9 Math Linesangles

Finish Line & Beyond
LINES AND ANGLES Basic Terms and Definitions Intersecting Lines and Non-intersecting Lines Pairs of Angles Parallel Lines And A Transversal Lines Parallel To The Same Line Angle Sum Property of A Triangle
(a) Segment: - A part of line with two end points is called a line-segment.
A line segment is denoted by AB and its length is is denoted by AB.
(b) Ray: - A part of a line with one end-point is called a ray.

A ray is denoted by AB. We can denote a line-segment AB, a ray AB and length AB and line AB by the same symbol AB. (c) Collinear points: - If three or more points lie on the same line, then they are called collinear points, otherwise they are called non-collinear points.
(c) Angle: - An angle is formed by two rays originating from the same end point.
The rays making an angle are called the arms of the angle and the end-points are called the vertex of the angle. (d)Types of Angles:-
(i)
Acute angle: - An angle whose measure lies between 0 and 90, is called an acute angle.
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(ii)
Right angle: - An angle, whose measure is equal to 90, is called a right angle.
(iii)
Obtuse angle: - An angle, whose measure lies between 90 and 180, is called an obtuse angle.
(iv)
Straight angle: - The measure of a straight angle is 180.
(v)
Reflex angle: - An angle which is greater than 180 and less than 360, is called the reflex angle.
(vi) (vii)
Complimentary angle: - Two angles, whose sum is 90, are called complimentary angle. Supplementary angle: - Two angles whose sum is 180, are called supplementary angle.
Finish Line & Beyond (viii)

Adjacent angle: - Two angles are adjacent, if they have a common vertex, a common vertex, common arm and their non-common arms are on different sides of the common arm.
In the above figure ABD and DBC are adjacent angle. Ray BD is their common arm and point B is their common vertex. Ray BA and ray BC are noncommon arms. When the two angles are adjacent, then their sum is always equal to the angle formed by the two non-common arms. Thus,
ABC = ABD + DBC .
Here we can observe that ABC and DBC are not adjacent angles, because their non-common arms BD and AB lie on the same side of the common arm BC.
(ix)
Linear pair of angles: - If the sum of two adjacent angles is 180, then their non-common lines are in the same straight line and two adjacent angles form a linear pair of angles.
In the fig.
ABD and CBD form a linear pair of angles because ABD + CBD = 180.
(x)
Vertically opposite angles: - When two lines AB and CD intersect at a point O, the vertically opposite angles are formed.
Here are two pairs of vertically opposite angles. One pair is and the second pair is AOC and BOD The vertically opposite angles are always equal. So,
AOD and BOC
AOD = BOC
and
AOC = BOD
(e) Intersecting lines and non-intersecting lines: - Two lines are intersecting
if they have one point in common. We have observed in the above figure that lines AB and CD are intersecting lines, intersecting at O, their point of intersection.

Parallel lines: - If two lines do not meet at a point if extended to both directions, such lines are called parallel lines.
P R
Lines PQ and RS are parallel lines.
Q S
The length of the common perpendiculars at different points on these parallel lines is same. This equal length is called the distance between two parallel lines. Axiom 1. If a ray stands on a line, then the sum of two adjacent angles so formed is 180. Conversely if the sum of two adjacent angles is 180, then a ray stands on a line (i.e., the non-common arms form a line).
Axiom 2. If the sum of two adjacent angles is 180, then the non-common arms of the angles form a line. It is called Linear Pair Axiom. (f) Theorem 1. If two lines intersect each other, then the vertically opposite angles are equal. Sol. Given: Two lines AB and CD intersect each other at O. To Prove: -
and
AOC = BOD AOD = BOC
Proof: Ray OA stands on line CD.
AOC + AOD = 180 .equation (i) {Linear Pair Axiom}
Again ray OD stands on line AB.
AOD + BOD = 180 ..equation (ii)
From equation (i) and (ii),
AOC + AOD = AOD + BOD

Now, Again Ray OB stands on line CD.
AOC + AOD - AOD = BOD AOC = BOD
BOC + BOD = 180 .equation (iii) {Linear Pair Axiom}
Again ray OD stands on line AB.
AOD + BOD = 180 ..equation (iv)
From equation (iii) and (iv),
BOC + BOD = AOD + BOD

