Evaluation & Appraisal of Concrete Construction Techniques and Details

Student Fahimeh Rezvani Matriculation Number 10019743 Module leader John B. Wood, University of Edinburgh

Introduction
Concrete is a composite construction material, composed of cement (commonly Portland cement) and other cementations materials such as fly ash and slag cement, aggregate (generally a coarse aggregate made of gravel or crushed rocks such as limestone, or granite, plus a fine aggregate such as sand), water and chemical admixtures. As the complexity of design and construction increases, it is imperative that the details understand their responsibilities clearly. The responsibilities of the details, as they apply to the reinforcedconcrete industry, are stated more clearly by the following separate sections.

I chose 3 concrete building for studying detail

1. Casa da musica, Porto, Portugal / Rem Koolhaas 2. Christs college in Guildford, UK / DSDHA 3. Faculty of economics and business Reus / Pau Perez, Anton M. Pamles and Anton Banus

Casa da Msica Porto, Portugal,2005

Casa da Msica, located in the heart of Porto, on the border between the new and old sections of the city, is a music hall designed by OMA. The urban context in which Casa da Musica was situated played an important role in the shaping of its form. Originally, Casa da Msica was used at a smaller scale for a design of a house in the Netherlands, but after the client opted out, the scale was bumped up and the design was submitted to the competition in Porto. Inspiration for inner values: The Casa da Msica in Porto (Portugal) is like a meteorite burrowing into the ground near the Rotunda da Boavista to the northwest of the old town. Casa da musica has a distinctive faceted form, made of white concrete, which remains solid and believable in an age of too many icons. Inside, the elevated Figure 1 casa da musica, source: El Croquis, N. 134 1,300-seat (shoe box-shaped) Grand Auditorium has corrugated glass facades at either end that open the hall to the city, and offer Porto itself as a dramatic backdrop for performances. Casa da Musica reveals its contents without being didactic; at the same time, it casts the city in a new light. Innovative use of materials and colour throughout was another imperative: as well as the unique curtain-like glass walls at either end of the Grand Auditorium, the walls are clad in plywood with enlarged wood patterns embossed in gold, giving a dramatic jolt in perspective;the VIP area has hand-painted tiles picturing a traditional pastoral scene, while the roof terrace is patterned with geometric black and white tiles; floors in public areas are sometimes Paved in aluminium.
Figure 2 section of casa da musica, source: El Croquis, N. 134

Figure 3 construction, source: El Croquis, N. 134

Figure 4casa da musica, source: El Croquis, N. 134

Figure 5 Elevation, source: Rem Koolhaas/ OMA, 2008

Flexibility and Maintenance The building is designed to create maximum flexibility to adapt to future requirements. Foyers, Rehearsal Rooms and the Small Auditorium can in turn be used as social spaces, music rehearsal rooms, performance space, workshop space etc.

Materials The color and texture of the slanted concrete walls is mixing Portuguese Portland-cement with particular blue sandstone that will whiten in time. And use local aggregates, grey granite, instead of white limestone, traditionally used in Portugal for white concrete. Most finishes used are traditional local products, such as tiles and wooden floors. Other products, such as the facades, are produced locally.

Energy Conservation The engineering systems have been developed from a rigorous analysis of the climate, operating scenarios and comfort requirements. The Portuguese climate is relatively temperate with intermittent high summer temperatures, a large diurnal range and moderate wind speeds. Figure 6 plant distribution, source: El Croquis, N. 134 Passive environmental control has been utilised in the building form and construction wherever possible to reduce energy consumption. The building has very high thermal mass to optimise the use of the diurnal temperatures and reduce cooling and heating loads. The integration of glass has been minimised, however when required high-performance and highly tinted glazing has been used. Lighting is a major consumer of energy. A careful selection of fittings and appropriate lighting levels reduces the buildings energy consumption. Lighting control systems ensure lighting is turned off when not in use.All active engineering systems are selected to operate at high efficiencies. Furthermore the ventilation systems are zoned to allow them to be turned off or minimised when performances are not taking place.

Figure 7 Unroll plan and relationship between form and site, source: Rem Koolhaas / OMA, 2008

