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1 DIRECT VS INDIRECT QUOTE.5 1.1 1.2 2 DIRECT QUOTE.5 INDIRECT QUOTE...6
BUYING & SELLING RATE.6 2.1 2.2 DIRECT QUOTE.7 INDIRECT QUOTE7
AGREEMENT & SETTLEMENT DATE.7 3.1 3.2 AGREEMENT DATE...7 SETTLEMENT DATE...7
4 5
FOREIGN EXCHANGE RISK..8 TYPES OF FOREIGN EXCHANGE RISK8 5.1 5.2 5.3 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 TRANSACTION RISK..8 TRANSLATION RISK...10 ECONOMIC RISK..11 MANAGING FOREIGN EXCHANGE RISK...12 HEDGING..12 INVOICING IN HOME CURRENCY..13 MATCHING..13 BARTER TRADE.14
7 8 9
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10
SPOT & FORWARD RATE 16 10.1 SPOT RATE.16 10.2 FORWARD RATE.16
11 12 13
INFLATION RATE PARITY THEORY.17 INTEREST RATE PARITY THEORY18 FORWARD CONTRACT HEDGE.20 13.1 RECEIPT.20 13.2 PAYMENT.21 13.3 BENEFITS..23 13.4 LIMITATIONS.23
14
FUTURE CONTRACT HEDGE24 14.1 FUTURE MARKET...24 14.2 CONTRACT PRICE...24 14.3 CONTRACT SIZE...25 14.4 BASIS RISK25 14.5 TICK..25 14.6 AGREEMENT DATE.26 14.7 SETTLEMENT DATE.26 14.8 BENEFITS..27 14.9 LIMITATIONS.27
15
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15.3 LIMITATIONS..33 16 CURRENCY OPTION..33 16.1 BENEFITS...35 16.2 LIMITATIONS..35 17 18 19 CURRENCY SWAP36 DERIVATIVE37 RELATED PRODUCTS39
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Direct quote is used when foreign currency is stronger than home currency. It eases calculating foreign exchange rate by avoiding decimal places. It is used mostly used in developing countries such as Pakistan and India.
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1.2 Indirect Quote A foreign exchange rate quoted as the foreign currency per unit of the home currency. In other words, one unit of home currency is measured in foreign currency. In Indirect quote, exchange rate is represented by opposite currency symbol. In Indirect quote, foreign currency is written prior to home currency and foreign currency symbol is written just before exchange rate. Example: If home currency is Pound Sterling, then Dollar to Pound Sterling ($/) is expressed as $1.555. In Indirect quote, exchange rate is divided by the foreign currency to convert foreign currency into home currency. Example: Suppose exchange rate of Pound Sterling to Dollar is 1.555. If a UK citizen pays CFA fees $786, then he/she will calculate equivalent amount in home currency as follows:
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Buy
Higher rate
Sell
Direct
Spread
Profit
Indirect
Sell
Lower rate
Buy
2.1 Direct Quote In direct quote, buying rate is higher rate and selling rate is lower rate. 2.2 Indirect Quote In indirect quote, buying rate is lower rate and selling rate is higher rate. Remember whichever quote you use, you should select an exchange rate for buying and selling which is loss making to you and profitable to foreign exchange dealer. Because, foreign exchange dealer is trading for profit and if they are making profit, then you should definitely be losing money. Lower rate is written before the higher rate regardless of the type of quote in use. Example: Dollar to Pound Sterling rate is $1.554 $1.557
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Example: If organization purchases goods on 1/1/2012 on 90 days credit period, then settlement date will be 30/3/2012.
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Net Loss Net profit $ Cost per unit Selling price Cost per unit Time Settled f t +1
Agreed
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Example: If a person situated in US has bought a pair of shoes for 30 on 90 days credit period. Suppose he/she sold his/her shoes for $37 in home market before settlement date. If exchange rate US to UK appreciates between these 90 days from $0.876 to $0.718 for buying, then at the last day of credit period, he/she will require $41.78 to pay 30 because of strengthening of dollar. ( )
Net foreign exchange transaction loss is $7.54, which turned his profit of $2.76 to loss of $4.78 because of exchange rate movement.
( ( (
) ) )
Similarly, increase in foreign exchange rate makes foreign sales less profitable. Period between which goods are sold and receipt is expected, foreign exchange movement can decrease the amount of money received in home currency. Significant foreign exchange losses can create liquidity problem and in extreme cases end up in liquidation. Fortunately, transaction risk can be controlled using appropriate Hedging techniques. 5.2 Translation Risk Translation risk does not involve cash flows.
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Investment (land and building) in foreign currency will result in lower amount in balance sheet prepared in home currency due to depreciation of foreign currency. Liability (Bank loans) in foreign currency will result in higher amount in balance sheet prepared in home currency due to appreciation of foreign currency. Transaction risk is long-term risk because it is subject to long-term investments & liabilities. Translation risk can affect key ratios such as profitability, gearing and investor ratios. Translation risk can result in violation of loan covenants about maximum gearing level, which should not be exceeded. Reduction in assets leads to reduction in equity resulting in higher gearing ratio. Moreover, organization may find difficulty raising finance as lenders evaluate credit risk by calculating gearing ratios. Similarly, transaction risk can result in reduction in share price and market capitalization of the organization due to reduction in equity. ROCE will also increase without any improve in performance of the organization. Managers will be wrongly rewarded, if ROCE is used for calculating profit related pay (PRP). Translation risk can be controlled by organization through careful planning and using matching principle. 5.3 Economic Risk Economic risk affects all the organizations regardless of involvement in foreign trade or investment. Increase in foreign exchange rate will make imported goods more costly in home currency terms. Organizations using imported raw material as an input to the goods or services provided by the organization is exposed to economic risk. Increase in the cost of raw materials to the organization will lead to increase in the cost of goods produced or services provided by the organization.
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Organization may have to raise selling price or reduce profit margin to remain competitive in the market against suppliers of imported goods from other foreign countries. Economic risk is beyond the control of the organization. Organization has to accept that risk. Government can control economic risk in the long term. However, in short term, it is uncontrollable even by government. Organization can use its economic power to influence the actions of government.
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