WTW Political Parties & Coalitions Final

'Watching the Watchdog'
Malaysian Media Coverage of GE13

Final Comparative Report: POLITICAL PARTIES & COALITIONS
25/08/13
Dr Tessa J. Houghton
School of Modern Languages and Cultures
Director of the Centre for the Study of Communications and Culture
University of Nottingham Malaysian Campus
in collaboration with
Comments and feedback welcomed at:

tessa.houghton@nottingham.edu.my
010 523 4575
or
Masjaliza Hamzah
Executive Officer
Centre for Independent Journalism
cijmalaysia@gmail.com
03-4023-0772/4024-9840
The work is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0
Table of Contents
Executive Summary of Key Results for POLITICAL PARTIES & COALITIONS.................................................3
Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................................... 5
1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions......................................................................................... 5
Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs.
Independent/Other ...................................................................................................................................... 6
BERNAMA.........................................................................................................................................................6
Figures 2/3/4: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.
Opposition vs. Independent/Other ...........................................................................................................7
PENINSULAR PRINT ENGLISH / BAHASA MALAYSIA / MANDARIN...................................................7
TELEVISION ENGLISH / BAHASA MALAYSIA / MANDARIN.................................................................8
EAST MALAYSIA PRINT ENGLISH / BAHASA MALAYSIA / MANDARIN.............................................9
Figures 11/12: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.
Opposition vs. Independent/Other .........................................................................................................10
ONLINE ENGLISH / BAHASA MALAYSIA............................................................................................... 10
1.2 Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions.........................................................11
Figure 13: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions .....................................11
BERNAMA......................................................................................................................................................11
Figure 14/15/16: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions .......................12
PENINSULAR PRINT ENGLISH / BAHASA MALAYSIA / MANDARIN................................................ 12
TELEVISION ENGLISH / BAHASA MALAYSIA / MANDARIN.............................................................. 13
EAST MALAYSIA ENGLISH/BAHASA MALAYSIA/MADNARIN........................................................... 14
Figure 23/24: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions ..............................15
ONLINE ENGLISH/BAHASA MALAYSIA..................................................................................................15
1.3 Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions..................................................................16
Figure 25: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs.
Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................17
BERNAMA......................................................................................................................................................17
Figure 26/27/28: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.
Opposition vs. Independent/Other..........................................................................................................18
PENINSULAR PRINT ENGLISH / BAHASA MALAYSIA / MANDARIN................................................ 18
TELEVISION ENGLISH / BAHASA MALAYSIA / MANDARIN.............................................................. 19
EAST MALAYSIA PRINT ENGLISH / BAHASA MALAYSIA / MANDARIN.......................................... 20
Figure 35/36: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition
vs. Independent/Other............................................................................................................................... 21
ONLINE ENGLISH / BAHASA MALAYSIA............................................................................................... 21
Section 2: A Brief Methodology..........................................................................................................................22
Section 3: Appendix 1 Tables.......................................................................................................................... 24
.................................................................................................................................................................................. 24
Section 4: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme......................................................................................................... 32
2 POLITICAL PARTIES & COALITIONS
Executive Summary of Key Results for POLITICAL PARTIES &

COALITIONS
Introduction
Like all modern elections, it the Malaysian 13th General Election was fought primarily through the
media the so-called 'watchdogs' of democracy.
But how effective were Malaysian media outlets at providing fair and objective information about
national politics? How well did they inform Malaysian citizens about their political environment, and
thus enable them to make informed decisions about who to vote for?
The Watching the Watchdog project monitored coverage from 28 media newspapers, television
news broadcasts, online news sites as well as the national press agency, in four languages (English,
Bahasa Malaysia, Mandarin, and Tamil); in Sabah and Sarawak as well as in Peninsular Malaysia,
during the month spanning April 7th to May 7th 2013 (31 days in total). It is a collaboration between
the University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus and the Centre for Independent Journalism.
This report utilises the data collected from the media groups outlined in the bar chart below. This bar
chart shows the relative size of their data samples (using the total number of data points identified
and analysed per each publication/group). The data table for this bar chart can be found in Section
4 of the report.
Online Bahasa Malaysia
Online English
Televisions Mandarin
Television Bahasa Malaysia
Television English
East Malaysia Print Mandarin
East Malaysia Print Bahasa Malaysia
East Malaysia Print English
Peninsular Print Mandarin
Peninsular Print Bahasa Malaysia
Peninsular Print English
Bernama
20725
48783
8049
9862
7478
40129
32253
52935
97088
49782
66788
16920
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000 120000
Data Points
The key results summarised below pertain to the findings for coverage of political parties and
coalitions across the media groups outlined above:
Key Results
In scrutinising the GE13 coverage of political parties and coalitions, we found the following trends:
1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions Per Publication Group
Overall, the publication groups with coverage skewed towards more coverage of BN were
the following:
Bernama.
East Malaysia Newspapers English and Bahasa Malaysia.
Overall, the publication groups with relatively equal coverage of both BN and PR were the
following:
Peninsular Newspapers - English and Mandarin.
East Malaysia Newspapers Mandarin.
Online - English and Bahasa Malaysia.
Overall, the publication groups with coverage skewed towards more coverage of PR were
the following:
Peninsular Newspapers - Bahasa Malaysia.
However, this data, and the data in Section 1.2 must be contextualised with the data in
Section 1.3 showing how tonal/non-neutral material was distributed between both BN and PR
for each publication group.
Overall, the media groups with the least neutral material (over 20% non-neutral) material
are the following:
Bernama.
Peninsular Newspapers - Bahasa Malaysia.
Television - English and Bahasa Malaysia.
East Malaysia Newspapers - Bahasa Malaysia and Mandarin.
Overall, the media groups with the most neutral material (over 80% neutral) are the
following:
Peninsular Newspapers - English and Mandarin.
Television Mandarin.
East Malaysia Newspapers English.
Online - English and Bahasa Malaysia.
1.3 Tonal Coverage of Parties & Coalitions Per Publication Group
The media types (according to medium and language) suffering from the most tonal
inequality (i.e. positive coverage of BN and negative coverage of and attacks on PR) overall
are the following:
Bernama.
Television News - all languages.
Peninsular Newspapers - English and Bahasa Malaysia.
East Malaysia Newspapers - English and Bahasa Malaysia.
As per this data, the media types (according to medium and language) suffering from the
least inequality overall are the following:
Mandarin Newspapers - Peninsular and East Malaysia.
Online News.
Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions
Summary (Figures 1-12):
Overall, the publication groups with coverage skewed towards more coverage of BN were
the following (difference of over 20%):
Bernama
Television English, Bahasa Malaysia, and Mandarin
East Malaysia Print English, Bahasa Malaysia
Overall, the publication groups with relatively equal coverage of both BN and PR were the
following (difference of under 20%):
Peninsular Print - English and Mandarin
East Malaysia Print - Mandarin
Online - English and Bahasa Malaysia
Overall, the publication groups with coverage skewed towards more coverage of PR were
the following (difference of over 20%):
However, this data must be contextualised with the data in Section 1.3 showing how
tonal/non-neutral material was distributed between both BN and PR for each publication
group.
See Table 1 (series).