Structure
the Casa da Musica usesoff-balance forms to create a kinetic experience for visitors as they move around and through the building. (Rem Koolhaas) Resembles an asymmetric crystal and unlike other concert halls unfolds more in a vertical than a horizontal direction. The buildings main structure is made up of 4 main cores with the circulation wrapping around it on the exterior. The exterior of the building is constructed fromlarge Figure 8 Main structure, source: Rem Koolhaas /OMA, panels of reinforced concrete, whose thickness is 2008 40cm, inclined at different angles. These panels are joined monolithically so that they act together to form a fundamental element of the structure - these panels form an external "shell". Considering the shell and its interior, it is found that the centre of gravity is moved to the south of the geometric centre of its base. This fact, and particularly the increase of this eccentricity due to seismic action, led to the use of two inclined columns to give external support at two points located at the intersection of two of its most southern edges with the floor of level O. These columns pass through the three parking levels and are only visible from there. The unit formed by the external shell, the two longitudinal internal walls, the two external columns and the floor slabs which, acting as membranes, work as stiffening vault ribs for the shell, absorbing and transferring the horizontal forces, form the primary structure and stability system of the building. The external wall panels of the building act as a three dimensional shell with membrane forces and bending moments. The behaviour of each panel, as a plane stressed structure, contributes decisively to the overall stability of the building. The bending moments result from the action of their self-weight and from the loads transmitted by the slabs which are supported on the shell. Sometimes these bending effects would be unacceptable if some auxiliary elements, called "interventions", had not been provided. The major "interventions" are the two large inclined columns which cross the South and North sides and give support to the roof panels. There are also three circular columns coming from the wall-beams of the small auditorium which support the roof above the South foyer. Due to the slight slope of the roof panels, certain free edges which were to be very slender would have had excessive deformations if the reinforced concrete shell had not been replaced by steel structures Figure 9 roof panels, source: composed of open-web girders or beams in a welded, variable cross David Cha, 2010 section construction. The stiffness of these edges is crucial in the situations where they support the large glass panels. The structure from level -2 to +2 forms a regular solid stable base from which the building emerges.

Figure 10 Structure, source: El Croquis, N. 134

Figure 11 Structure, source: David Cha, 2010

The foundations and 2 levels of the basement arte constructed in a conventional manner with a regular grid of beams, slabs and columns to suit the program, upon completion the relationship structurally between the floors and walls will be monolithic, symbiotic and 3-dimensional in nature. Figure 12 Structure, source: El Croquis, N. 134

Level 0, 1 and 2 will be built up in a similar manner with each floor being a level continuous monolithic tie between the leaning outer walls. Stability up to this level from foundations is predominantly provided by the 4 robust sloping Figure 13 Structure, source: El Croquis, N. 134 side walls.

The tie function is fulfilled by the action of the walls and floors in combination with the cores and in some cases diagonals. The floors tie the walls at each back to the cores and work in combination with the walls to provide stability and a gravity load path.
Figure 14 Structure, source: El Croquis, N. 134

Level +6 and the roof tie the sloping upper walls and the stability cores together to balance Figure 15 Structure, source: El Croquis, N. 134 the eccentricity of the form.

The inner main concert hall structure has its own Figure 16 Structure, source: El Croquis, N. 134 structural envelop, gravity and stability system.

The floors below level 2 allow the 10 columns of the separate auditorium structure to pass through without affecting the structure.

Figure 17 Structural separation, source: El Croquis, N. 134

Auditorium structure
The shell of auditorium is the main load carrying stability system; it is suspended by two 1 meter thick walls and simultaneously shoved from them by pillars that prompt occasionally in the diverse inner spaces. Those very thick walls enclose the long sides of the large auditorium; from them it hangs as a completely separate and isolate structure for acoustic reasons. The shoebox shaped large auditorium was taken for being the most efficient and reliable, as prove the considered acoustically best concert halls in the world. The two immense glass walls (windows from the outside) were then the challenge.
Figure 18 Auditorium structure, source: El Croquis, N. 134

Figure 19 position of auditorium, source: Tang Chenhui

Figure 30 Analysis auditorium for acoustic, source: Renz van Luxemburg

Figure 21 Position of balconies, source: Rem Koolhaas /OMA, 2008 Note: The number and position of the balconies are fundamental for the acoustics of the hall

Figure 22 Exterior cast in place concrete, source: David Cha, 2010 Figure 22 Detail of window, Source: David Cha, 2010

Environmental strategy Fresh air to the seats and stage will be delivered by a displacement ventilation system, fresh air will be delivered direct to the point of use, increasing the effectiveness of the ventilation and reducing the air volume.

Glass in auditorium
The 1,300-seat auditorium is suffused with daylight from the two walls made entirely of glass, a singular oddity in the music world as glass scatters sound in random directions. But Koolhaas claims to have overcome the problem by making the glass ripple in tightly curved folds, and setting two glass sheets a meter apart to insulate the hall from exterior noise. The result is ingenious and beautiful.

Figure 23 Environmental strategy, source: El Croquis, N. 134

In addition, In order to create a healthy Figure 24 Detail of window, source: David Cha, 2010 indoor environment and good acoustics, OMA utilized a variety of sustainable materials such as concrete mix, tiles, canopy and different wall finishes. An important material used for the windows of the auditorium is corrugated glass. Corrugated glass allows natural light to penetrate into the auditorium while providing a sense of privacy from the outside.

South foyer glazing detail

On the South side there is the large volume of the entrance gallery which is interrupted at its upper part by the small auditorium. Between this gallery and the south longitudinal wall of the auditorium there is also a 7 m wide zone for vertical and horizontal circulation and support spaces. This strip is bounded to the South by a 0, 35 m thick reinforced concrete wall with a large number of major openings. The vertical supports for the South side slabs, which in the gallery zone are between the foundations and the access stair level to the main auditorium and in the referred circulation zone up to the roof, are provided by the exterior shell, the main South longitudinal wall, the referred 0, 35 m thick wall and also the inclined pillar which intersects the gallery space.
Figure 25 Corrugate glass, source: El Croquis, N. 134

Figure 26 Corrugate glass, source: El Croquis, N. 134

At a higher level spanning over the space between the exterior shell and the South longitudinal wall, is the small auditorium. Its main structural elements are two wall-beams 0, 45 m thick and variable height. The ceiling and floor layers are composite slabs supported on steel beams.

