CHAPTER 8: SALT

ANSWERS Activity 1 1. ionic compound, hydrogen , acid , metal , ammonium 2.

Acid Hydrochloric acid Carbonic acid Sulphuric acid Nitric acid Nitric acid Ethanoic acid Formula of acid HCl H2CO3 H2SO4 HNO3 HNO3 CH3COOH Salt Sodium chloride Potassium carbonate Copper(II) sulphate Ammonium nitrate Magnesium nitrate Sodium ethanoate Formula NaCl K2CO3 CuSO4 NH4NO3 Mg(NO3)2 CH3COONa Cation Na+ K+ Cu2+ NH4+ Mg2+ Na+ Anion ClCO32SO42NO3NO3CH3COO-

2. ( any other correct answer can be accepted)

Salt Barium sulphate BaSO4 Calsium sulphate CaSO4 Iron sulphate FeSO4 Ammonium nitrate NH4NO3 Copper(II) sulphate CuSO4 Sodium chloride NaCl Sodium hydrogen carbonate Sodium nitrite NaNO2 Sodium hypochlorite NaOCl Tin(II) fluoride SnF2 Lead(II) chromate PbCrO4 Uses X-ray meals in hospital Plaster of Paris for broken bone Iron tablets for anaemia patient Nitrogenous fertilizer Fungicide A flavouring agent Baking powder For preserving food/ food preservative Bleaching agent Toothpaste Paint for yellow line on road

Activity 2
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. sodium, potassium and ammonium. nitrate lead(II), barium and calcium sulphate lead(II), argentums and mercury(I) chloride sodium, potassium and ammonium carbonate

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6
No Formula of Salt Solubility ( , X ) X X X X X X X No Formula of Salt Solubility ( , X ) X X X X X X

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

PbCO3 NaCl CaSO4 AgNO3 K2CO3 FeCl3 Na2SO4 NH4NO3 CuSO4 PbCl2 ZnCO3 Ca(NO3)2 Na2CO3 AgCl PbSO4 Pb(NO3)2 (NH4)2CO3 HgCl2 Na2SO4 NaNO3

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

MgCO3 KCl (NH4)2SO4 Cu(NO3)2 SnCO3 CaCl2 BaSO4 KNO3 Ag2CO3 MgCl2 ZnSO4 Ba(NO3)2 FeCO3 NH4Cl Fe(NO3)3 MgSO4 BaCO3 ZnCl2 FeSO4 Mg(NO3)2

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Activity 3
1. a. metal + acid salt + hydrogen b. metal oxide (or metal hydroxide) + acid salt + water c. alkali + acid salt + water e. metal carbonate + acid salt + carbon dioxide + water 2. a. Mg + H2SO4 MgSO4 + H2 b. (i) CuO + 2HCl CuCl2 + H2O (ii) Zn(OH)2 + 2HNO3 Zn(NO3)2 + 2H2O c. NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O d. MgCO3 + H2SO4 CaSO4 + CO2 + H2O 3. Method of Preparation a) metal + acid b) metal oxide + acid c) metal carbonate + acid d) metal hydroxide + acid e) alkali + acid Reactants Magnesium + hydrochloric acid Copper(II) oxide + sulphuric acid Zinc carbonate + sulphuric acid Potassium hydroxide + nitric acid Sodium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid 4. (a) Copper(II) sulphate (b) Zinc chloride (c) Potassium nitrate (e) Magnesium nitrate : Copper(II) oxide / hydroxide / carbonate + sulphuric acid : Zinc / (zinc oxide / hydroxide / carbonate) + hydrochloric acid : potassium hydroxide + nitric acid : Magnesium / (magnesium oxide / hydroxide / carbonate) + nitric acid Sodium chloride Water Potassium nitrate Zinc sulphate Water + carbon dioxide Water Copper(II) sulphate water Salt Formed Magnesium chloride Other Product Hydrogen

