Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1 of 77
2 of 77
Year Manufactured
3 of 77
Crane Loads
Crane loads increasing Consequences of misapplication more severe Codes becoming more complex Chance of engineering errors increasing
4 of 77
Presentation Outline
The Problem Overview Wharf Designers Perspective Crane Designers Perspective Putting the Two Together Q&A and Feedback
5 of 77
Crane Purchaser
Suppliers submit
Supplier A Supplier B Supplier C 180 k/wheel 200 k/wheel 220 k/wheel
Not defined
Operating or out-of-service? Service or factored? Wind profile? Increase for storm condition?
8 of 77
9 of 77
10 of 77
11 of 77
Wharf Structures
ACI 318 Building Code and Commentary ASCE 7-05 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures AISC Steel Construction Manual
12 of 77
13 of 77
to 2001 1.4 1.7 1.3 0.90 0.75/.7 0 from 1.2 1.6 1.6* 0.90 0.70/.6 2002 5 * 1.3 if directionality factor is not included
14 of 77
15 of 77
16 of 77
C L crane
18 of 77
19 of 77
Some designers treat crane dead load as live load and use the 1.6 factor. This results in 23% overdesign; 1.6 / 1.3 = 1.23.
20 of 77
21 of 77
22 of 77
23 of 77
24 of 77
25 of 77
26 of 77
27 of 77
Displacement
70 60
50
40
30
V gantry V slow
4 9 1 4 1 9 2 4
H
1 -
20
10
Displacement
28 of 77
H D
30 of 77
31 of 77
Basic Loads
32 of 77
33 of 77
Inertial Loads
IMP: Vertical impact due to hoist acceleration Lateral due to trolley acceleration Lateral due to gantry acceleration
LATT: LATG:
34 of 77
Overload
COLL: Crane Collision SNAG: Snagging headblock STALL: Stalling hoist motors
35 of 77
Environmental Loads
WLO: Wind load operating (In-Service) WLS* : EQ: Wind load storm (Out-of-Service) Earthquake load
37 of 77
38 of 77
Shape Coefficient, Cf
Empirical values: FEM, BSI, etc. Wind tunnel tests are more accurate Boundary layer Angled wind effects Shielding effects
39 of 77
Angled Wind
Wind Tunnel Test Liftech Equations Fx
Reaction
Fz
45
90
135
180
Fz
Wind Direction, Degrees
40 of 77
Fx
41 of 77
43 of 77
Gust Duration
44 of 77
Vt / Vhour
V3 sec V hourly
Ratio of probable maximum speed averaged over t seconds to hourly mean speed. Reference, ASCE 7-05. 45 of 77
46 of 77
Height, m
1000
1500
2000
Wind pressure, Pa
47 of 77
Variation in WLS
Variable MRI Gust duration Profile Variation 25 to 50 yrs 3 sec to 10 min Open terrain to ocean exposure Effect on V Effect on F * 7.5% 15.6% 46% 5-10% 113% 10-20%
Basic wind speed Gust duration Use local civil code Profile Other factors Shape coefficients Wind tunnel tests
Do not mix and match between codes for pressure and load factors !
49 of 77
50 of 77
Load Combinations
51 of 77
Load Combinations
Load combinations
Operating Overload Storm wind (out-of-service)
Design approaches
Generally Allowable Stress Design (ASD)
52 of 77
53 of 77
54 of 77
Recommendations
Requesting crane data Ask for basic loads Combine per ACI load factors Requesting tenders Provide factored load tables Ask to fill in tables Specify allowable factored loads
55 of 77
Tie-down Loads
56 of 77
Tie-Down Failures
57 of 77
Crane Tie-downs
58 of 77
F tiedown
F gantry
1 B (1 + e)FWind h D 2 (1 + e ) 1 A = = 1 B 1 F h D Wind 2 A
4 3
2 1
No error in V
0 1
61 of 77
Example:
Error in wind speed = 10%; = 1.4 Error in wind pressure = 21%
5
4 3
2 1
No error in V
0 1
Factor ACI
0.9 0.9 1.3*
FEM
1.0 1.0 1.2
x 0.9 = x 1.3 =
64 of 77
66 of 77
Problem Overview
Crane supplier and wharf designer work with incomplete and inconsistent data Crane supplier generally uses Service Load approach Wharf designer generally uses Factored Load approach Neither knows what basis the other uses
67 of 77
Solution
68 of 77
Crane purchaser provide or facilitate detailed information Port Crane Purchaser Wharf Designer Crane Supplier
g n i s Mi s k Lin
69 of 77
72 of 77
73 of 77
74 of 77
Recap
Obtain detailed crane and wharf design data Stick to one crane design code Stick to one wharf design code Use consistent design basis Facilitate communication
75 of 77
Q&A
76 of 77
Crane Loads & Wharf Structure Design: Putting the Two Together
Thank you
This presentation will be available for download on Liftechs website: www.liftech.net
Arun Bhimani, S.E. President Liftech Consultants Inc. www.liftech.net
77 of 77
78 of 77
FYI - Much content originally came from the TOC 2005 Europe presentation.
79 of 77