Small hall foyer glazing detail

Figure 27 Foyer, Source: El Croquis, N.134

The weight of the corrugated glass walls is carried by steel beams that are hung up to the concrete wall on top of the opening in the concrete shape of the building. In total six, more or less large, openings in the white concrete box were filled with this concept of Figure 28 Glazing Detail, El Croquis, N.134 corrugated glass walls.

Rigid connection
There are no washers in this detail, because of rigid connection for acoustic

Figure 29 rigid connection, source: Renz van Luxemburg

VIP lounge, glass enclosure detail

Steel beams are a part of the horizontal steel trusses and have facilities for both mounting and adjusting the tolerances of the corrugated glass panels. Also waterproofing and thermal separation between outside and inside is taken care of.

Figure 30 VIP lounge, El Croquis, N. 134

Figure 31 Glass enclosure, El Croquis, N. 134

The two corrugated glass walls a cavity to reduce the sound level between the two spaces.

Detail VIP lounge

Auditorium roof
The slab above the auditorium (level 8) spans the 24, 2 m space between the main longitudinal walls. For this case, two structurally distinct systems were adopted. In the restaurant area, where between the referred layer and the roof there is sufficient height, there is a massive slab supported on the lower flange of steel trusses spaced 6 m apart. These steel trusses go up to the roof and have different geometries dictated by the irregular form of the roof. These trusses also give support to the roof panels of the exterior shell. In the rest of the area of this floor, composite steel-concrete beams, of built up welded sections with a total height of 1,9 m and 3 m apart from each other have been used, together with a composite steel-concrete Figure 32 detail of VIP lounge, El Croquis, N. 134 slab, 0,20 m thick, with metal sheeting. The beams have opening in their webs to allow the passage of the technical installation pipes.

Figure 33 Auditorium roof, source: Furtado. R, 2006

Staircase detail
The extremely complex geometry of the slabs, stairs, ramps and walls of the North side results in several types of structural solutions for supporting the slab loads. In addition to the main longitudinal north wall and the exterior shell, there are also two lift shafts and an inclined pillar, which also act as vertical support elements. When possible, the slabs are directly supported on the vertical elements or on the exterior shell. In the areas where this is not possible, the slabs are supported on beams or wall beams which are sometimes also supported by other wall-beams.

Figure 34 Staircase, source: El Croquis, N.134

Car par k

Figure 35 Staircase detail, source: El Croquis, N.134

The car park layers are massive reinforced concrete slabs. They are supported on isolated pillars, on reinforced concrete walls, on the sloped walls of the auditorium building, and on the peripheral retaining walls. The columns are circular with truncated conical shear heads and they are generally set out in a 7,8 7,8 m2 grid.

Figure 36 CAR PARK, source: David Cha, 2010

Acoustic
The acoustic devices which use in casa da musica in order to acoustic work perfectly.

Figure 37 Acoustic devices, source: Renz van Luxemburg, 2006

The analysis of the building to understand the RW of each wall and use insulation for acoustic.

Figure 38 Analysis the level 1, source: Renz van Luxemburg

Figure 40 Sound insulation , source: Renz van Luxemburg

Figure 39 Figure 38 Analysis the level 1, source: Renz van Luxemburg

Figure 41 Sound insulation, source: Renz van Luxemburg

Christs college in Guildford, UK

Figure 42 Christs college on Guildford, UK, source: Detail magazine, 2010

The school is the first public building in England to combine heat recovery and mechanical ventilation. Exhaust air vents, in the form of widened butt joints, are situated below each classroom windows. All joints are recessed 5mm, giving the faade a sense of depth. This effect is emphasized by the windows, set deep within the walls. Some of the openings extend from floor to ceiling and adorned by oblique reveals. The brick exterior is punctuated with windows set deep into the facade, and houses an innovative breathing wall system providing each classroom with sustainable heating and ventilation through the perforated brick skin.

Architect: DSDHA Location: Guildford, UK Floor area 7,350 m2 Cost 14.4 million Structural engineer Adams Kara Taylor Annual CO2 emissions 24.17 kg/m2

Material
The main materials used in this building are concrete frame and block work; brick cladding; softwood cladding; and glazing. Concrete frame- life expectancy 80 years. The small piece of concrete is used as gravel and Crushed Recycled concrete is also be used as the dry aggregate. Large pieces of crushed concrete is be used for erosion control. Wire gabions (cages) are filled with the crushed concrete and stacked together to provide economical retaining walls.

Structure system
Primary structure system
Concrete frame
loads transferred across concrete floor plates and down concrete columns and dispersed to the ground through foundations.
Figure 43 structure system, source: Andrew bates,2010

Figure 44 primary structure system, source: Andrew bates, 2010

Axonometric showing reinforced concrete in-situ reinforced concrete floor slab is cast on top strip foundations 1000 / 1000mm of the strip foundations 320mm thick with

150 / 150mm kicker up stand.

