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The Use of Certain Adverbs in Homer Author(s): G. M. Bolling Reviewed work(s): Source: Language, Vol. 8, No. 3 (Sep., 1932), pp. 211-213 Published by: Linguistic Society of America Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/409651 . Accessed: 28/01/2012 05:22
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MISCELLANEA
THE USE OF CERTAIN ADVERBS IN HOMER

Adverbs in -6ts These formations' are regarded as entirely uncertain by Brugmann, Grundr2. 2. 2. 733, and their discussion is usually avoided. Among the Homeric examples a contrast pair of pronominal words Il. 6, Od. are conspicuous for their frequency (aXXv6ts &obtvs WXXvbs, Od. and are to be considered the most II. likely start7; 10, 5), &,pis ing point. The v vowel is most probably an indication that the forms are Aeolic (cf. Buck, Gr. Dial. 25, on v < o, esp. in Arcado-Cyprian), as is also the accent (Wackernagel, Akzent 3. 105). The psilosis in contrast to &aa would at least offer no difficulty (Wackernagel, Spr. Unters. 44); but, in reality, it is the aspiration of `&pa that requires explanation in Homer. The meaning is direction toward a place; except that in the Odyssey (e 467, ,u 415, ? 305) atiivbtis also used for 'at the same time'. The forms may be analysed as aXXv6t-s,&avai-s, and classed as Dor. repvort-s, parallel to such forms as roXXdKL-s, Delph. ot-s, on which cf. Brugmann, Grundr2. 2. 2. 675. Thessalian ~l-arobl (cf. Bechtel, Gr. Dial. 1. 196-7; Hermann, Nebensaetze 303, 335) is then most closely akin; for its final member is < *kwodito which *yodi (Skt. yadi), *alyodi, *semodi are morphologic counterparts. A restriction on the use of aXXvs is to be noted. It is confined to the phrase aXXvi which except in (D 503, s a&XXos stands always at the close of the verse. The substantive ? 25, 138, " must be either a plural or a mass singular. In the former case a&Xos agrees with it in gender, but not in number, cf. M 461 uavtces a~ We should therefore expect the singular SE/auLYEV ' aXX-,. &,XXvs in (1 503 rcrE-cA-Eio &XXvaS aXXa,but the irregularity may be connected (cf. below) with the fact that these words are in the accusative. When
For the entire group of adverbs in -5tL, -SOV,-5~7y, -5v , -Sa. cf. Hirt, Handb. 454; Brugmann, Grundr2. 2. 2. 681, 733; Brugmann-Thumb 294-5; Debrunner, Gr. Wortbild. 53, 190; Hirt, Idg. Gram. 2. 128, 299; Meillet-Vendryes, Gram. comp. des langues class. 476; Fraenkel, IF 28. 225-6, and KZ 42. 381. 211

