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DEVELOPMENT OF CYBER JOURNALISM

Certificate

This is to certify that Mr. Ujjwal Agrain of B.Sc. 6th Semester, Advantage Media Academy affiliated to PTU has done this project on his own under my guidance.

------------Ms. Sweta Priya Faculty In charge

------------Mr. Rohit Singh Director

Acknowledgement

I, Ujjwal Agrain of B.Sc. 6th Semester, am having immense pleasure in bringing out the Project Report on the topic DEVELOPMENT OF CYBER JOURNALISM. I am thankful to the subject teacher and my institution for guiding me to do this project. The subject text materials of the subject were especially helpful. This project is a product of immense work and research of the concerned subject on various platforms ranging from tech magazines to internet research. Some blogs were helpful as well.

Date: August 14, 2012

Ujjwal Agrain REG NO. 9213060038

Contents

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND SOCIAL MEDIA NEW JOURNALISM REASONS: GROWTH CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY

4 5 7 8 10 13 14

INTRODUCTION
CYBER
BACKGROUND
From a small spark of internet to the world full of digital content, from a single html page to the world of Vimeo and Youtube, things have changed drastically. Definition of Journalism and its ethics has even changed. Media is no more of boring one sided bombarding, every individual is a celebrity and every young is a journalist. HERE WE START THE REVOLUTION!!!

THE WORLD WHICH NEVER EXISTED

The rapid development of the world is credited to the advancement in communication technology which has helped globalization and is leading the humankind towards a similar type thought, culture and lifestyle. Started with the invention of Gutenberg's printing press in 1456, the modern journalism has reached the summit of advancement with introduction of online media. Today we have internet that comprises the audio, video, photo and the text. Hence, the online publication can also be defined as the mingled form of radio, television and print journalism. As professed by the experts during the late twentieth century in Washington DC, the world today is observing a revolution in communication. It has put a firm effect towards the government, society, politics and human acts. The communication revolution is compared to the industrial revolution of the late eighteenth century Europe, substituting agriculture. INTERNET Internet functions with a combined usage of technology of Telecommunication and computer. It is a platform that receives the entire electronic signals of the world to a database and enables the users to access them from anywhere, anytime. This facility also provides people amazing power to exchange information, knowledge, ideas, education and opportunities in digital form.

Internet has brought a world to the individuals that never existed. Every person is today a broadcaster and everyone is audience.

The former vice


president of United States once defined it as the information super highway.

BACKGROUND
ONLINE JOURNALISM
The internet was developed in the west during 1970's, even before the introduction of IBM computer system. Started with a network of 4 computers in a college to the defense usage until 1990, things didnt change a lot. Up to 1970's, computer would be used to store and process data of internet and television screen would display it. It was because of the then computer's size, weight and cost, much larger and heavier than today's. Such technology in which a 'decoder box' would be annexed to viewer's television set for receiving data lasted as late as 1990.

NEW WORK PLACE


Computers have taken the place of a new work place. There is

no more storage of
data in form of text; everything is digital and stored remotely.

The last decade has

seen the development


and change like never before. Internet has brought about a revolution.

Two different technologies of online journalism were developed during 1970's. The first is 'Tele text' and the second 'Video text'. Tele text technology was first used by BBC under the heading of 'Ceefax' in which news and graphs would be sent to the TV set and the users could read or view selecting from the primary listing of information via remote controller. Its a single track communication technology, originally developed for the deaf audiences, in which users can't put forward their feedbacks. On the next side was video text in which two way communications became possible. In this technology, computer was used to send electronic signals. Data transferred through it could be viewed in television, computer or video monitor. In this process, Telephone wire, two line or network cables and wireless technology are used to create a network. Today's World Wide Web is developed form of video text technology.

BIRTH OF PERSONAL MEDIA


For a long time internet and its content was used for research and networking within institution. Later it started to be in use for purpose of defense. Neither people nor governments focused for a broader and civilian use. It was until late 1990s after the birth of first website on hypertext markup language (html) that a new era of internet usage was formed. From just a network of computers, it became a hub of information. And thus websites were introduced. With the promotion of personal computers, the personalized usage of internet was also promoted.

CHAT ROOMS
Chat room is considered to be the first use of internet by mass. People in large numbers from throughout the globe started using it.

The chat rooms

created a demand and


For the common mass, the things changed with the introduction of chat room by AOL. This phenomenon in late 1990s changed the entire look of internet. With a substance of the elite class for information exchange, this developed as a platform for connecting people. Millions of people started using computers to get connected with their friends and family members all around the globe. awareness of the internet. This is considered to the base of new media.