Figure 45 primary structure system, source: Andrew bates, 2010

In-situ reinforced concrete columns are cast On top of the ground floor slab 200 / 800mm with a 150 / 150mm kicker up stand.

In-situ reinforced concrete floor slab is cast on top of the ground floor columns 320mm thick

Figure 46 primary structure system, source: Andrew bates, 2010

In situ reinforced concrete columns are cast situ reinforced concrete floor slab is cast on top of the 1st floor slab 200 / 800mm with a 150 / 150mm kicker up stand on top of the 1st floor columns 320mm thick

In

Figure 47 primary structure system, source: Andrew bates, 2010

In situ reinforced concrete columns is cast

primary roof structure in situ reinforced concrete

On top of the 2st floor slab 200 / 800mmfloor slab is cast on top of the 2st floor columns 320 mm thick with a 200 /200mm kicker up stand

Bracing system

Figure 48 Bracing system, source: Andrew bates, 2010

Internal block walls 140mm cladding 290 in 90 in 50mm Cottbus bricks, Thermal block work are built as each floor cast mmconcrete column, block work infill. pigmented mortar joints, 50mm ventilation cavity, 60mm phenolic foam thermal insulation, 200/800

Detail
Detail of external wall

1. 290/90/50mm Cottbus bricks with pigmented mortar joints. 2. Stainless steel anchors. 3. 50mm ventilation cavity. 4. 1mm DPM with 60mm phenolic foam thermal insulation 5. 200/800 reinforced concrete column 6. 2mm aluminium cladding of internal lintel 7. Fixed glazing: 6mm toughened glass + 16mm cavity or 20mm argon filled + 6.4mm solar control laminated safety glass in aluminium profiles. 8. 2mm aluminium on 18mm plywood sill.

Figure 49 detail of external wall, source: detail magazine, 2010

Figure 50 detail of external wall, source: Andrew bates, 2010

Detail of internal wall

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

50/ 18mm wood boarding Fire-resistant 50 / 50mm squared timber Painted 25mm acoustic insulation 18mm plywood, painted black Fixed glazing to adjoining rooms: 5mm toughened glass + 12mm cavity + 6.4 mm laminated safety glass.

Figure 55 Detail of internal wall, source: Detail magazine, 2010

Figure 56 Detail of internal wall, source: Andrew bates, 2010

Detail of Roof

1. 50/ 18mm wood boarding 2. Fire-resistant 50/ 50mm squared timber 3. Painted 25mm acoustic insulation 4. 2/ 12.5mm plasterboard, as base for stretch ceiling, painted black 5. 18mm plywood, painted black 6. Fixed glazing to adjoining rooms: 5mm toughened glass + 12mm cavity + 6.4mm laminated safety glass 7. Cable channel in fastening rail.
Figure 57 Detail of roof, source: Detail magazine, 2010

Figure 58 Detail of roof, Source: Andrew Bates, 2010

Detail of Foundation

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Reinforced concrete foundations 300mm concrete floor slab DPC 1mm 60mm phenolic thermal foam insulation DPM 1mm 100mm screed floor finish 290/ 90/ 50mm Cottbus bricks with pigmented mortar joints 50mm ventilation cavity 60mm phenolic foam thermal insulation Block work infill 20/ 15mm timber batons 2/ 12.5mm plasterboard.

Figure 510 Detail of foundation, Source: detail magazine, 2010

Figure 97 Detail of foundation, source: Andrew Bates, 2010

Detail of Skylight

1. Skylight: 6mm toughened glass + 16mm argon filled cavity + 6.4mm laminated safety glass UValue = 1.3W/m2k 2. Powder coated aluminium sandwiching 50mm insulation, operated by control motor 3. 1mm DPC 4. 200mm of insulation covered in waterproof resin 5. 2mm aluminium cladding 6. 200mm concrete slab inset structural I beam system 7. 50/ 18mm wood boarding 8. Fire-resistant 50/ 50mm squared timber.
Figure 58 Detail of skylight, source: Detail magazine, 2010

Figure 59 Detail of skylight, Source: Andrew Bates. 2010

Figure 60 Detail of skylight, Source: Detail magazine, 2010

1. Skylight: 6mm toughened glass + 16mm argon filled cavity + 6.4mm laminated safety glass UValue = 1.3W/m2k 2. Powder coated aluminium sandwiching 50mm insulation, operated by control motor 3. 50/ 18mm wood boarding, fire-resistant, 18mm plywood, painted black 4. Suspended ceiling: 50/18mm wood boarding, fire resistant, 50/50mm mineral wool acoustic insulation as base for stretch ceiling, black 5. 50/ 18mm wood boarding, fire-resistant, 50/ 50mm squared timber, painted black, 25mm acoustic ins.; 2/ 12.5mm plasterboard 6. 18 mm plywood, painted black 7. Fixed glazing to adjoining rooms: 5mm toughened glass + 12mm cavity + 6.4 laminated safety glass 8. Cable channel in fastening rail