Publication Group
BN
PR
Ratio (BN : PR)
Bernama
58.87
36.69
1 : 0.62
45.95
50.47
1 : 1.10
43.06
53.97
1 : 1.25
48.32
49.53
1 : 1.02
Television English
51.31
33.47
1 : 0.65
54.68
32.34
1 : 0.59
Television Mandarin
55.55
36.97
1 : 0.67
51.62
33.21
1 : 0.64
62.36
28.28
1 : 0.45
48.41
40.46
1 : 0.84
Online English
44.18
48.69
1 : 1.10
46.33
50
1 : 1.08
Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.

Opposition vs. Independent/Other
BERNAMA
Bernama
Other
3.60
Independent
0.84
PR
36.69
BN
58.87
0
10
20
30
40
50
Volume
60
70
PENINSULAR PRINT ENGLISH / BAHASA MALAYSIA / MANDARIN
Other
2.29
Independent
1.29
PR
50.47
BN
45.95
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Volume

Other
2.16
Independent
0.79
PR
53.97
BN
43.06
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Volume

Other
1.35
Independent
0.80
PR
49.53
BN
48.32
0
10
20
30
40
Volume
50
60
TELEVISION ENGLISH / BAHASA MALAYSIA / MANDARIN
TV English
Other
14.05
Independent
1.11
PR
33.47
BN
51.31
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Volume
TV Bahasa Malaysia
Other
12.35
Independent
0.64
PR
32.34
BN
54.68
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Volume
TV Mandarin
Other
7.10
Independent
0.38
PR
36.97
BN
55.55
0
10
20
30
40
Volume
50
60
EAST MALAYSIA PRINT ENGLISH / BAHASA MALAYSIA / MANDARIN
Other
12.44
Independent
2.74
PR
33.21
BN
51.62
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Volume

Other
7.99
Independent
1.37
PR
28.28
BN
62.36
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Volume

Other
6.12
Independent
5.00
PR
40.46
BN
48.41
0
10
20
30
40
Volume
50
60
Figures 11/12: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.
ONLINE ENGLISH / BAHASA MALAYSIA
Online English
Other
4.79
Independent
2.33
PR
48.69
BN
44.19
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Volume

Other
2.02
Independent
1.65
PR
50.00
BN
46.33
0
10
20
30
40
Volume
50
60
1.2 Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions

Overall, the media groups with the most tonal material (under 80% neutral) are the
following:
Bernama
Peninsular Print - Bahasa Malaysia
Television - English and Bahasa Malaysia
East Malaysia Print - Bahasa Malaysia and Mandarin
Overall, the media groups with the most neutral material (over 80% neutral) are the
following:
Peninsular Print - English and Mandarin
Television Mandarin
Online - English and Bahasa Malaysia
However, this data distribution must be contextualised with the data in Section 1.3 showing
how tonal/non-neutral material was distributed between both BN and PR for each
publication group.
Figure 13: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions
BERNAMA
Bernama
9%
17%
36%
39%
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Figure 14/15/16: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions
2% 3% 2%
93%
15%
4% 13%
68%
4% 3% 4%
88%
Peninsular Print
English
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Peninsular Print
Bahasa Malaysia
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Peninsular Print
Mandarin
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
11% 1% 17%
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
72%
Television
Bahasa Malaysia
8%
22%
39%
31%
2% 1% 4%
94%
Television
English
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Television
Mandarin
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
EAST MALAYSIA ENGLISH/BAHASA MALAYSIA/MADNARIN
East Malaysia
Print English
5% 5% 9%
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
82%
8%
5%
24%
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
62%
9%
9%
62%
East Malaysia
Print Bahasa
Malaysia
20%
East Malaysia
Print Mandarin
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Figure 23/24: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions
ONLINE ENGLISH/BAHASA MALAYSIA
6% 5% 3%
86%
3% 2% 4%
91%
Online English
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Online
Bahasa Malaysia
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
1.3 Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions

The top 5 most unequal ratios in each category are highlighted in the table below (some
have more than 5 highlighted due to equal placings):
Publication Group
Positive
Neutral
Negative
Attacked
Weight
BN : PR
Weight
BN : PR
Weight
BN : PR
Weight
BN : PR
Bernama
36
1 : 0.045
39
1 : 0.75
17
1 : 3.59
1 : 33.77
1 : 0.026
93
1 : 1.06
1 : 14.39
1 : 10.77
Peninsular Print Bahasa

Malaysia
13
1 : 0.17
68
1 : 8.1
15
1 : 5.03
1 : 6.95
Peninsular Print
Mandarin
1 : 0.53
86
1 : 1.03
1 : 0.98
1 : 2.40
Television English
17
1 : 0.19
72
1 : 0.65
11
1 : 1.79
1 : 1.25
Television Bahasa
Malaysia
39
1 : 0.15
31
1 : 0.62
22
1 : 3.68
1:2
Television Mandarin
1 : 0.31
94
1 : 0.65
1 : 0.77
1 : 12.99
East Malaysia Print

English
1 : 0.17
82
1 : 0.65
1 : 1.42
1 : 2.04
East Malaysia Print

Bahasa Malaysia
24
1 : 0.095
62
1 : 0.44
1 : 2.85
1 : 8.78
East Malaysia Print

Mandarin
20
1 : 0.42
62
1 : 0.92
1 : 0.96
1 : 1.52
Online English
1 : 0.68
86
1 : 1.17
1 : 0.65
1 : 1.27
Online Bahasa
Malaysia
1 : 0.75
91
1 : 1.08
1 : 0.94
1 : 3.0
most inequality overall are the following:
Bernama.
Television News all languages.
Newspapers Peninsular English and Bahasa Malaysia, and East Malaysia English and
Bahasa Malaysia.
least inequality overall are the following:
Mandarin Newspapers, both Peninsular and East Malaysia.
Online News.
This can also be seen in the following graphs, where the left-to-right arrow-head shape
indicating more positive and neutral material allocated to BN and more negative material
and attacks allocated to PR is least pronounced in the Mandarin Print and Online groupings.
See Table 2 (series).

Figure 25: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.
BERNAMA
Bernama
Positive
Neutral
Independent & Other
Negative
Attacked
Positive
Neutral
PR
Negative
Attacked
Positive
Neutral
BN
Negative
Attacked
Coverage Volume
0.78
8.49
3.50
4.40
4.24
39.11
75.49
92.86
94.98
52.40
21.01
2.75
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Positive
Neutral
Independent & Other
Negative
Attacked
Positive
Neutral
PR
Negative
Attacked
Positive
Neutral
BN
Negative
Attacked
0.74
3.72
1.82
1.33
2.48
49.55
91.79
90.29
96.77
46.73
6.38
8.38
0
Coverage Volume
20
40
60
80
100
120

Positive
Neutral
Independent & Other
Negative
Attacked
Positive
Neutral
PR
Negative
Attacked
Positive
Neutral
BN
Negative
Attacked
0.76
3.73
2.06
0.20
14.48
53.65
81.70
87.25
84.76
6.62
16.24
12.55
0
Coverage Volume
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100

Positive
Neutral
Independent & Other
Negative
Attacked
Positive
Neutral
PR
Negative
Attacked
Positive
Neutral
BN
Negative
Attacked
Coverage Volume
1.74
2.22
1.71
1.08
34.08
49.58
48.58
69.78
64.19
48.20
49.72
29.14
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Television English
Positive
7.72
Neutral
13.66
Independent & Other
Negative
21.64
Attacked 0.00
Positive
14.71
Neutral
34.14
PR
Negative
50.29
Attacked
55.56
Positive
Neutral
52.20
BN
Negative
28.07
Attacked
44.44
0
Coverage Volume
10
20
30
40
50
60
77.57
70
80
90

Positive
Neutral
Independent & Other
Negative
Attacked
Positive
Neutral
PR
Negative
Attacked
Positive
Neutral
BN
Negative
Attacked
3.36
12.86
25.96
28.90
12.76
33.29
58.21
47.40
83.87
53.86
15.82
23.70
0
Coverage Volume
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Television Mandarin
Positive
Neutral
Independent & Other
Negative
Attacked
Positive
Neutral
PR
Negative
Attacked
Positive
Neutral
BN
Negative
Attacked
Coverage Volume
2.08
7.86
4.88
3.45
22.92
36.30
41.46
89.66
75.00
55.84
53.66
6.90
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
EAST MALAYSIA PRINT ENGLISH / BAHASA MALAYSIA / MANDARIN

Positive
Neutral
Independent & Other
Negative
Attacked
Positive
Neutral
PR
Negative
Attacked
Positive
Neutral
BN
Negative
Attacked
5.69
15.55
16.92
23.95
13.74
33.17
48.82
51.05
80.57
51.27
34.26
25.00
0
Coverage Volume
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90

Positive
Neutral
Independent & Other
Negative
Attacked
Positive
Neutral
PR
Negative
Attacked
Positive
Neutral
BN
Negative
Attacked
2.47
10.90
18.51
10.48
8.48
27.27
60.30
80.37
89.05
61.83
21.19
9.15
0
Coverage Volume
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100