(d) Ammonium sulphate : aqueous ammonia + sulphuric acid

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5.

a. Mg(s) + 2H+ (aq) Mg2+ (aq) + H2 (g) b. MgO(s) + 2H+ (aq) Mg2+ (aq) + H2O (l) c. OH- (aq) + H+ (aq) H2O (l) d. CuCO3 (s) + 2H+ (aq) Cu2+ (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l)

Activity 4 Name of solution : sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid Chemical equation : NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O Procedure :
1. A pipette is used to transfer 25.0 cm 3 of sodium hydroxide solution to a conical flask. 2 to 3 drops of phenolphthalein is added. 2. A burette is filled with hydrochloric acid and record the initial burette reading. 3. Titration is carried out carefully by slowly adding the acid into the conical flask and the flask is shaken well. 4. The acid is added continuously until the indicator turns from pink to colourless. The final burette reading is recorded. 5. The volume of acid used to neutralize 25.0 cm 3 of the alkali is determined. (let the volume be V

cm 3 )
6. 25.0 cm 3 of the same sodium hydroxide solution is pipetted into a conical flask. No indicator is addeded. 7. From the burette, exactly V cm 3 of hydrochloric acid is added to the alkali and is shaken well. 8. The contents of the conical flask is poured into an evaporating dish. 9. The solution is heated gently to evaporate most of the water to produce a saturated solution. 10. The hot saturated salt solution is cooled for crystallization to occur. 11. The sodium chloride crystals is filtered, and the salt is rinsed with a little distilled water. 12. The crystals are dried by pressing them between filter papers

Salt crystal characteristic Flat surfaces, straight edges and sharp angles Fixed geometrical shape Fixed angles between two neighbouring surfaces Crystals of some substance have same hapes but maybe in different sizes

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Activity 5 Name of chemical : copper(II) oxide and sulphuric acid Chemical equation : CuO + H2SO4 CuSO4 + H2O Procedure :
1. 50 cm 3 of sulphuric acid 1 mol dm-3 is poured into a beaker. The acid is warmed. 2. By using a spatula, copper(II) oxide powder is added bit by bit into the acid. The mixture is stirred well. 3. Copper(II) oxide is added continuously until some of it no longer dissolves. 4. The unreacted copper(II) oxide is removed by filtration 5. The filtrate is filtered into an evaporating dish. The solution is heated gently to produce a saturated salt solution. 6. The saturated solution is cooled until crystals are formed. 7. The copper(II) nitrate crystals are filtered, and are then rinsed with a little distilled water. 8. The crystals are dried by pressing them between filter papers 9. Purification process Recrystallisation The copper(II) sulphate crystals are placed in a beaker. Enough distilled water is added to cover the crystals. The solution is gently heated and stirred with a glass rod. Water is added bit by bit until all the crystals are dissolved. Impurities is removed by filtration and filtrate is poured into an evaporating dish. The solution is heated gently to evaporate most of the water to produce a saturated solution. The hot saturated salt solution is cooled for crystallization to occur. The copper(II) nitrate crystals are filtered, and the salt is rinsed with a little distilled water. The crystals are dried by pressing them between filter papers

Activity 6

1. Precipitation, double decomposition reaction, ions , precipitate 2. Example 1: Barium sulphate, BaSO4
Solution 1: Barium chloride/nitrate Solution 2: sodium/potassium sulphate Chemical equation : BaCl2 + Na2SO4 BaSO4 + 2NaCl Ionic Equation : Ba2+ + SO42- Example 2: Copper carbonate, CuCO3 Solution 1: copper(II) nitrate/sulphate/chloride Solution 2: Sodium/potassium carbonate Chemical equation : Cu(NO3)2 + Na2CO3 CuCO3 + 2NaNO3 Ionic Equation : Cu2+ + CO32- CuCO3 BaSO4

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Observation : green precipitate formed