1. 290/ 90/ 50 mm Cottbus bricks, pigmented mortar joints, stainless-steel anchors, 50 mm ventilated cavity, 60 mm phenolic foam thermal insulation, 200/800 mm reinforced concrete column 2. 2mm aluminium cladding of lintel 3. Fixed glazing: 6mm toughened glass + 16 mm cavity or 20 mm argon filled + 6.4 mm solar control laminated safety glass in aluminium profiles. 4. 2mm aluminium sill on 18 mm plywood 5. Shaped Cottbus brick 6. Steel angles as secondary steel support to splayed brickwork 7. 2mm aluminium sheet 8. Seal: PVC channel with rigid foam core 9. Cladding: 18mm laminated medium-density board Operable sash: thermal aluminium window profile glazing in

Figure 61 Detail, Source: Detail magazine, 2010

Heating, cooling & ventilation

The general requirements for the building are heating, lighting and ventilation. The heating and ventilation systems are integrating making this the first public building in England to combine heat recovery and mechanical ventilation. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Brick outer leaf of wall Aluminium cill and head lining Brick return Aluminium window Special ventilation opening in brickwork dovecote Ventilation plenum Concrete inner leaf of wall Classroom heat recovery and ventilation unit (CHRV) Concrete slab with screed topping Heat exchange unit.
Figure 62 Detail of ventilation, Source: Detail magazine, 2010

Winter (Left) Cold air is drawn in via under cill slot is warmed via exchange of heat recover from the room and its occupants. Summer (Right) Ventilation is increased to prevent excessive room temperatures. This complements the passive cooling strategies of exposed thermal mass and solar shading.

Figure 63 ventilation system, source: Detail magazine,2010

Fresh air is delivered to each classroom via its own heat recovery and ventilation unit concealed in cabinet under the windows. The unit contains two fans, one for supply and one for extract, and a heat exchanger. A damper cuts off the fresh air supply until the room comes to temperature, and the unit works in recirculation mode with and electric battery to heat the air- this means that there is no boiler or radiators in the building. The high thermal mass of the exposed concrete frame and floor slabs help to store heat and regulate temperature fluctuations. Once the room is occupied, the heat generated by the inhabitants is enough to maintain a constant temperature without the need for additional heating. A CO2 sensor on the unit monitors the air so that the CHRV unit only comes on when fresh air is needed.

The spaces that are not around the edge of the school mainly the triple height atrium and the double height theatre have fresh air provided via a ducting system, entering the space through horizontal slats at first floor height. This provides enough air circulation for the whole space.

Figure 64 Circulation system, SOURCE: Detail magazine, 2010

Heat recovery ventilation system

Figure 65 Heat recovery system, source: Andrew Bates. 2010

The ventilation system employs a counter flow heat exchanger between the inbound and outbound air flow. The HRV system provides fresh air and improved climate control whilst saving energy by reducing the heating or cooling requirements. The thermal energy in the stale air discharged from the room, is used to heat fresh, clean outdoor air which is then supplied back into the rooms. The system ensures that the indoor air is refreshed and filtered- this means that up to 90% of the heat is preserved and waste energy is reduced.

Heating, cooling & ventilation system

CHRV system underneath the window heats the room to its optimum temperature, air is released through the skylights to keep a fresh flow.

Until the room comes up to temperature a damper cuts off the fresh supply and the unit works in recirculation mode with an electric heater battery to heat the air, so no boilers or radiators are needed.

A Co2 sensor on the units monitor the air so that the CHRV unit only comes on when fresh air is required.

Figure 66 Heating, cooling & ventilation system, Source: Andrew bates,2010

In the summer the systems provides secure night ventilation to cool the structure during the day.

Energy conservation/ generation/ emissions

Predicted annual co2 emissions: 24.17 kg/m2 The concrete frame provides large area of high thermal mass. Although this is an integral part of the success of the CHRV system, the embodied carbon dioxide of one tone of concrete varies is the range of 75- 175 kg CO2/ tone concrete, however the CO2 emission from the concrete production is around 900 kg of CO2 per tonne of concrete.

Acoustic
Many of the internal openings in the atrium remain unglazed, allowing the space to be monitored effectively by the staff. To allow for this, and fearful of the acoustic implications- this is where the pupils eat lunch the atrium has highly effective acoustic insulation behind the softwood boarding

Outer leaf support details

The detail show how the brick anchors to the block work by stainless-steel anchors using a metal anchor as a support creates continuous bridging which means additional heat loos of 0.15 W/mk

Facing masonry

This joint is sealed with permanently elastic sealant

Strips for distributing load joint sealed Movement joint

Continuous stainless steel angle support joint sealed

Stainless-steel anchors

Figure 611 Detail of outer leaf support, source: Detail magazine, 2010

Faculty of economics and business Reus

Pau Perez, Anton M. Pamles and Anton Banus

Figure 68 Faculty of economics and business Reus, source: Tectonica, 2009

The faculty of economics and business belongs to the Rovira I Virgili University, founded in 1991 and divided into several settlements in Tarragona. Specifically, this is located on the outskirts of Reus,andoriented north-south. In this building do notuse 'high tech' so fashionablebut worksprimarily withconcrete(on site or prefabricated), with systems that allowknown butkeep tryingand researching.