Positive
Neutral
Independent & Other
Negative
Attacked
Positive
Neutral
PR
Negative
Attacked
Positive
Neutral
BN
Negative
Attacked
Coverage Volume
4.79
13.40
7.92
10.17
28.28
41.60
45.10
54.12
66.92
45.00
46.98
35.70
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Figure 35/36: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.
ONLINE ENGLISH / BAHASA MALAYSIA
Online English
Positive
Neutral
Independent & Other
Negative
Attacked
Positive
Neutral
PR
Negative
Attacked
Positive
Neutral
BN
Negative
Attacked
0.88
8.10
2.28
0.97
40.13
49.49
38.45
55.36
58.99
42.41
59.27
43.67
0
Coverage Volume
10
20
30
40
50
60
70

Positive
Neutral
Independent & Other
Negative
Attacked
Positive
Neutral
PR
Negative
Attacked
Positive
Neutral
BN
Negative
Attacked
Coverage Volume
2.37
3.83
2.54
1.54
41.71
49.84
47.21
73.85
55.92
46.33
50.25
24.62
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Section 2: A Brief Methodology

Dates analysed: 7/4/13 07/05/13 (nd = 31 days)
Publication Grouping
Bernama
Peninsular Print Bahasa

Malaysia

East Malaysia Print Bahasa
Malaysia
East Malaysia Print
Mandarin
Television English
Television Mandarin
Online English
Number of data points

identified and analysed:
nd
Average number
of articles/day:
na/d
Bernama English
8959
9.29
Bernama Bahasa Malaysia
7961
8.94
The New Straits Times
4022
30.98
The Star
17427
17.55
The Sun
8939
10.52
Utusan
22790
35.35
Sinar Harian
8036
11.81
Harian Metro
18956
26.52
The Oriental Daily
34231
34.55
Sin Chew Jit Poh
36319
39.52
The China Press
26538
35.58
The Borneo Post
25395
38.77
The Daily Express Sabah
27540
29.19
Utusan Borneo Sabah
18646
26.81
Utusan Borneo Sarawak
13607
27.16
See Hua Daily Sabah
25754
31.24
See Hua Daily Sarawak
14375
29.29
NTV7 English News
4194
8.84
TV2 English
3284
8.03
TV1 Berita Nasional
5751
13.26
TV3 Buletin Utama
4111
13.42
8TV Mandarin
3424
8.9
TV2 Berita Mandarin
4625
9.39
Malaysiakini English
36291
22.52
The Malaysian Insider English
12492
9.81
Malaysiakini Bahasa Malaysia
11926
17.16
The Malaysian Insider Bahasa Malaysia
8799
13.13
Publication
Data Collection
The data was collected or 'coded' using sentence-level content analysis. A team of around 70
'coders' from all over Malaysia, from both private and public universities, and from civil society,
coded their assigned media on a daily basis.
Stories 'coded' were selected according to the following criteria:
They were within the Malaysian news section/s of the newspapers including the front page, or
were the paper's editorial (if they run one).
They were from pre-defined 'Malaysian News' areas of the news websites monitored, with
'snapshots' taken at 8pm daily.
They were from within the TV news broadcasts.
They were more than 1/3 about the election, and were news stories as opposed to columns,
opinions pieces, letters, etc (with the exception of the paper's own editorial, if present).
Within each story, category/operator references were identified and coded at the sentence level
(from period to period). The 21 categories identified and their sub-categories or 'operators' are
outlined in Appendix 2. These 21 categories form the 'unit of analysis' for this study.
Tone (positive, negative, neutral, attacking, or attacked) was determined based on matching each
reference to a media frame or frames, supportable via emotive/descriptive/subjective
language/vocabulary utilised by the either the news personnel or the source being
quoted/paraphrased. As such, tone is not based upon coder opinion but on linguistic data. Coders
were instructed to 'code as neutral' whenever there was a lack of linguistic data to support a
positive/negative/attacking/attacked frame, or whenever they were unsure/conflicted.
Data Analysis
The data was analysed using the open source software package GNU Octave (a multi-disciplinary
mathematical data analysis programme capable of SPSS/NVIVO-level statistical analysis, as well as
much higher-level mathematical analysis). Scripts were composed to count occurrences of key datacodes, as specified by the project's finite code-listing set (see Appendix 2), for every row of coded
data (i.e. every reference). Where appropriate, code-count occurrences have been normalised to
provide the percentage of these key-code occurrences.
Section 3: Appendix 1 Tables

TABLE 1 Bernama
Party
Percentage
BN
44.842
DAP
7.151
Gerakan
0.93373
MCA
3.9171
MIC
1.2981
PAS
9.4967
PBB
0.25051
PBS
0.59212
PKR
8.1758
PR
11.865
PRS
0.29606
PRM
0.022774
PSM
0.40993
SAPP
0.40993
SPDP
0.25051
SUPP
0.47825
UMNO
5.7618
UPKO
0.25051
Other
3.5983
TABLE 1 Peninsular Print

Mandarin
Party
BN
DAP
Gerakan
MCA
MIC
PAS
PBB
PBS
PKR
PR
PRS
PRM
PSM
SAPP
SPDP
SUPP
UMNO
UPKO
Other
Percentage
26.074
17.492
2.4934
11.358
1.217
7.9557
0.090922
0.14338
7.3192
16.761
0.048958
0.010491
0.55602
0.2343
0.03497
0.45111
6.3261
0.080431
1.3498
TABLE 1 Peninsular Print

