. Body and footring fragments of creamware. The vessel has a creamcolored paste and a clear creamy glaze. The decoration is unknown. The vessel walls are fairly thin. Catalog # 0.307.YO205-51 Principal Measurements: Indeterminable Archaeological Context: Posthole

U.V. 308
Unidentified hollow ware vessel form. Body fragment of white salt-glazed stoneware. The vessel has an offwhite paste and a clear salt glaze. The decoration is unknown. The walls of this vessel are fairly thin. Catalog # 0.308.YO205-7 Principal Measurements: Indeterminable Archaeological Context: Modern construction layer

101

U.V. 309
Plate. Body, rim, and footring fragments of creamware. The vessel has a cream- colored paste and a clear glaze. It is undecorated. The vessel is partly burned and there is what appears to be melted glass attached to the center interior. The wall are of medium thickness. Catalog # 0.309.YO205-54 Principal Measurements: 5" footring Archaeological Context: Cellar fill of Structure A

U.V. 310
Plate? Body and rim fragment of pearlware. The vessel has a cream paste and a clear bluish glaze. No decoration is apparent. The vessel has medium thick walls. Catalog # 0.310.YO205-1 Principal Measurements: Indeterminable Archaeological Context: Trash pit deposit

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Appendix IV. State Survey Form

Because this form shows site locations it is not included in this public document.
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Appendix V. Faunal Analysis

by Joanne Bowen, Eric Ackermann, and Bill Burke

he methods of faunal analysis are quantitative in nature, and the datas reliability is therefore dependent upon the size of the sample. Unfortunately only a relatively small number of bones were recovered from the Bates site, and the following assessment of the relative dietary importance of different species must be taken only in the most general terms. To determine if any broad patterns could be established while learning basic zooarchaeological identification and analytical techniques, two field school students undertook the identification and analysis of this assemblage. In order to obtain the largest possible assemblage bones from two units (YO 205-1 and YO 205-17) dating to the same time period were combined to determine the Number of Identified Specimens Present (NISP) and Minimum Number of Individuals (MNI). The assemblage contains a total number of 1401 fragments, of which 17% were identifiable. Indications that the assemblage was too small for assessing relative dietary estimates include the very small numbers of birds and small mammal remains, as well as the total absence of fish, amphibians, and reptile remains. While fish, turtles, birds, and small mammals are seldom found in large numbers in this region, the total lack of fish and turtle does indicate a sample bias. In addition, most often assemblages in this region contain a relatively even distribution of elements. This assemblage, however, shows a predominance of foot elements for the cattle and pig remains. Nonetheless, analysis of the faunal remains shows this assemblage to have some similarity with other assemblages from the Chesapeake. As in other other assemblages, domestic fauna were the predominant food source. Of the domestic animals, cattle were the most important, followed

by pig, and then sheep/goats. Wild animals were most likely only a minimal source of food. Perhaps the most interesting information to be gained from this assemblage, however, is the unusual distribution of elements for cattle and pig remains. In most assemblages there is a relatively even distribution of elements for cattle, pig, and sheep/goat remains. In this assemblage there are too few sheep/goat remains to show any definite pattern, but for the cattle and pig, there is a predominance of foot elements. Whether this pattern is the result of taphonomic problems, or human activity, however, remains to be determined. Ultimately, future comparisons of this assemblage to others may determine the cattle element distributions to be the result of human activity rather than taphonomic problems.

Bibliography
Bowen, Joanne V. 1984 Analysis of the Faunal Remains from the Public Hospital Site, ER 2625-4C. Report submitted by the Department of Archaeological Research, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. Chaplin, Raymond E. 1971 The Study of Animal Bones from Archaeological Sites. Seminar Press, New York. Reitz, Elizabeth, and Nicholas Honerkamp 1983 British Colonial Subsistence Strategy on the Southeastern Coastal Plain. Historical Archaeology 17(2).

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Appendix VI. List of Virginia Store Owners

17th- and 18th-Century Merchants (a selected listing)
Merchant Isaac Collier Edward Phelps Richard Willis Henry Hayward Joseph Walker Richard Walker Documentary Source invoice estate appraisement inventory inventory inventory inventory Date 1675 1677/8 1700/01 1720 1724 1728

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