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TECK WHYE SECONDARY

SCHOOL

Secondary 2 Exp / NA / NT
Design & Technology 2009
Mechanism Module

Name : _________________________

Index No. : ____________

Class : ____________

Year of study : ____________

Teacher : __________________________
Sec 2 Design & Technology Mechanism Module

Introduction to Mechanism

Mechanisms are devices that have been designed to make jobs easier. They
all have certain things in common:

• they involve some kind of motion


• they involve some kind of force
• they must have some kind of input to make them work
• they produce some kind of output

If we connect mechanisms together we can build mechanical systems called


machines. Machines help to make our lives easier and more comfortable

Forces cause, or tend to cause, a change in the position or state of a body.


If a body remains at rest, the forces acting on it are in equilibrium. Force is a
vector quantity and is measured in Newtons (N).

Motions in Mechanism

There are basically 4 kinds of motions:

• rotary motion
• oscillating motion
• linear motion
• reciprocating motion

So, what are they actually?

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Rotary Motion

Motion in a circular is called rotary motion. The number of complete


revolutions made per minute (rpm), is called rotary velocity/speed. It is pivoted
in the centre.

Oscillating Motion

Oscillating motion is motion backwards and forwards in a circular arc. E.g.


playground swings and clock pendulums.

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Linear Motion

• Linear motion is motion in a straight line.


• An example of linear motion is the cutting arm of a paper guillotine

Reciprocating Motion

• Reciprocating motion is linear motion backwards and forwards in a


straight line.
• Sewing machines make use of this type of motion.

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Mechanism – Simple and Complex Gear Drive

• A simple gear system uses two gears, which may be of different sizes.
• If one of these gears is attached to a motor or a crank then it is called
the driver gear. The gear that is turned by the driver gear is called the
driven gear.
• Idler gear is a gear meshed between the driver and driven gear. It
allows the turning of both driver and driven to be in the same direction.
• Complex gear system uses more than 1 set of gears.

Idler Gear

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Simple Gear System

Complex Gear System

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Mechanism – Spur Gear

• A type of gear that has straight, flat-topped teeth set parallel to the
shaft. Spur gears are the most common type of gears used.
• Spur gears are meshed at parallel axles.
• The driver and driven gears rotated in the opposite direction
• Speed of the gear can be varied by varying the sizes of the gear
diameter

Mechanism – Bevel Gear

• Bevel gears are gears with cone-shaped teeth cut at an angle.


• Bevel gears have axes with two shafts intersect at 90 degrees and can
also be designed to work at other angles

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Mechanism – Worm wheel / Worm Gear

• It is a gear drive consisting of a long, cylindrical device with a spiraling


groove (worm gear) that intersects with the teeth of a wheel-like gear
(worm wheel).
• A worm gear drive is used to transmit motion between nonintersecting
perpendicular shafts
• The worm gear is always the driver gear.
• It is used when large gear reductions are needed

Worm gear

Worm wheel

Mechanism – Rack & Pinion

• The rack and pinion mechanism consists of a straight rod (the rack)
which has a number of gear teeth with a small gear wheel (the pinion).
• The pinion is fixed on a shaft. When the pinion turns it makes the rack
move in a straight line. Pulling or pushing the rack makes the pinion
turn.

Rack
Pinion

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Mechanism – Belt & Pulley

• One method of transmitting force and rotary motion from one shaft to
another is by using Belts and Pulleys.
• It utilizes a V-belt to connect the pulley together
• Speed of the pulley can be varies by varying the size of the pulley
diameter

Pulley

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Belt

Mechanism – Crank

• A crank is an arm that has one end connected to a shaft.


• Cranks can be used alone as handles
• Usually linked to other mechanical component

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Mechanism – LeadScrew

• Leadscrew also known as a power screw or translation screw


• It is designed to translate rotary motion into linear motion
• It comes with a matching nut of the same diameter
• It has precise and accurate linear motion
• It is self-locking

Mechanism – Linkages

• Linkages are used in mechanical control systems to allow forces and


motion to be transmitted to where they are needed

• They consist of a series of levers which can change the direction of a


movement, or make things move in a particular way

We are going to look into 3 types of linkages:

1. Reverse Motion
2. Parallel Motion
3. Crank & Slider

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Reverse Motion Linkage

Reverse Motion Linkages are used to change the direction of motion. A single
lever with a pivot at its centre reverses an input motion without affecting the
input force. The input force and length of transmitted movement can be
increased or decreased by altering the position of the pivot.

Linkage connecting accelerator pedal to carburettor

Parallel Motion Linkage

Parallel linkages are used to make two or more parts of a mechanism move
together and stay parallel to each other as the linkage moves

Tree sawing machine

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Crank and Slider

A crank and slider mechanism consists of a rotating crank connected to a


slider by a connecting rod.

Water Pump
Exercise 1 – Fun with Mechanisms
In this exercises, you are to investigate each mechanism set. You are required
to answer all the questions. You can answer the questions in any order.
Reminder:
• You are to take care of the equipment. Do not remove any parts from
the kit.

