Single phase transformer

Introduction

One of the most important magnetic circuit devices is the transformer which makes possible changing the level of voltage (and current) in any ac system with very little power loss, voltage drop or waveform distortion. Properly designed transformers are so nearly "ideal" that in many applications a model which neglects the inevitable imperfections but correctly represents the fundamental performance properties is adequate.

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The possible assumptions made when designing a single phase transformer:

1) The resistances of the coils are negligible. 2) The flux is entirely confined to the core and thus totally links both windings. 3) The core requires no MMF to support flux (infinite permeability) and has negligible core loss. Assumptions 1 and 2 applied with Faraday's Law lead immediately to the first of the equations describing the ideal transformer, since with zero resistance v1= N1* (d1/dt) v2 = N2*(d2/dt) Since the flux is the same for each winding, 1= 2 and therefore V1 /N1 = V2/N2 (1.1.2) (1.1.1)

This result demonstrates the voltage level changing ability of a transformer. Note that the voltage waveform is faithfully reproduced for any ac waveform for which the assumptions are valid (these limitations are described later). Note also that this result is not limited to only two windings; it can be generalized to any number of windings v1 /N1 = V2 /N2 = V3 /N3 =.........= Vn /Nn (1.1.3)

And is perhaps best remembered as "the volt per turn is a constant in a transformer". The second equation describing the ideal transformer results from Ampere's Law and the assumption that a negligible MMF is required in the core to support the flux. Writing Ampere's Law around the core encircling the windings as shown in Fig 1.1.2 yields N1*I1 N2*I2 = 0 (1.1.4)

This equation indicates that the currents are transformed in the inverse way as the voltages; a necessary result since the input and output power of the transformer must be equal because there are no active elements inside the device. As with the voltage equation, this result can be generalized to any number of windings N1*I1 N2*I2 N3*I3 ....... Nn*In = 0 (1.1.5)

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Where the signs of the terms depend on the way the currents are assigned relative to the coil directions. When the current references are chosen to all produce flux in the same direction all the signs are positive and the relation is best remembered as "the sum of all the MMF's is zero".

Calculations:

Given: E1 =220V, f=50 Hz and N1 =1393 Transformer E.M.F equation: E1 = 4, 44*N1 *f*m (V), then m= E1 / (4, 44*N1*f) m=220/ (4, 44*1393*50) m=711,407wb

Given: N1=1393 turns, V2=12V and V1=220V Transformer turns ratio: V1 / V2 = N1 / N2 N2= {(N1/V1)*V2} N2= {(1393/220)*12} N2=75, 98 turns

Given: S=30VA, and V1=220V Apparent power equation(Primary side): S=I1*V1 I1=S/V1 I1=30/220 I1=136,36mA

Given: S=30VA, and V2=12V Apparent power equation(Secondary side): S=I2*V2 I2=S/V2 I1=30/12V I2=2,5A

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References: http://staff.neu.edu.tr/~mfahrioglu/transformers.pdf
http://www.ece.msstate.edu/~donohoe/ece3414single_phase_transformers.pdf

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