SOCIAL MEDIA
FACEBOOK
Facebook was an initiative to connect the students of Harvard to the students as a social networking platform. This soon went viral in other universities. This initiative based on invitation until 2007 had more than a million users. By 2007 this was published for the first time in use of common. Status of people and their fan following was acknowledged by many celebrities. Thus an open form of media was established. Even though this was base of social networking, this never provided the availability of broadcasting. People stayed connected, but the messages were both public and private. This was moreover used as a dating tool and people never imagined that my space could be a new trendsetter. Within this time google also entered the social networking sites race with orkut. Several other companies co-existed with this as well. But the monopoly of my space didnt last long. Mark Zuckerbergs FACEBOOK took over all the social networks and created a new world virtually with its status feature. The status feature of facebook is considered to be the mother of personal media. It gave every individual the power of broadcasting. From social networking, every individual can report things, and thus there came an entire new world of journalist. Internet got its new name, Alternate media. Friendster is considered to be the mother of social media. Birth of Friendster in 2003, revealed the capacity of the internet. This level of personalization was never provided with any other media. From chat rooms, Friendster changed to virtual connectivity. Yet, it had no feature of photo sharing of data. This was fulfilled by the biggest and worlds most liked social networking sites of all time- MY SPACE. This had more than a million members worldwide, with lots of freedom.

JOURNEY OF SOCIAL MEDIA TO NEW MEDIA

BEGINNING OF NEW ERA OF JOURNALISM


PUBLISHING AT THE COMFORT OF HOME
The exposure that facebook has provided to the mass is unbeatable. It gave the common man the real meaning of freedom of expression, any individual is free to send and express their views like never before. These thoughts cannot be controlled by any statutory body and thus no one can control it. Even though blogs developed much before than this period, facebook exposed the public, what a blog can do. This instead resulted in a larger number of people shifting to blogs. Even social networking sites and their pages started being used as blogs. Thus, when its online journalism, social networking is the pioneer of online journalism.

TWITTER
Twitter was yet another revolution in a very short time. People from around the world flocked the new micro blogging website. Twitter gave people to express the

views in real time.

Blogs are the new journalist forum. With the capacity to share almost anything and the availability of it without any extra cost has given it a boost. Perhaps the most wonderful part of the blog is its free hosting without any specialization required. Sites like wordpress.com and blogspot.com has changed the face of journalism. Yet, Micro blogging became the new trend setter. The demand to short the stories and fast lifestyle resulted in the shortening of blogs. By 2010, twitter became the new market leader, thus the new era of journalism began.

Yet another bigger advantage of twitter was its bank of celebrity. There was no limit of people who can follow you, missing on facebook.

BIRTH OF NEWS WEBSITES


BRIEF
Online or e-journalism is the process of delivering or publishing news and information to the viewers via internet and computer. It was developed parallel to the internet. It displays texts, figures, audios and videos in mingled form, carrying the characteristics of print, radio and television journalism together. Today anyone can be a reporter, editor or publisher with internet based sites or pages.

WEBSITES CHANGED

THE
MEANING OF NEWS
Chicago tribune was the first to recognize the prospect and

strength of online
media, in the coming two decades the meaning of journalism changed.

The US based site 'Chicago Tribune' is supposed to be the first modern online publication. It was first appeared online on 1992 AD pioneering the path of internet journalism. These days, thousands of news portals and online version of various Medias can be accessed on internet. The news agencies like AP, AFP, Reuters and media organizations like BBC, CNN, NDTV, AAJ TAK are also available online. Besides, millions of informative and entertainment based sites and blogs are that disseminate information for free. The era of news website began with the development of large Indian online users. In country, there are more than ten million internet users today. They belong to both rural and urban India, at some places; internet has reached at a level which was impossible any other form of media. It is a new form of media with a personal touch. Initially began as a voluntary action of completion, websites has become a major source of revenue and feedback for the media organizations. Besides the dissemination of Information, news websites also provide the media organization to track down the user preferences. This is being liked by the mass because of its easy availability and the capacity to engage the news in multimedia format i.e. audio, visual and text.

The change of print as


well as electronic media resulted in a paradigm shift and an entire new genre of journalism took birth.

REASONS OF GROWTH OF ONLINE JOURNALISM


GLOBAL FACTORS
Globally, various events collaborated for the development of online journalism. The biggest being the accessibility of internet, which has already been discussed. Besides internet, there have been several other reasons for the rapid growth of online journalism.

UTILITY

BASED
COMPUTERS
Computers today are utilized in all corners of world. Ranging from industries to commercial house, computers are utilized to de work from robotics to accounting.

INFRASTRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENTS
Computers itself has come a long way now. Computers today are no more a set of decoder box. Perhaps it is now the most advanced device of all. Laptops and personal computers were just a beginning of the new generation. The development of hand held devices has also fuelled the capacity of computers and thus journalism. From Silicon Valley to every nook of china, computer development is today a part of the civilization. The world without computers cannot be imagined. This need of the device has led to the readily availability. As a matter of fact, internet and its usage to collect data and send it remotely also promoted infrastructure for online journalism.

This has perhaps


improved the availability of computer and internet.

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NATIONAL FACTORS
GROWTH IN THE NUMBER OF INTERNET USERS

GROWTH STORY
In India, growth of internet users has been drastic. In 2000 there were less than 5 million users in the country, this figure changed to 121 million in 2012.

Even though for the rest of the world the internet users grew statistically, the number of users in the country didnt follow any mathematical rule. It multiplied more than 100 times in the period of ten years. Internet world stat reveals that India is the third largest population of internet users.

This growth has been due to the improvement of life of mass and infrastructure with added facilities.

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GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND INITIATIVES


The government of India has taken several policies and events which has unfurled the importance of online journalism. Today, online journalism is the freedom of speech to the people of the country. But this time has come only because of the systematic steps taken by the government of India today. These include the concepts of egovernance and the computerization of its various facilities. The government today relies on internet for governance. This has not only promoted a better way of promotion of its facilities, but also brought efficiency in governance.

INDIAN TELECOM POLICY


Ignoring the recent 2 g scam, Indian government has always focused and promoting the number of users of internet. It can be easily observed by the promotion the state owned bsnl has given to broadband service.

E -GOVERNANCE
The word electronic in the term e-Governance implies technology driven governance. E-Governance is the application of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) for delivering government services, exchange of information communication transactions, integration various stand-one systems and services between Government-to-Citizens (G2C), Government-toBusiness(G2B),Government-to-Government( G2G) as well as back office processes and interactions within the entire government frame work. Through the e-Governance, the government services will be made available to the citizens in a convenient, efficient and transparent manner. The three main target groups that can be distinguished in governance concepts are Government, citizens and businesses/interest groups. In e Governance there are no distinct boundaries.

Besides these, the


public willingness and awareness has also catalyzed the growth of online media.

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INFRASTRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT
It was not only government and its policies which have brought about a change in the scene of governance. The public participation has also been equally important. This is interesting to find that Indian revolution is more of infra related. The biggest reason being the sudden reduction in the cost of technology. The computer in the last decade became a substance of luxury to a commodity of utility. Gone are those days when the computers were ornaments of the rich. Today it is the necessity of everybodys life. The sudden birth and increment in the capacity of Indian IT giants like Infosys, wipro etc. accelerated the field of computer thus availability of the product substantially increased and became a part of the common life.

INDIAN TELECOM POLICY


Ignoring the recent 2 g scam, Indian government has always focused and promoting the number of users of internet. It can be easily observed by the promotion the state owned bsnl has given to broadband service.

Besides these, the


public willingness and awareness has also catalyzed the growth of online media. Computers today are largely being used for education purposes. From smart classes to multimedia class rooms, the computers in academics have been instrumental for the growth.

COMPUTERS AS EDUCATION SYSTEM

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RISING STATE OF EDUCATION IN THE STATE


In India, the level of education has been on rise like never before. In the last two decade the education level of the country has largely improved and this has resulted in the better and increment in the demand of the education and its policies. This has even brought about a change in the scenario.

INDIAN TELECOM POLICY


Ignoring the recent 2 g scam, Indian government has always focused and promoting the number of users of internet. It can be easily observed by the promotion the state owned bsnl has given to broadband service.

PEOPLES WILLINGNESS
With the advent of the new generation of computers, the peoples reach to the computer boomed. This gave new life to the freedom of speech. People through various capacities realized that the magic of internet can be used to share their views like never before and the new generation of the civil journalism began.

Besides these, the


public willingness and awareness has also catalyzed the growth of online media.

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CIVIC UNREST

INDIAN TELECOM POLICY


Ignoring the recent 2 g scam, Indian government has always focused and promoting the number of users of internet. It can be easily observed by the promotion the state owned bsnl has given to broadband service. Online journalism has also received a boost call because of the civic unrest that has been created. This has created the need of expression of thoughts. At these, citizen turned journalist have created tides in the information system. People access blogs, facebook pages, twitter updates and other available digital contents to get the latest info and provide the feedback. One of the best examples is the Anna movement. The civic demands and the feedback have made Anna a national hero.

Besides these, the


public willingness and awareness has also catalyzed the growth of online media.

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IMPACTS OF CYBER JOURNALISM


FREE INFORMATION
Cyber journalism has changed the picture of the way we see the information and its dissemination today. It is instrumental in setting new ways, mediums and ethics of journalism. It has catalyzed the information flow to real time, without any lack. The blogs, websites, facebook pages or even the articles of Wikipedia, each of them are the new form of cyber journalism. As the founder of Wikipedia Jimmy Wales envision, the world will soon be a beautiful place to live. For people, at least education can be the right which no one can take from them. The new media will soon achieve this agenda.