Example 3: Lead(II) chromate(VI), PbCrO4 Solution 1: lead(II) nitrate Solution 2: Sodium/potassium chromate(VI) Chemical equation : Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + K2CrO4(aq) PbCrO4(s) + 2KNO3(aq) Ionic Equation : Pb2+ (aq) + CrO42- (aq) PbCrO4 (s) Observation : yellow precipitate formed

Activity 7 Name of solution : lead(II) nitrate and Sodium/potassium iodide

Chemical equation : Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + 2KI (aq) PbI2 (s) + 2KNO3 (aq)

Procedure : 1. 50 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 lead(II) nitrate solution is poured into 50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 potassium iodide in a beaker 2. The mixture is stirred with a glass rod 3. A yellow precipitate of lead(II) iodide is formed immediately 4. The resulting mixture is then filtered 5. The yellow precipitate is rinsed with distilled water to remove impurities 6. The yellow solid, lead(II) iodide is then pressed between a few pieces of filter papers to be dried

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Activity 8

Test Tube
Volume of Pb(NO3)2 /cm No of mole of Pb(NO3)2 Volume of K2CrO4 /cm3 No of mole of K2CrO4 Height of precipitate / cm Colour of the solution above the precipitate
3

1 5.0 1.0 0.0005

0.45

2 5.0 2.0
0.90

3 5.0 3.0
1.40 Colourless

4 5.0 0.0025 4.0

1.90

5 5.0 5.0
2.30

6 5.0 6.0
2.30 Yellow

7 5.0 7.0
2.30

0.0010 0.0015 0.0020 0.0025 0.0030 0.0035

(b)

Height of precipitate / cm

Volume of potassium chromate(VI) / cm3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

(c) (i) 5 cm3

(ii) 0.0025 mole of chromate(VI) ions that has reacted with 0.0025 mole of Pb2+. ions.

1 mole of chromate(VI) ions that has reacted with 1 mole of Pb2+. ions. (iii) PbCrO4 (iv) ionic equation : Pb2+ + CrO42-
PbCrO4

(d) The height increase from test 1 to 5 and become constant from test tube 5 to 7. (e) In test tube 1-4, there are excess lead(II) ions, so more precipitate are formed when increasing volume of CrO42- solution added. In test tube 5-7 all the lead(II) ions had reacted with chromate(VI) ions, so the amount of precipitate formed is the same. Activity 9 : Solve problems involving calculation of quantities of reactants or product in stoichiometric reactions

(a) (b)

Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2 No of mole of HCl = 2.0 x 50 = 0.1 mol 1000

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(c)

Mole ratio HCl : H2 = 2 : 1 No of mole of H2 = 1/2 x 0.1 = 0.05 mol Volume of H2 = 0.05 x 24 dm3 = 1.2 dm3

(a) (b)

No of mole of H2SO4 = 1.0 x 100 = 0.1 mol 1000 Mole ratio H2SO4 : MgSO4 = 1 : 1 No of mole of MgSO4 = 0.1 mol Mass of MgSO4 = 0.1 x (24 + 32 + 4x16) g = 12.0 g

3.a) No of mole of Mg = 0.12 = 0.005 24 No of mole of MgCl2 = 0.005 Mass of MgCl2 = 0.005 x (24 + 2 x 35.5) = 0.475 g b) No of mole of H2 = 0.005 mole Vol of H2 = 0.005 x 24 dm3

= 0.12 dm3 or 120 cm3 4. (a)AgNO3 + NaCl AgCl + NaNO3 (b)