English
Party
BN
DAP
Gerakan
MCA
MIC
PAS
PBB
PBS
PKR
PR
PRS
PRM
PSM
SAPP
SPDP
SUPP
UMNO
UPKO
Other
Percentage
32.237
13.254
1.283
4.4686
1.3373
11.949
0.15222
0.30987
10.584
14.683
0.24463
0.010873
0.97853
0.29899
0.08698
0.3153
5.2623
0.2555
2.2887
TABLE 1 TV English
Party
Percentage
BN
39.767
DAP
6.9971
Gerakan
0.87464
MCA
3.9067
MIC
0.93294
PAS
10.496
PBB
0.058309
PBS
0.34985
PKR
10.845
PR
5.1312
PRS
0.11662
PRM
0
PSM
0.52478
SAPP
0.58309
SPDP
0.058309
SUPP
0.52478
UMNO
4.6647
UPKO
0.058309
Other
14.052
TABLE 1 Peninsular Print BM

Party
Percentage
BN
32.275
DAP
11.186
Gerakan
0.63798
MCA
1.9139
MIC
0.65925
PAS
16.651
PBB
0.092153
PBS
0.092153
PKR
10.541
PR
15.588
PRS
0.077975
PRM
0.028355
PSM
0.73013
SAPP
0.035443
SPDP
0.092153
SUPP
0.11342
UMNO
6.9965
UPKO
0.10633
Other
2.162
TABLE 1 TV BM
Party
Percentage
BN
47.928
DAP
9.3977
Gerakan
0.42717
MCA
1.2815
MIC
0.5126
PAS
11.448
PBB
0.042717
PBS
0.085434
PKR
10.765
PR
0.72619
PRS
0.042717
PRM
0
PSM
0.42717
SAPP
0.21358
SPDP
0
SUPP
0.17087
UMNO
4.1862
UPKO
0
Other
12.345
TABLE 1 TV Mandarin
Party
Percentage
BN
30.205
DAP
17.211
Gerakan
4.7112
MCA
15.198
MIC
1.2158
PAS
4.7492
PBB
0
PBS
0.075988
PKR
4.2933
PR
10.714
PRS
0
PRM
0
PSM
0.075988
SAPP
0.30395
SPDP
0
SUPP
0.26596
UMNO
3.8754
UPKO
0
Other
7.1049
TABLE 1 EM Print English

Party
Percentage
BN
36.274
DAP
9.5732
Gerakan
0.50129
MCA
1.7267
MIC
0.50129
PAS
6.1477
PBB
1.1975
PBS
1.114
PKR
9.4548
PR
8.0345
PRS
0.93992
PRM
0.020887
PSM
0.10444
SAPP
2.6109
SPDP
1.6292
SUPP
2.6805
UMNO
4.1078
UPKO
0.94688
Other
12.435
TABLE 1 Print EM BM
Party
Percentage
BN
50.336
DAP
5.6917
Gerakan
0.2451
MCA
0.59913
MIC
0.30864
PAS
5.2741
PBB
1.1892
PBS
1.0621
PKR
7.2622
PR
10.049
PRS
0.41757
PRM
0.027233
PSM
0.045389
SAPP
1.2981
SPDP
0.99855
SUPP
2.5781
UMNO
3.8671
UPKO
0.76253
Other
7.9884
TABLE 1 Print EM Mandarin

Party
Percentage
BN
34.3
DAP
14.963
Gerakan
0.82381
MCA
2.2415
MIC
0
PAS
4.317
PBB
0.26183
PBS
1.3283
PKR
5.4601
PR
15.723
PRS
0.25544
PRM
0.012772
PSM
0.057475
SAPP
4.9301
SPDP
0.076633
SUPP
5.7986
UMNO
2.6375
UPKO
0.68331
Other
6.1243
TABLE 1 Online English

Party
Percentage
BN
28.702
DAP
12.602
Gerakan
0.82506
MCA
4.8846
MIC
1.139
PAS
9.4188
PBB
0.065713
PBS
0.40888
PKR
10.806
PR
15.866
PRS
0.036507
PRM
0.0073014
PSM
1.4092
SAPP
0.91268
SPDP
0.058411
SUPP
0.30666
UMNO
7.5716
UPKO
0.18984
Other
4.7897
TABLE 1 Online BM
Party
Percentage
BN
31.866
DAP
10.837
Gerakan
0.57909
MCA
4.0702
MIC
0.8769
PAS
14.61
PBB
0.033091
PBS
0.033091
PKR
11.3
PR
13.253
PRS
0
PRM
0.033091
PSM
1.4394
SAPP
0.182
SPDP
0.066181
SUPP
0.066181
UMNO
8.6863
UPKO
0.049636
Other
2.0185
TABLE 2 Bernama
Parties &
Coalitions
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
TOTAL
BN
DAP
Gerakan
MCA
MIC
PAS
PBB
PBS
PKR
PR
PRS
PRM
PSM
SAPP
SPDP
SUPP
UMNO
UPKO
Other
0.54945
12.088
0.27473
0
0
17.308
0
0.27473
12.088
51.374
0.27473
0
0.27473
0
0
0
1.3736
0
4.1209
10.924
12.185
1.1204
3.7815
0.42017
17.787
0.14006
0
12.045
33.473
0
0
0.42017
0.14006
0.28011
0
4.3417
0
2.9412
32.868
9.7029
1.2735
5.4579
2.2438
12.553
0.4245
0.90964
12.674
4.1844
0.54579
0.060643
0.849
1.0309
0.30321
0.90964
6.9739
0.48514
6.5494
83.312
1.1734
0.71708
3.1943
0.97784
0.84746
0.13038
0.45632
1.3038
0.91265
0.19557
0
0
0
0.13038
0.32595
5.3455
0.19557
0.78227
127.65345
35.1493
3.38571
12.4337
3.64181
48.49546
0.69494
1.64069
38.1108
89.94405
1.01609
0.060643
1.5439
1.17096
0.7137
1.23559
18.0347
0.68071
14.39377
TABLE 2 Print Peninsular English