Reverse Motion Linkage


Output
linkage

Input
linkage

1. Describe how the system works in terms of:


a. Input and Output motions
b. Conversion of motions
c. Directions of the motions
Example: As the input linkage is pushed in, the Output linkage moves in the
opposite direction of the Input linkage. This is also the same if the input
linkage is pulled out. Input motion is reciprocating while Output motion is
reciprocating

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Parallel Linkage

Output linkage Input linkage

2. Describe how the system works in terms of:


a. Input and Output motions
b. Conversion of the motions
c. Direction of the motions

Crank & Slider

Input Crank
Output linkage /
slider

3. Describe how the system works in terms of:


a. Input and Output motions
b. Conversion of the motions
c. Directions of the motions

Output Gear
Spur Gears Input Gear

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4. Describe how the system works in terms of:


a. Input and Output motions
b. Conversion of the motions
c. Directions of the motions

Input Pinion
Rack & Pinion
Output Rack

5. Describe how the system works in terms of:


a. Input and Output motions
b. Conversion of the motions
c. Directions of the motions

Worm wheel & Worm Gear


Input Worm gear
Output Worm wheel

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6. Describe how the system works in terms of:


a. Input and Output motions
b. Conversion of the motions
c. Directions of the motions

Input pulley
Belt & Pulley

Output pulley

7. Describe how the system works in terms of:


a. Input and Output motions
b. Conversion of the motions
c. Directions of the motions

Exercise 2 – Combination of Mechanism


In this exercises, you are to investigate each combined mechanism set. You
Pulley
are required to answer all the questions. You can answer the questions in any
order. Reminder: Crank
• You are to take care of the equipment. Do not remove any parts from
the kit.
Let this be
the Output

Let this be
Worm gear/ 14 Revised by
theTanInput
KH
worm wheel
Sec 2 Design & Technology Mechanism Module

1. Identify the mechanism/s that is applied:`


2. Describe how the system works in terms of:
a. Conversion of the motions
b. Directions of the motions
c. Speed of the motions

As the input crank is turned in a clockwise direction (rotary), the worm gear
will turned (rotary) in the same direction. The worm gear (rotary) in contact will
turn the worm wheel (rotary). This is the same if the crank is turned in the
opposite direction. The worm wheel (rotary) will turn the Output pulley (rotary).
The speed of the Output pulley is slower than the speed of the turning crank

Let this be
the Output

Let this be
the Input

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1. Identify the mechanism/s that is applied:


2. Describe how the system works in terms of:
a. Conversion of the motions
b. Directions of the motions
c. Speed of the component

Let this be
the
Output/Shaft

Let this be
the input /
crank

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1. Identify the mechanism/s that is applied:


2. Describe how the system works in terms of:
a. Conversion of the motions

Let this be
the input Let this be
the Output

1. Identify the mechanism/s that is applied:

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2. Describe how the system works in terms of:


a. Conversion of the motions
b. Directions of the motions

Let this be the


input

Let this be
the Output

1. Identify the mechanism/s that is applied:

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2. Describe how the system works in terms of:


a. Conversion of the motions
b. Directions of the motions
c. Speed of the motions

Exercise 3 – Mechanism Application


Your task is to investigate each Mechanism Application in a workshop
environment. Reminder:
• You are to take care of the equipment in the workshop during your
investigation.
• You are to observe all Safety rules at all times

Handle
Movable
Stationary part
part

F-Clamp

From your observation:

1. Identify the mechanism that is applied:

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Leadscrew

2. Describe how this tool works


a. Conversion of the motions
b. Directions of the motions

As the handle is turned (rotary) in the clockwise direction, the movable part
will move towards the stationary part. The movable part is moving in a linear
motion. As the handles is turned in the anticlockwise direction, the movable
part moves apart from the stationary part.

3. Identify the following part.

a. Which is the Input? Handle

b. Which is the Output? Stationary part

From your observation:

Handle

Machine Vice

Movable jaw

Fixed jaw

1. Identify the mechanism that is applied:

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2. Describe how this tool works


a. Conversion of the motions
b. Directions of the motions

3. Identify the following part.

a. Which is the Input? __________________________

b. Which is the Output? _________________________

From your observation:

Bench Drilling Machine

Table top

1. Identify the mechanism that is applied:

2. Describe how this tool works


a. Conversion of the motions

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b. Directions of the motions

3. Identify the following part.

a. Which is the Input? __________________________

b. Which is the Output? _________________________

From your observation:

Bench Drilling
Machine

Chuck / Chuck
Key

1. Identify the mechanism that is applied:

2. Describe how this tool works


a. Conversion of the motions
b. Directions of the motions

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3. Identify the following part.

a. Which is the Input? __________________________

b. Which is the Output? _________________________

From your observation:

Bench Drilling
Machine

Drill bit
shaft

Motor

1. Identify the mechanism that is applied:

2. Describe how this tool works


a. Conversion of the motions
b. Directions of the motions
c. Speed of the motions

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3. Identify the following part.

a. Which is the Input? __________________________

b. Which is the Output? _________________________

From your observation:


Bench Vice

Crank

Movable jaw

1. Identify the mechanism that is applied:

2. Describe how this tool works


a. Conversion of the motions
b. Directions of the motions

3. Identify the following part.

a. Which is the Input? __________________________

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b. Which is the Output? _________________________

From your observation:

Sawing
machine

Movable Saw

1. Identify the mechanism that is applied:

2. Describe how this tool works


a. Conversion of the motions
b. Directions of the motions

3. Identify the following part.

a. Which is the Input? __________________________

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b. Which is the Output? _________________________


From your observation:
Band
saw

Wheel
2

Wheel
1
Motorized
wheel
1. Identify the mechanism that is applied:

2. Describe how this tool works


a. Conversion of the motions
b. Directions of the motions

3. Identify the following part.

a. Which is the Input? __________________________

b. Which is the Output __________________________


From your observation: Toolpost

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Handwheel
Lathe turning machine

1. Identify the mechanism that is applied:

2. Describe how this tool works


a. Conversion of the motions
b. Directions of the motions

3. Identify the following part.

a. Which is the Input? __________________________

b. Which is the Output __________________________

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