The school is a building posed a precast concrete framed structure that makes a precise reticle, no exceptions. The materials and construction systems have their logic or have not been enforced here. The library is lit and ventilated by four courtyards which overlook vegetation cover gravel. The glass wall of the faculty always fills the space left by the structure, to be practicable only in strips ofventilation or exit doors.
Figure 69 courtyards, source: tectonica, 2009

The floors are installed with precast concrete hollow core.

Figure 70 Basement floor, source: Pau Perez,2009

Figure 72 Types of terraces, source: Pau Perez, 2009

Note: all structural elements of this building are precast concrete: columns, beams, slabs as well as cladding panels

Figure 71 types of slabs, source: Pau Perez, 2009

Figure 73 forged ceiling,basement floor, source: Pau Perez, 2009

Forged on the plant floor roof is clearly visible structural grid that will define the different volumes for classrooms and seminars, and the great bay of 18 m from the library and classroom with hollow courtyards located in it. The slabs are special pieces (PE),panels black listed in enclosure (PT)

Note: In the picture, the prefabricated elements which, as a mechanic, built the building.(source: Pau Perez,2009)

Construction resources
Many resources are used to qualify and define constructive image of the faculty, such as carrying on some occasions the structure beyond the enclosure, in other coplanar make, make up the deck or fly it to create shadows, limiting the bodies with flat or volumes, showing a fully enclosed building or on the contrary perfectly permeable,,, nuances that only confirm the iron grip of the designers on all elements of the building, as extracted from its constructive description:

74

cross

section

by

one

of

the

patios

of

the

library

and

classrooms

200

and

100

Figure students

Figure 75 different elementsauction offorged, source: Pau Perez, 2009

Figure 76 Execution of the nodes of the structure, source: Pau Perez, 2009

Execution of the nodes of the structure: on the haunches of the pillars are placed the girders prior to incorporating prefabricated support plates of stainless steel or galvanized leveling (A). subsequently introduced vertically and pins (B), which prevent the beam from moving by random shocks, are placed slabs (C) are introduced passes through the column under the additional armor (D) in the support beams, filling then with epoxy or non-shrink concrete, are placed round negative wrought nerves between plates (E) and head of these (F), opening for its face a few superior, and finally concreted the whole.

Structure
The structure of pillars and beams are precast concrete, with the support of this cartel. The pillars are of a single piece without joint, and unite with the shoe by calyx. The hollow of the calyx should allow staking error correction, placing cribs until the pillar is perfectly poised, once the position of concrete pours without shrinkage in the spaces provided void left shoe tray. The chalice has a tooth surface in situ concrete made on a corrugated sheet, thus the axial force is transmitted tangentially pillar to the side walls of the calyx and may decrease the thickness of the pad under the bottom of the column, the placement of the pillars are made with careful control of the stakeout. In the bracket and the girder have been expected a few passes in each of them for a few pins or avoid moving, there are also passages in the pillars where the armature is placed between the two beams, concrete below the space between the top of the beam and the slab alveolar places that rely on it. She defines building, structural; two volumes of different heights (6 packs into 10 departments and classrooms),

Figure 78 beam screed, source: Pau perez,2009

Figure 77 1. Section ofgirder 2.section byauction offorgeditemsfromplaces 3. Sectionofthe pillar 1.pilar 1 '.BRACKET 2.girder 3.elementoauction ofplaces

The departments that height is the same as the common areas and dimensions of the offices, placed on the beams precast concrete hollow core, allowing this very small edge solution for major heights.Most of the slabs in building are 16 cm on edge, in the classroom 25 cm, 35 cm in a single area, such as the cafeteria, and 50 cm for the two main areas: library and auditorium. Once plates supported on concrete beams fill the central plate to plate, with an armed head, and placed on a layer that requires compression.

The basement is made with vertical plates run disputes as a brace, which prior has left concreting a continuous process. Placement of cribs allowed to leave the plate plumb perfect and then poured a concrete without shrinkage in empty space. The plates pass in front of the pillars and support on the edge of the floor slabs. The stairs complete the cast of precast concrete in the structure. They are 30 cm slabs that already done by only subtracting the pavement and putting in work.

Enclosureelementsare alsoprecastconcrete,solidpanels, inside, or insulatingboard, whereare arrangedoutside thebuilding. Mechanicsalwaysfixation, as shown in the pictureof the wall, under these lines.All jointsare sealedexteriorand interiorwhentonguedlead, reinforcing the latter withsealingcord cells.