Parties &
Coalitions
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
TOTAL
BN
DAP
Gerakan
MCA
MIC
PAS
PBB
PBS
PKR
PR
PRS
PRM
PSM
SAPP
SPDP
SUPP
UMNO
UPKO
Other
6.0952
10.476
0
0.57143
0.19048
16.381
0
0
14.095
49.333
0
0
0
0.19048
0
0
1.5238
0
1.1429
4.8632
13.982
0
0
0
13.982
0
0
10.638
53.191
0.6079
0
0.6079
0.30395
0
0.30395
0.6079
0
0.91185
32.259
13.593
1.3517
4.7279
1.4277
12.06
0.16384
0.33353
10.69
13.207
0.25161
0.011703
1.0181
0.30427
0.093622
0.32768
5.5295
0.26331
2.3874
89.826
0.74442
1.2407
1.4888
0.24814
0
0
0
1.4888
0.24814
0
0
0.24814
0
0
0.24814
3.2258
0.49628
0.49628
133.0434
38.79542
2.5924
6.78813
1.86632
42.423
0.16384
0.33353
36.9118
115.97914
0.85951
0.011703
1.87414
0.7987
0.093622
0.87977
10.887
0.75959
4.93843
TABLE 2 Print Peninsular BM

Parties &
Coalitions
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
TOTAL
BN
DAP
Gerakan
MCA
MIC
PAS
PBB
PBS
PKR
PR
PRS
PRM
PSM
SAPP
SPDP
SUPP
UMNO
UPKO
Other
5.8704
18.421
0.60729
0.20243
0
23.077
0
0
13.563
32.186
0
0
0.20243
0
0
0
5.8704
0
0
10.482
14.647
0.46795
0.98269
0.18718
20.262
0
0.046795
12.728
34.066
0.046795
0.14038
1.1231
0
0.093589
0.046795
3.7904
0.093589
0.79551
29.971
11.753
0.75994
2.2798
0.8224
17.687
0.1041
0.12492
11.482
12.732
0.093691
0.01041
0.79117
0.052051
0.1041
0.14574
8.0991
0.11451
2.8732
76.919
2.2863
0.21775
1.5242
0.54437
5.2803
0.16331
0
2.3408
4.5727
0.054437
0
0.10887
0
0.054437
0.054437
5.2259
0
0.65324
123.2424
47.1073
2.05293
4.98912
1.55395
66.3063
0.26741
0.171715
40.1138
83.5567
0.194923
0.15079
2.22557
0.052051
0.252126
0.246972
22.9858
0.208099
4.32195
TABLE 2 Print Peninsular Mandarin

Parties &
Coalitions
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
TOTAL
BN
DAP
Gerakan
MCA
MIC
PAS
PBB
PBS
PKR
PR
PRS
PRM
PSM
SAPP
SPDP
SUPP
UMNO
UPKO
Other
19.032
18.71
0
4.8387
0
7.2043
0
0
1.9355
41.935
0
0
0
0.21505
0
0
5.1613
0.10753
0.86022
24.939
15.435
3.4931
13.16
1.8684
6.0926
0
0.32494
3.818
23.233
0
0
0.32494
0.16247
0
0.2437
5.4427
0.2437
1.2185
25.244
17.986
2.5638
11.674
1.2441
8.2876
0.10335
0.13912
7.9299
15.379
0.055648
0.0079498
0.59623
0.23054
0.035774
0.49686
6.5665
0.075523
1.3833
49.959
8.6849
1.9851
7.9404
0.74442
3.6394
0
0.16543
2.4814
19.272
0
0.082713
0.33085
0.16543
0.082713
0.082713
3.2258
0
1.158
119.174
60.8159
8.042
37.6131
3.85692
25.2239
0.10335
0.62949
16.1648
99.819
0.055648
0.0906628
1.25202
0.77349
0.118487
0.823273
20.3963
0.426753
4.62002
TABLE 2 TV English
Parties &
Coalitions
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
TOTAL
BN
DAP
Gerakan
MCA
MIC
PAS
PBB
PBS
PKR
PR
PRS
PRM
PSM
SAPP
SPDP
SUPP
UMNO
UPKO
Other
44.444
0
0
0
0
44.444
0
0
0
11.111
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
14.035
10.526
1.1696
4.6784
0.5848
14.62
0
0
20.468
4.6784
0
0
0.5848
0.5848
0
0.5848
7.0175
0
20.468
40.19
7.433
1.0372
3.7165
0.95073
11.063
0.08643
0.51858
10.631
5.013
0.17286
0
0.69144
0.69144
0.08643
0.51858
4.9265
0
12.273
65.809
2.5735
0.36765
5.5147
1.4706
4.0441
0
0
5.8824
2.2059
0
0
0
0
0
0.73529
3.6765
0
7.7206
164.478
20.5325
2.57445
13.9096
3.00613
74.1711
0.08643
0.51858
36.9814
23.0083
0.17286
0
1.27624
1.27624
0.08643
1.83867
15.6205
0
40.4616
TABLE 2 TV BM
Parties &
Coalitions
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
TOTAL
BN
DAP
Gerakan
MCA
MIC
PAS
PBB
PBS
PKR
PR
PRS
PRM
PSM
SAPP
SPDP
SUPP
UMNO
UPKO
Other
23.121
14.451
0
0
0
9.8266
0
0
19.075
4.0462
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.57803
0
28.902
11.765
16.227
0
1.0142
0.60852
21.501
0
0
19.878
0.60852
0
0
0.40568
0
0
0
2.4341
0
25.558
42.857
11.286
0.57143
2.4286
0.57143
12
0
0.14286
10
0
0.14286
0
0.85714
0.28571
0
0.57143
6.5714
0
11.714
77.726
3.2483
0.34803
0.92807
0.34803
5.5684
0.11601
0.11601
3.4803
0.46404
0
0
0
0.34803
0
0
4.2923
0
3.0162
155.469
45.2123
0.91946
4.37087
1.52798
48.896
0.11601
0.25887
52.4333
5.11876
0.14286
0
1.26282
0.63374
0
0.57143
13.87583
0
69.1902
TABLE 2 TV Mandarin
Parties &
Coalitions
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
TOTAL
BN
DAP
Gerakan
MCA
MIC
PAS
PBB
PBS
PKR
PR
PRS
PRM
PSM
SAPP
SPDP
SUPP
UMNO
UPKO
Other
6.8966
48.276
0
0
0
10.345
0
0
3.4483
27.586
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.4483
21.951
19.512
7.3171
19.512
0
2.439
0
0
4.878
14.634
0
0
0
0
0
0
4.878
0
4.878
30.021
16.549
4.9064
15.509
1.0811
4.8649
0
0.08316
4.4491
10.437
0
0
0.08316
0.33264
0
0.29106
3.9501
0
7.4428
51.042
18.75
3.125
10.417
5.2083
0
0
0
1.0417
3.125
0
0
0
0
0
0
5.2083
0
2.0833
109.9106
103.087
15.3485
45.438
6.2894
17.6489
0
0.08316
13.8171
55.782
0
0
0.08316
0.33264
0
0.29106
14.0364
0
17.8524
TABLE 2 Print EM English