Number of moles of AgNO3 = 1.0 x 50 = 0.05 mol 1000 Mole ratio of AgNO3 : NaCl = 1 : 1 Number of mole of NaCl = 0.5 x z = 0.05 mole 1000 Z = 0.05 x 1000 = 100 cm3 0.5 b) Number of mole of AgCl = Number of moles of AgNO3 = 0.05 mol Mass of AgCl = 0.05 x (108 + 35.5) g = 7.175 g Activity 10 : Qualitative Analysis
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1. ions, physical and chemical properties. 2. Colour (solid or solution) Green powder Blue powder Brown powder Black powder Yellow powder when hot and white when cold Brown powder when hot and yellow when cold Blue solution Pale green solution Brown solution Solid : White Solution : colourless Solid : White Solution : colourless 3. Complete the following table Salts Lead(II) chloride, silver chloride, barium sulphate, lead(II) sulphate and calcium sulphate Copper(II) carbonate Iron(II) sulphate Iron(III) salts except carbonate Lead(II) sulphate Magnesium carbonate Zinc chloride Ammonium carbonate Lead(II) iodide / chromate(VI) Activity 11 : Confirmatory Tests for gases, Insoluble soluble Soluble Insoluble Insoluble soluble soluble Insoluble green green Brown white white white white Yellow Solubility in water Insoluble Colour white Substance or cation or anion CuCO3 , Fe2+ Cu2+ Fe3+ CuO, MnO2 ZnO PbO Cu2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Cation : Ca2+ , Al3+ , Mg2+ , Pb2+ , Zn2+ , NH4+ Anion : Cl- , CO32- , SO42-, NO3-

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Gas Carbon dioxide Oxygen Nitrogen dioxide Chlorine Ammonia Hydrogen Hydrogen chloride

Observation lime water turn milky/chalky glowing splinter will be relighted Brown gas, blue litmus paper change to red Greenish yellow gas The colour of litmus paper change from blue red white white fume formed Red litmus paper change to blue. 'pop' sound is heard white fume formed

Activity 12 : Action of Heat On Carbonate Salts Carbonate salt Magnesium carbonate Action of heat MgCO3 MgO + CO2 Observation : White solid formed. Gas liberated turn lime water chalky Aluminium carbonate Al2(CO3)3 Al2O3 + 3CO2 Observation : White solid formed. Gas liberated turn lime water chalky Zinc carbonate ZnCO3 ZnO + CO2 Observation : The residue is yellow when hot and white when cold. Gas liberated turn lime water chalky Lead(II) carbonate PbCO3 PbO + CO2 Observation : The residue is brown when hot and yellow when cold. Gas liberated turn lime water chalky Copper(II) carbonate CuCO3 CuO + CO2 Observation : Black solid formed. Gas liberated turn lime water chalky Activity 13 : Action of Heat On Nitrate Salts Nitrate salts Sodium nitrate 2NaNO3 2 NaNO2 splinter Magnesium nitrate 2Mg(NO3)2 2MgO + 4NO2 + O2 Observation : white solid formed, Brown gas which turns moist blue litmus red released. Another gas released relighted glowing splinter Zinc nitrate 2Zn(NO3)2 2ZnO + 4NO2 + O2 Observation : The residue is yellow when hot and white when cold., Brown gas which turns moist blue litmus red released. Action by Heat + O2 Observation : white solid formed, gas released relighted glowing

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Another gas released relighted glowing splinter Lead(II) nitrate 2Pb(NO3)2 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2 Observation : The residue is brown when hot and yellow when cold, Brown gas which turns moist blue litmus red released. Another gas released relighted glowing splinter Copper(II) nitrate 2Cu(NO3)2 2CuO + 4NO2 + O2 Observation : black solid formed, Brown gas which turns moist blue litmus red released. Another gas released relighted glowing splinter Activity 14 : Confirmatory Tests for Anions, 1. Ionic equation : 2H+ + CO32- H2O + CO2

Ionic equation : Ag+ + Cl- AgCl Ionic equation : Ba2+ + SO42- BaSO4
2. Which anion produce the following results?