Figure 78 Sectionelevation andhorizontaland verticalpanelsenclosure: 1.pilar/BRACKET 2.Beam 3.Panel 4.Special panel 5.plate foldedstainlesssteel8 mmthick

Enclosure
The enclosure with concrete slab occurs only at the ends of the high volumes and under the large parts of the body, it is realized with prefabricated concrete panels (Hormipresa 120/15) with the dimension that marks the separation between pillars. The thickness is 15 cm extruded polystyrene core 3 cm. horizontal board is tongue and groove and makes it an outer and an inner Figure 79 Enclosure, source: tectonica, 2009 seal with silicone cord, where the gap is less than one centimeter. The board provides continuity between the concrete edges of the outer and the inner side, thereby disrupting the insulation. Unoccupied space for insulation is used to fix the structure. The fastening is done with expansion anchors on two folded sheets and drilled stainless steel 8 mm thick placed in the upper panel, the panel being fixed to the pillar and the beam, except that the top piece does. The vertical joint between panel and structure lacks the tongue and groove. Normally precast seen toward the left inside that supposed to present good characteristics of finishing. This solution requires an elaborate and careful execution in the mold as it otherwise could only have a good side. On some occasions the prefabricated cover chipboard covered with melamine and is accompanied by isolation.

Panels are fastened to the pillar with plates fixed with expansion anchors and placed a cap on the bottom panel which tongued and grooved as not to move: the upper, being very narrow, the beam is bolted to the pillar or not. A. horizontal panel enclosure (Hormipresa 120/15) B. exterior sealing C. pore pan 3 cm (Polystyrene bread) D. retention plate E. stainless steel plate e = 8 mm F. expansion anchors G. pillar H. phone cord
Figure 80 panel-panel junction bottom panel-beam junction panel-pillar junction

The glass tiles can be placed three inches apart fixed the precast concrete in the left space by these you can hold an aluminum coating that is screwed to the woodwork or an aluminum U carpentry have break the thermal bridge through the plate (by the separation between them).

Figure 81 Elements of thestructuralbeams, columns, and slabs andpanels-define themselvesall areas of thebuilding.Onlyremains to addthe planes ofglass.

Note: the basement retaining walls are vertical plates and flat on the edge of the slab or beam. Brace can take the form of L if the land comes under load immediately.

Figure 82: sections ofretaining walls: A.pillar B.girder C.FOUNDATIONbrace D.slabs E.containentrizer E.enclosurepanel G.sill H.pavement I.asphalt J.asphaltanchor

Figure 83 stay inthe woodworkseparationleftthe slabs(G),situated in the hollowprofilelacquered aluminiumU40 /3 / 2mm (H) or 40 / 40/ 2 mm (I), that is to receivethesub-frameof carpentry(J) or laminated glass(Stadip) (K) directly inferiorlysupplementedwithaluminiu m tube30 / 30/ 2 mm (L) or 40 / 30/ 2mm(M)Where tofinishedfloorlevel(N).an angleof 30 /30 / 2mmof aluminiumcoated(O) provides a fit between theprecursorandU,and sometimes

aspinnacle of thewaterproofingsheet(P)deck.

Figure 84 :the skylight on the classroom consists of a tube frame 200 / 60 / 3 mm aluminium coating (A), subject to corner 60 / 60 / 4 mm stainless steel (B) of the floor plates, previously interposing neoprene gasket (C). superiorly closes with a laminated glass 8 8 (D), subject to the frame side as described above with a profile L of 30 / 40 / 4 mm stainless steel (E) on neoprene gaskets. A series of painted aluminium sheets folded (F) completes and crowns the whole.

The easternfaadeshowsastaggeringsetbackduetothediff erentsizesofthe classrooms. The structure of buildinghidesthe glassusedon thefaadecladding, and even itsvalue aswhen contrasted withtheinnercladlaminateofdifferent colors.

Figure 85 detailsandcantilevereddeck: A. alveolarplateprefabricatedH.A. B.cantileverslope formation(layer also acts ascompression)self-protectedwaterproofing C. speciallaminaprefabricate D. piece of H.A. with topdeck. E.waterproofingsheet4mm /4kg F. laminawaterproof3mm /3kg G. cantoshot16-32 mmwashed H. laminanon-woven(geotextile). I.extrudedpolystyrene insulation6 cmcellularconcrete

Cover
the cover is inverted, with A. 6 cm insulation extruded polystyrene placed under a layer of gravel of 16-32 mm in diameter. The insulation protects the waterproof armed lamina (polymeric bitumen of 3 mm and 3 kg / 4 mm and 4 kg) of changes in temperature and direct sunlight. To reduce the deck edge is placed at the edges, coinciding with the closing line of a precast concrete parapet.

Figure 86 cross section for the stairwell of the north headwall, source: tectonica, 2009

Figure 87 the presence of the stairwell is manifested in alternating lines wrought in the enclosure to advance or set back from the front line.

Each of the four entrances at the ends is related to a core of stairs (two of which include lifts and services) and are supplemented with four cross entries from the ends north and south.
Figure 88 construction details of the headwall stairwell north west side A. cellular concrete, slope formation B. waterproofing sheet 3mm / 3 kg C. waterproofing sheet 4mm / 4 kg D. self-protected waterproofing sheet E. extruded polystyrene insulation 6 cm F. laminated nonwoven filter (geotextile) G. washed pebbles 16-32 mm H. special piece prefabricated H. A. I. alveolar prefabricated H. A. J. coated aluminium U-profile 40 / 30 / 2 mm k. laminated glass 8 + 8 (Stadip) l. lacquered aluminium tube 30 / 30 / 2 mm m. silicone sealing neoprene band. N. lacquered aluminium flashing 200 / 2 mm

O. Micro grain terrazzo flooring. P. Portland cement mortar q. prefabricated stair slab r. coated aluminium U-profile 40 / 40 / 2 mm s. lacquered aluminium tube 40 / 30 / 2 mm T. UPN 160 U. lacquered aluminium carpentry v. lacquered aluminium L profile 30/30 / 2 mm w. pending formation of a cantilever x. solid steel profile, calibrated 30 / 20 mm y. 10/200 mm steel plate z. prefabricated panel H. A.