Parties &
Coalitions
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
TOTAL
BN
DAP
Gerakan
MCA
MIC
PAS
PBB
PBS
PKR
PR
PRS
PRM
PSM
SAPP
SPDP
SUPP
UMNO
UPKO
Other
19.428
12.801
0.1506
0.1506
0
6.6265
0.1506
0
4.5181
27.108
0
0
0
1.2048
0.60241
1.2048
3.3133
0
22.741
21.914
13.731
0.27739
0.69348
0.55479
10.68
0
1.5257
10.125
14.286
0.69348
0
0.27739
1.2483
2.7739
2.2191
3.19
0.41609
15.395
34.569
9.7594
0.5479
1.969
0.53934
6.2323
1.3526
1.2413
10.402
6.7802
1.0359
0.017122
0.11129
2.9535
1.7036
2.7823
4.4602
1.0701
12.473
70.976
3.3333
0.4065
0.97561
0.4065
1.7886
1.0569
0.3252
3.0894
5.5285
0.73171
0.081301
0
0.97561
0.89431
2.2764
1.8699
0.65041
4.6341
146.887
39.6247
1.38239
3.78869
1.50063
25.3274
2.5601
3.0922
28.1345
53.7027
2.46109
0.098423
0.38868
6.38221
5.97422
8.4826
12.8334
2.1366
55.2431
TABLE 2 Print EM BM
Parties &
Coalitions
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
TOTAL
BN
DAP
Gerakan
MCA
MIC
PAS
PBB
PBS
PKR
PR
PRS
PRM
PSM
SAPP
SPDP
SUPP
UMNO
UPKO
Other
6.3228
8.985
0
0.16639
0
8.3195
0.16639
0.16639
6.1564
56.905
0
0
0
0.33278
0
0
2.3295
0
10.15
14.086
9.546
0.11641
0.69849
0.11641
11.758
0
0.46566
10.128
28.871
0.11641
0
0
0.46566
1.0477
2.0955
2.3283
0.11641
18.044
46.635
6.1416
0.30855
0.71995
0.38202
5.7155
1.4546
1.484
8.9333
6.4796
0.57302
0.044079
0.073465
1.8954
1.2636
3.2618
4.6283
1.1167
8.8892
81.322
2.316
0.18678
0.37355
0.26149
1.3074
1.0833
0.37355
2.3907
2.4654
0.18678
0
0
0.29884
0.56033
1.5689
2.8764
0.26149
2.1666
148.3658
26.9886
0.61174
1.95838
0.75992
27.1004
2.70429
2.4896
27.6084
94.721
0.87621
0.044079
0.073465
2.99268
2.87163
6.9262
12.1625
1.4946
39.2498
TABLE 2 Print EM Mandarin

Parties &
Coalitions
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
TOTAL
BN
DAP
Gerakan
MCA
MIC
PAS
PBB
PBS
PKR
PR
PRS
PRM
PSM
SAPP
SPDP
SUPP
UMNO
UPKO
Other
30.228
22.546
0.071124
0.85349
0
6.8279
0
0.64011
3.2006
21.55
0.14225
0
0
2.9161
0
2.3471
1.4225
0
7.2546
32.036
18.694
0.55594
3.3356
0
4.934
0
1.1814
3.0577
18.416
0
0
0
2.7797
0.13899
7.8527
1.5288
0.34746
5.1425
28.173
14.594
1.0152
2.6227
0
4.8329
0.42301
1.7766
7.2652
14.911
0.33841
0.021151
0.095178
5.7424
0.095178
6.1019
3.5639
0.88832
7.5402
57.507
10.188
0.63673
1.2399
0
1.374
0.033512
0.40214
2.3794
14.343
0.13405
0
0
3.1166
0.033512
5.496
0.90483
0.53619
1.6756
147.944
66.022
2.278994
8.05169
0
17.9688
0.456522
4.00025
15.9029
69.22
0.61471
0.021151
0.095178
14.5548
0.26768
21.7977
7.42003
1.77197
21.6129
TABLE 2 Online English