Salt K1 sulphate ion Salt K2 chloride ion Salt K3 nitrate ion Salt K4 carbonate ion
Activity 15 : Reaction of Cations with alkali solution 1. NaOH solution A little Ca Al
2+

Ammonia Solution NH3 A little No change White precipitate White precipitate White precipitate White precipitate Blue precipitate Green precipitate Brown precipitate In excess Soluble ( , X ) X X X X X X

In excess Soluble ( , X ) X X X X X

White precipitate White precipitate White precipitate White precipitate White precipitate Blue precipitate Green precipitate Brown precipitate

Zn2+
3+

Pb 2+ Mg2+ Cu
2+

Fe 2+ Fe 3+

2. Salt K5 - Inference 1 ammonium ion Inference 2 Zinc, aluminium and lead(II) ions Inference 3 magnesium or calcium ions

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Salt K6 Inference 4 calcium ion Inference 5 Zinc ion Inference 6 magnesium , aluminium and lead(II) ions

Activity 16 : Confirmatory Tests for Fe2+, Fe3+, Pb2+ and NH4+ (A) Cation Name of Reagent Potassium iodide solution Potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) Potassium thiocyanate solution Nessler reagent Observation Yellow , dissolve , reappear Dark blue Blood red solution Brown

Pb

2+

Fe 2+ Fe 3+
NH
+ 4

(b) Pour 2 cm3 of iron(II) sulphate solution and 2 cm3 of iron(III) chloride solution into two test tubes respectively. Then add a few drops of potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) solution to two test tubes, Fe2+ ions solution will form light blue precipitate whereas Fe3+ ions solution will form dark blue precipitate [All correct to score 1 mark, can use any other reagent] or Pour 2 cm3 of iron(II) sulphate solution and 2 cm3 of iron(III) chloride solution into two test tube respectively. Then add a few drops of potassium thiocyanate solution to two test tubes, there is no change in Fe2+ ions solution whereas Fe3+ ions solution will form blood red solution. Activity 17 : Structured qualitative analysis to identify salts (A). Identify the salt S1 Test Step 1. 2 (a) (b) (c) Inference Nitrogen dioxide gas, oxygen gas released. Residue is lead(II) oxide Fe2+, Fe3+ or Cu2+ ions may not be present Zn2+ , Al3+ or Pb2+ ions may be present Pb2+ or Al3+ ion may be present Confirm lead(II), Pb2+ ions present

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(d) Salt S1 is lead(II) nitrate (B). Identify the salt S2 Test 1. 2. 3. 4. .

Confirm nitrate , NO3- ions present

Inference Zn2+ , Al3+ or Pb2+ ions may be present Zn2+ ions may be present Cl- ions not present SO42- ions may be present

Conclusion for salt S2 : zinc sulphate

Activity 18 : plan qualitative analysis to identify anions All answers must be correct to score one mark for each chart.

CHART A: SODIUM CARBONATE AND SODIUM NITRATE

Result 1
Effervescence

Test 1
Add dilute HNO3 (any acid) 13

Result 1 No change

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Test 2 Result 2 No change

add dilute H2SO4 followed by FeSO4 solution. Carefully add 1 cm 3 of concentrated H2SO4

Result 2 Brown ring

SODIUM CARBONATE

Test 3
Add dilute HNO3 , followed by silver nitrate,

SODIUM NITRATE

Result 3 No change

AgNO3 solution

Result 3 No change

Result 4 No change

Test 4

Add dilute HCl, followed by barium chloride,

BaCl2 solution

Result 4 No change

CHART B: SODIUM CHLORIDE AND SODIUM SULPHATE

Result 1 No change

Test 1
Add dilute HNO3 (any acid)

Result 1 No change

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Test 2 Result 2 No change

add dilute H2SO4 followed by FeSO4 solution. Carefully add 1 cm 3 of concentrated H2SO4

Result 2 No change

Test 3
Add dilute HNO3 , followed by silver nitrate,

SODIUM SULPHATE

SODIUM CHLORIDE

Result 3 White precipitate

AgNO3 solution

Result 3 No change

Result 4 No change

Test 4

Add dilute HCl, followed by

barium chloride, BaCl2 solution

Result 4 White precipitate

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