Circulatory Systems (29/08) In multi-cellular animals there are a variety of transport systems that exist (eg.

open or closed systems). These systems transport requirements (nutrients) to cells wastes away from cells. In Humans: There are two major circulatory systems humans: Cardiovascular system & Lymphatic system Cardiovascular System Role: is to transport substance such as hormones, antibodies, nutrients (eg. glucose, amino acids, minerals, vitamins), oxygen to cells and wastes (carbon dioxide, urea) away from cells. Structure: the Human Cardiovascular System is a double circulatory system (it has two major circuits): 1. Pulmonary Circuit (blood travels between the heart and lungs) a small circuit 2. Systemic Circuit (blood travels between the heart and the rest of the body) a large multi-branched circuit There are three major parts to the cardiovascular system: 1. Heart (muscular pump) 2. Blood Vessels (arteries, veins and capillaries) 3. Blood (plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets) 1. Heart Is a muscular pump Is 4 chambered. Each separated by a combination of the septum (central wall and atrio-ventricular valve. o Two receiving chambers at the top of the heart called the aorta. Blood enters the chambers via veins (vena cava and pulmonary veins) o Two pumping chambers at the base of the heart called ventricles. Blood leaves these via arteries (pulmonary artery and aorta) o The right side of the heart transports deoxygenated blood o The left side of the heart transports oxygenated blood. How does the Heart work? (30/08) THE CARDIAC CYCLE (steps involved in a complete heart beat): There are two major phases in a cardiac cycle: Systole and Diastole. Systole refers to ventricular c____ while Diastole refers to ventricular r__________. The step involved in a Cardiac Cycle: 1. Blood enters the atria 2. SA Node (pacemaker) sends electrical impulse across the walls of the atria causing atrial contractions. 3. Blood travels into ventricles through open atrio ventricular (AV) valves. 4. AV valves close causing blood to transport through (producing Lub sound). 5. AV Node (at base of right atrium) relays the electrical impulses through the septum and walls of the ventricle causing ventricular contractions.

6. Blood travels into the major aartery leaving the heart through open semilunar valves. 7. Semilunar valves close preventing backflow of blood into the ventricles (blood travels through produces the Dub sound). 2. Blood Vessels (02/09/13) There are three major types i) arteries ii) veins iii) capillaries Arteries: transport blood away from the heart have thick muscrlar walls normall transport oxygenated blood do not have valves transport blood under high pressure Veins: transport blood towards the heart have thinner walls wide diameter lumen normally transport deoxygenated blood do have valves transport blood under very low pressure (using the process called milking involving alternating valve and skeletal muscle action) Capillaries: are branched networks that connect small arteries (arterioles) to small veins (venules) thin diameter, walls are 1 cell thick and are leaky sites of nutrient / gas exchange 3. Blood Is the fluid transport medium made of plasma (liquid component), red blood cells (erythocytes), many types of white blood cells (leucocytes), platelets (thrombocytes), plasma proteins etc. Component Drawing / Description Function 1. Plasma Straw coloured liquid, Contains water, nutrients, wastes, proteins 2. Red Blood Cells Biconcave discs (Erythocytes) No nucleus but are filled with haemoglobin 3. White Blood cells Large cells nucleated Platelets Small, irregular in shape, nunnucleated