Professional Documents
Culture Documents
T. gondii tachyzoites
ICD-10 B58.
ICD-9 130
DiseasesDB 13208
MedlinePlus 000637
eMedicine med/2294
MeSH D014123
Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic disease caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii.[1] The parasite
infects most genera of warm-blooded animals, including humans, but the primary host is the felid
(cat) family. Animals are infected by eating infected meat, by ingestion of faeces of a cat that has
itself recently been infected, or by transmission from mother to fetus. Cats have been shown as a
major reservoir of this infection.[2]
Up to one third of the world's population is estimated to carry a Toxoplasma infection.[3] The
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention notes that overall seroprevalence in the United States
as determined with specimens collected by the National Health and Nutritional Assessment
Survey (NHANES) between 1999 and 2004 was found to be 10.8%, with seroprevalence among
women of childbearing age (15 to 44 years) of 11%.[4]
During the first few weeks, the infection typically causes a mild flu-like illness or no illness.
After the first few weeks of infection have passed, the parasite rarely causes any symptoms in
otherwise healthy adults. However, people with a weakened immune system, such as those
infected with HIV or pregnant, may become seriously ill, and it can occasionally be fatal. The
parasite can cause encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) and neurologic diseases and can affect
the heart, liver, and eyes (chorioretinitis).
Contents
[hide]
• 1 Symptoms
○ 1.1 Acute toxoplasmosis
○ 1.2 Latent toxoplasmosis
• 2 Diagnosis
• 3 Transmission
○ 3.1 Pregnancy precautions
• 4 Treatment
○ 4.1 Acute
○ 4.2 Latent
• 5 Biological modifications of the host
○ 5.1 Reproductive changes
○ 5.2 Behavioral changes
5.2.1 Toxoplasma's role in schizophrenia
• 6 Epidemiology
○ 6.1 In humans
○ 6.2 In other animals
• 7 History
• 8 Notable people with toxoplasmosis
• 9 See also
• 10 References
• 11 External links
[edit] Symptoms
Infection has two stages:
[edit] Acute toxoplasmosis
During acute toxoplasmosis, symptoms are often influenza-like: swollen lymph nodes, or muscle
aches and pains that last for a month or more. Rarely, a patient with a fully functioning immune
system may develop eye damage from toxoplasmosis. Young children and immunocompromised
patients, such as those with HIV/AIDS, those taking certain types of chemotherapy, or those who
have recently received an organ transplant, may develop severe toxoplasmosis. This can cause
damage to the brain or the eyes. Only a small percentage of infected newborn babies have
serious eye or brain damage at birth.
[edit] Latent toxoplasmosis
Most patients who become infected with Toxoplasma gondii and develop toxoplasmosis do not
know it. In most immunocompetent patients, the infection enters a latent phase, during which
only bradyzoites are present, forming cysts in nervous and muscle tissue. Most infants who are
infected while in the womb have no symptoms at birth but may develop symptoms later in life.[5]
[edit] Diagnosis
Detection of Toxoplasma gondii in human blood samples may be achieved by using the
polymerase chain reaction (PCR).[6] Inactive cysts may exist in a host which would evade
detection.
[edit] Transmission