Parties &
Coalitions
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
TOTAL
BN
DAP
Gerakan
MCA
MIC
PAS
PBB
PBS
PKR
PR
PRS
PRM
PSM
SAPP
SPDP
SUPP
UMNO
UPKO
Other
30.682
12.825
0.48701
3.4091
0.64935
8.9286
0
0
4.8701
28.734
0.16234
0
0
0.16234
0
0.16234
8.1169
0
0.81169
39.249
7.6223
1.479
6.9397
1.2514
7.6223
0
0.11377
7.281
15.927
0.11377
0
0.3413
0.56883
0
0.56883
9.5563
0
1.3652
26.818
13.28
0.81552
4.8845
1.1847
9.7347
0.07726
0.47214
11.778
14.697
0.025753
0.0085844
1.6053
1.0044
0.068675
0.2747
7.5715
0.21461
5.4854
52.851
5.0439
0
2.4123
0.65789
6.1404
0
0
2.4123
26.535
0
0
0.65789
0.2193
0
0
3.0702
0
0
149.6
38.7712
2.78153
17.6456
3.74334
32.426
0.07726
0.58591
26.3414
85.893
0.301863
0.0085844
2.60449
1.95487
0.068675
1.00587
28.3149
0.21461
7.66229
TABLE 2 Online BM
Parties &
Coalitions
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
TOTAL
BN
DAP
Gerakan
MCA
MIC
PAS
PBB
PBS
PKR
PR
PRS
PRM
PSM
SAPP
SPDP
SUPP
UMNO
UPKO
Other
20
13.846
0
0.76923
0
23.077
0
0
1.5385
35.385
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.8462
0
1.5385
38.071
13.198
0
3.0457
0.50761
9.6447
0
0
4.0609
20.305
0
0
0.50761
0
0
0.50761
8.1218
0
2.0305
31.332
10.73
0.60219
4.2153
0.94891
14.891
0.036496
0.036496
11.989
12.226
0
0.036496
1.5511
0.20073
0.072993
0.054745
8.9781
0.054745
2.0438
48.815
7.5829
0.94787
1.4218
0
6.6351
0
0
6.6351
20.853
0
0
0.47393
0
0
0
4.7393
0
1.8957
138.218
45.3569
1.55006
9.45203
1.45652
54.2478
0.036496
0.036496
24.2235
88.769
0
0.036496
2.53264
0.20073
0.072993
0.562355
25.6854
0.054745
7.5085
Section 4: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme

1.
Party or Coalition
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
BN (Barisan Nasional)
DAP (Democratic Action Party)
Gerakan (Malaysian People's Movement
Party)
MCA (Malaysian Chinese Association)
MIC (Malaysian Indian Congress)
PAS (Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party)
PBB (Parti Besaka Bumputera Bersatu)
PBS (Parti Bersatu Sabah)
PKR (People's Justice Party)
PR (Pakatan Rakyat)
PRS (Sarawak People's Party)
PRM (Parti Rakyat Malaysia)
PSM (Parti Sosialis Malaysia)
SAPP (Sabah Progressive Party)
SPDP (Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party)
SUPP (Sarawak United People's Party)
UMNO (United Malays National Organisation)
UPKO (United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun
Murut Organisation)
Others

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2 POLITICAL PARTIES & COALITIONS

Executive Summary of Key Results for POLITICAL PARTIES &

East Malaysia Newspapers English and Bahasa Malaysia.

4 POLITICAL PARTIES & COALITIONS

Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

See Table 1 (series).

Ratio (BN : PR)

Peninsular Print English

Peninsular Print Bahasa Malaysia

Peninsular Print Mandarin

Television Bahasa Malaysia

East Malaysia Print English

East Malaysia Print Bahasa Malaysia

East Malaysia Print Mandarin

Online Bahasa Malaysia

5 POLITICAL PARTIES & COALITIONS

Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.

6 POLITICAL PARTIES & COALITIONS

Peninsular Print Bahasa Malaysia

Peninsular Print Mandarin

7 POLITICAL PARTIES & COALITIONS

8 POLITICAL PARTIES & COALITIONS

East Malaysia Print Bahasa Malaysia

East Malaysia Print Mandarin

9 POLITICAL PARTIES & COALITIONS

Online Bahasa Malaysia

10 POLITICAL PARTIES & COALITIONS

1.2 Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions

11 POLITICAL PARTIES & COALITIONS

12 POLITICAL PARTIES & COALITIONS

13 POLITICAL PARTIES & COALITIONS

14 POLITICAL PARTIES & COALITIONS

15 POLITICAL PARTIES & COALITIONS

1.3 Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions

Peninsular Print English

Peninsular Print Bahasa

East Malaysia Print

East Malaysia Print

East Malaysia Print

See Table 2 (series).

17 POLITICAL PARTIES & COALITIONS

Peninsular Print Bahasa Malaysia

Peninsular Print Mandarin

18 POLITICAL PARTIES & COALITIONS

Television Bahasa Malaysia

19 POLITICAL PARTIES & COALITIONS

East Malaysia Print English

East Malaysia Print Bahasa Malaysia

East Malaysia Print Mandarin

20 POLITICAL PARTIES & COALITIONS

Online Bahasa Malaysia

21 POLITICAL PARTIES & COALITIONS

Section 2: A Brief Methodology

Peninsular Print English

Peninsular Print Bahasa