Facilities
At the seminars there are areas for which up to electrical installations. In the library and the auditorium are separated precast concrete on the lines where the lighting is placed: this space is included before pouring compression layer steel sheet. After placing the compression layer is a hollow dimension coincides with the chosen fluorescent lamps, thus being perfectly flush. As the lamp does not occupy the entire edge of the slab, upper left in space for the wiring of the electrical conduction. In areas in which there is placed a layer of compression on the slabs, suspended luminaires are available. In the departments, the layout of the facility matches the aisle, this way you can heat, cool air or light without having to enter the pipes in offices.

Facilities starting horizontally fromthe basement lead themverticallythrough the building.Ductsused to carry outaforced ventilationairtaking.There is apreinstallationfor air conditioning,deckbeingpreparedfor this purpose.

.
Figure 89 Section, Source: Tectonica, N. 5, 2009

In this photo shows the separation between the slabs of the floor, where the fixtures will be included. Concrete to compression placed a metal plate.

Interior
The interior partitions have two types: on the one hand laminated glass 8 +8 and other divisions of screens made with dash lined externally with melamine, which are inside an aluminum frame and 6 inches of wool slash (the socket and the top bar are anodized aluminum with steel finish and rubber). In cases where the need for increased fire protection is replaced chipboard partitions of a plasterboard panel and glass become armed Dravelt type. The screens in the toilets are on the wet side of a resin compact panel for easy cleaning. The terrazzo floors are always Micrograin and stair treads is also making special pieces.

Figure 90 interior, source: Tectonica, N.5, 2009

Figure 91 Detailsofthe arrangement ofthe fixturebetween theroofslabsin the library,thusbeingflush.

Constructiveopennessof the system usedin thisproject requiresextreme caution inthe execution.Bothparts, since the structureisseen, as they have been laid.

The constant presence of a material, concrete, and the perception of the modulation as a basic genetic building clearly shows the effort.

Figure 91 Joinerydetails ofthe enclosureofa courtyardof the libraryinto the hallwayof the classroom. 1. UPN120 2.8 mmplate 3.White lacqueredaluminium sheet40 / 25mm 4.white lacquered aluminumU-profile40 / 25mm 5.white lacquered aluminumtube20 / 20mm 6.white lacquered aluminumtube40 / 40mm 7.white lacquered aluminumL-profile60 / 40mm 8.sealed 9.fixation

Carpentrysectionstiltingventilationwindows and exterior doorsin thepanes of glassor facade. Vertical sections: 1. Tiltingwindow. 2. Windowand door. Horizontalsectionofthe windowtilting 3. Seminarszone4.Areacl assrooms. 5. Horizontalsectionof door
Figure 92 carpentry section, Source: Tectonica, N.5, 2009

Horizontal sections: A.rivetedaluminiumstriprolling B.coated aluminumU-profile40 / 30/ 2 mm C.Motherboard Analysermanufacturedalveolar D.lacquered aluminumtube25 / 25/ 2 mm E. Lacquered aluminiumE. tube30 / 30/ 2 mm F.Portlandcements mortar. G.Terrazzoflooringmicrograin H.neoprene I.siliconesealed J.prefabricated columnH.A.

Figure 93 Detail ofstainless steelstructural workthat separatesthe stairwellof thegalleryrooms. 1.40/40/1.5mmtube 2.40/20/1mmtube 3.20/40/1mmtube 4.10/10/1mmtube 5.L15/15 / 1mm 6.L60/60/ 4 mm 7.fixation 8.Pin 9.Stadipglass 10.Tube30 / 30/ 1 mm

Figure 94 Elevation anddetail ofstainless steelstructural workstudy room(pictured below) 1.40/40/1.5mmtube 2.40/20/1mmtube 3.20/40/1mmtube 4.10/10/1mmtube 5.L15/15 / 1mm 6.L60/60/ 4 mm 7.Fixation 8.Pin 9.R.GlassF. 10.Tube30 / 30/ 1 mm

Elevations of stainless steel structural study of the room (above) and access to stairways (below)

Figure 95 Elevation of stainless steel structure, Source: Pau Perez, 2009

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Bennett, D. (n.d.). The Art of Precast Concrete: Colour, Texture, Expression. Birkhauser.

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Elliott, K. S. (2002). precast concrete structure. london: Butterwirth, Heinemann.

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Van Luxemburg. (2010). Casa da Musica, a new concert hall for Porto, Portugal. Audio Engineering society. Petersburg, Russia: 21st conference.