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MISCELLANEA

the substantive is a mass singular (CyKe-aXo s 458, xpw'sN 279), such s ayXX is used. When the a construction is impossible, and XXvW objects scattered are in the accusative, the tradition wavers between the two possibilities. Aristophanes and Aristarchus differed, and the latter's text was not entirely self-consistent. Our information is incomplete, but 2 seems to follow Aristarchus: aXXca (Ar. 0: ~iXXlqv X385 CvXS /A. i~XXvs Aristoph.) n-UKEcaa' UeveV 35 &XXv LsaXXov (Ar. 0: no v. 1.) t KVvas e 369 rd GTW Eust.). 'v &p re : a2XXa2 aa' Xv(s c(-LaKKiEcU ( From aXXv"5shpivs a suffix -6ts .&XX, was abstracted, with which was The element *xapa is perhaps an accusative from formed xat-6ts. the same stem as the locative xaA-at to which it was assimilated in accent. XacgLas (Il. 10, Od. 4) likewise designates direction of motion-movement from some height to the ground. The only trace of a semantic change is in two passages of the Odyssey, where the motion to the ground seems of less interest than the movement that takes place upon the ground :3 t 290 K 6'iyKC'aXosxaCIdaLs ~E r 599 7 XalIdLas aropiaas V VTWV. KaGrT5jqva "ro70L The other adverbs in -6ts differ in accent and in meaning, being adverbs of manner. The examples are few, and each is used rarely. is textually uncontested. The 6th century writing Only d&Apov(ls must be interpreted a&icpw(ls (<*alipwa&s, cf. Bechtel, Lex. AMIO0AI2 for of and the 237 p (the only occurrence) Class. Phil. 42-3; explanation 23. 65 (1928). in 2 506 The Alexandrians differed about a/oLtopalsor Alootlprb6v AHT 1. in and where the scholia 310 a (cf. Ludwich, 435) presumably are silent. There was also a difference of opinion about traotopa3I s in a 481. In both these words the ending -66v would or braguopO7765bv be the more normal formation. There are no other examples. Adverbs in -6a, - a or -6-qv These adverbs have always beside them a form in -606v except that li.ty6v to match tly(7a happens to be unused in the poems, occurring first in h. Merc. 494. The accent (on which cf. Cobet, Misc. Crit. 430) varies in keeping with the accent of the accompanying form. Corresponding to adverbs in -06v are: da(pa6a -r 391; 4vapaavwa
The plural is here justified because Ga is a plurale tantum. 3The situation in the first example is very different from that of r 300, altho the phraseology is similar.
2

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213

y 221, 222, X [455]; dnrou-rabai 143, 146; aVroaXEcdr 319. Except for the analogic and metrically convenient the words all end in
avatava,

Beside adverbs in -6v are found: Kpbfba 2; [1681; c/lya 0 437, o 77. Both are formed from bases ending in a stopsound. The examples in the Odyssey 7 (6) are much more frequent than those in the Iliad 3 (2), which are also not from the earliest strata.4 These forms then cannot be an old inheritance, but must be considered a relatively late creation. It is therefore impossible to see with Brugmann, Grundr2.2. 2. 681, in drouraddthe acc. sing. from a word of the
riapa-ars the spread of the neuter plural noted by Brugmann, op. cit. 690. and Al1ya always have a case depending upon them; none Kpbloa of the adverbs in -6a is so construed. G. M. BOLLING

type

arapa-alrao0s.

The forms must

rather be ascribed to

SOMEGERMANIC ETYMOLOGIES 1. Goth. aurahjom (probably dur-) dat. pl. translates Gr. itpvnLeda, 'riLVara, Mark V, 2, 3, 5. The same Greek words are elsewhere rendered by hlaiwasnos, and v7ViAdov by hlaiw. The latter words mean 'hill, mound': Lat. clivus. We may therefore assume that *aurahi meant 'cairn, tumulus', probably formed from an adj. *aurahs, with which compare ON aurr 'eisenhaltiger Sand', NIcel. eyri 'sandbank; sandspit', ON ver (*warja-) 'a fishing place on the bank', OE wer 'weir', MDu. were 'agger' (Kil.), ON vor 'a row of stones on either side of a landingplace', OHG wuori 'dam', etc., and also Gr. iJplov'mound, barrow, tomb', in Homer *F7plov. These words for 'dam' and 'tomb' are best referred to the base *awer- (or perhaps rather *Ewer-) 'rise, swell; raise' Gr. ietpw (*awery5) 'lift, heave, raise up; carry; stir up', a'lpw 'raise, lift; carry; support; exalt, extol, excite' (for related words cf. Boisacq 15). 2. OE 5m 'rust', 5man pl. 'erysipelas', 5mig 'rusty; inflammatory, resulting from inflammation', 5mian 'become rusty' may be referred to a Germ. stem *5zma-, pre-Germ. *asm6-: Skt. d'sa-h 'ashes, dust', dsita-h 'dark-colored', Lat. arEre 'be dry or withered', aridus 'dry, withered', ardEre'burn, blaze, shine, glow', etc. 3. ON vegna (with or without d) 'mittelst', minna vegna 'meinetwegen', tess vegna 'deswegen', MLG wegen following gen. preceded by
4 On 2

[168]cf. Wilamowitz, I1H 170.