SATYA MEV

JAYATE
I am willing to cite this particular e.g. because, this TV presentation is what the modern day communication looks like. Satyamev Jayate

FREEDOM OF SPEECH
Cyber journalism has provided people with the liberty of speech without any regulation. It has helped reaching the freedom of speech pinnacle of its existence. No truth can today be hidden from the mass. People have the liberty to bring the truth to anyone at any point of time. This has been the most enriching benefit of the cyber journalism yet. Even though there are a hundred great reasons to cherish the cyber journalism, it is sad that this is being misused on a very large scale. People are using it to promote hatred and provoke violence. Thus, this other side of the coin can also be neglected.

was broadcasted on
doordarshan, cable TV, internet websites and All India Radio simultaneously.

Utilizing the optimal usages, the show finally received an unbeatable a billion response through various media.

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ACADEMIC HELP TO ONE AND ALL


SATYA MEV
The advent of cyber journalism has brought about a change for every individual. This feasibility can be compared the free schools provided online from a range of websites and online coaching from places like Wikipedia, wiki commons etc. Yet another milestone is the capacity of the online journalists to send information in the split of seconds. It has been found that people have been more attentively reading to the online journals than the offline one in the classrooms. Also its capacity to be unbound from time and reference to multiple media has helped in bringing about a product and capacity of the that has become accessible to all. For example a website can be accessed by a tablet, mobile, laptop or desktop. This capacity has proved that a single teacher can teach thousands of students at a time.

JAYATE
I am willing to cite this particular e.g. because, this TV presentation is what the modern day communication looks like. Satyamev Jayate

New ERA OF ONLINE JOURNALISM


The new era of online journalism and its capacity to build a new world has opened up new possibilities in the world. Out of the main league journalism, online activists and journalists have been working for the promotion and up liftment of the masses. This is clear of the availability of the entire cluster of media and organization providing free education and economic literature to the world. This availability is on the cluster of websites and blogs available worldwide.

was broadcasted on
doordarshan, cable TV, internet websites and All India Radio simultaneously.

Utilizing the optimal usages, the show finally received an unbeatable a billion response through various media.

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The FAILURES OF CYBER JOURNALISM


ANONYMO
US

Even though there have been various enlightening factors of cyber journalism, there have been several ill effects as well. These include various hatred campaigns and the sudden loss in the fraternity of the country because of the flash mob capability of the cyber media.

DUE to the sudden attack on internet by the global government agencies, there has

been civil and youth


unrest. The government worldwide have made people make forms of groupst that mobilize at some points tot revolt fot the free internet.

THE FACEBOOK WAR

In recent times, there has been a sudden outbreak of the outrageous websites on

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facebook. There has been pages which has been promoting hatred and communal tension all and throughout the country. The pages which can be accessed from almost any part of the globe has been responsible for the promotion of hatred and communal tension in the country

THE WAR AGAINST THE FILE SHARING WEBSITES

There have been various instances when the file sharing websites have been mis leading people. In the form of promotion of the file sharing content, this has largely promoted piracy and pornography worldwide.

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PALGIARISM

It is the theft of ones intellectual information or writing. The online media has also reduced the dignity of the original work. The embargo of the copy righted content is yet another issue. The very moment when we see the institution of content, the chances of plagiarism is taken as granted.

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CONCLUSION
On17 January 2001, during the impeachment trial of phillippine president Joseph Estrade, loyalists in the phillipene congress voted to set aside key evidence against him. Less than two hours after the decision was announced, thousands of Filipinos , angry that their corrupt president might be let off the hook, converged a major cross road in manila. The protest was arranged in part by forwarded text messages reading, Go 2 EDSA. Wear blk. The crowd quickly swelled and in the next few days, over a million people arrived, choking traffic there.
An extract from the political power of social media from Clay Shirky.

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The above illustration just shows how dramatic the beginning of the cyber journalism was. The public capacity to coordinate with the help of cyber journalism is unprecedented. There have been several other dramatic movements which has been moved by the help of cyber journalism. The most promonent campaign in the world of cyber journalism is being done by GREENPEACE. It has already won various war against the ill practices of the corporates which are against environment through the online campaigns of greenpeace.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

There have been numerous citations of internet and electronic media. But I am privileged to get info from 1. Dev.s blog (http://dev.net.np/index.php?p=9_6)

2. Internet World Status (http://www.internetworldstats.com/asia/np.htm)

3. Cyber journalism PTU Study material

4. Foreign affairs

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