Hence Proved. Parallel Lines And A Transversal
BOC + BOD - BOD = AOD BOC = AOD
In the above figure m and n are two parallel lines and l is the transversal, which intersect the parallel line m and n at points P and Q respectively. Here Exterior Angles are: - 1 , 2 , 7 and 8 Interior Angles are: - 3 , 4 , 5 and 6 Corresponding Angles are: (i)
1 and 5
(ii)
2 and 6
(iii)
4 and 8
(iv)
3 and 7

If a transversal intersects two parallel lines, then each pair of corresponding angle is equal. (Corresponding Angles Axiom) Axiom 3. Axiom 4. If a transversal intersects two lines such that a pair of corresponding angles is equal, then the two lines are parallel to each other. Thus, (i)
1= 5
(ii)
2 = 6
(iii)
4 = 8
(ii) (ii)
(iv)
3= 7
Alternate Interior Angles: - (i) Alternate Exterior Angles: - (i)
4 and 6 1 and 7
3 and 5 2 and 8
If a transversal intersects two parallel lines, then each pair of alternate interior and exterior angles are equal. Thus, Alternate Interior Angles: - (i)
4 = 6 1 = 7
(ii) 3 = 5 (ii)
Alternate Exterior Angles: - (i)
2 = 8
Interior angles on the same side of the transversal line are called the consecutive interior angles or allied angles or co-interior angles. (i)
4 and 5
(ii)
3 and 6
Theorem 2. If a transversal intersects two parallel lines, then each pair of alternate interior angles is equal. Sol. Given: Let PQ and RS are two parallel lines and AB be the transversal which intersects them on L and M respectively. To Prove: And
PLM = SML LMR = MLQ
Proof: And
PLM = RMB RMB = SML
.equation (i) {corresponding angle} .equation (ii) {vertically opposite angle are equal}
From equation (i) and (ii),
PLM = SML
Similarly,
LMR = ALP
And
.equation (iii) {corresponding angle} .equation (iv) {vertically opposite angle are equal}
ALP = MLQ

From equation (iii) and (iv),
LMR = MLQ
Hence Proved. Theorem 3. If a transversal intersects two lines such that a pair of alternate interior angles is equal, then the two lines are parallel. Sol. Given: - A transversal AB intersects two lines PQ and RS such that
PLM = SML .
To Prove: - PQRS Figure same as in theorem 2. Proof: -
PLM = SML equation (i) {given} SML = RMB

equation (ii) {vertically opposite angles}
From equations (i) & (ii),
PLM = RMB But these are corresponding angles. We know that if a transversal intersects two lines such that a pair of corresponding angles is equal, then the two lines ate parallel to each other.
Hence, PQRS Proved.

Theorem 4. If a transversal intersects two parallel lines, then each pair of interior angles on the same side of the transversal is supplementary. Solution:
Given: - Transversal EF intersects two parallel lines AB and CD at G and H respectively. To Prove: Proof: But
1 + 4 = 180 and 2 + 3 = 180.
2 + 5 = 180 .equation (i) {Linear Pair} 5 = 3 equation (ii) {corresponding angles}
Finish Line & Beyond 2 + 3 = 180

Also, But
3 + 4 = 180 .equation (iii) {Linear Pair} 3 = 1 equation (iv) {Alt. Interior angles}
From equations (iii) & (iv),
1 + 4 = 180
Hence,
1 + 4 = 180 and 2 + 3 = 180. Proved.
Theorem 5. If a transversal intersects two lines such that a pair of interior angles on the same side of the transversal is supplementary, then the two lines are parallel. Sol.
Given: - A transversal EF intersects two lines AB and CD at P and Q respectively.
1 + 2 = 180
To Prove: Proof: ABCD
1 + 2 = 180 .equation (i) {Given} 1 + 3 = 180 .equation (ii) {Linear Pair}
1 + 2 = 1 + 3
Finish Line & Beyond 1 + 2 - 1 = 3 2 = 3
But these are alternate interior angles. We know that if a transversal intersects two lines such that the pair of alternate interior angles are equal, then the lines are parallel. Hence, ABCD Proved.
Theorem 6. Lines which are parallel to the same line are parallel to each other. Sol.
Given: - Three lines AB, CD and EF are such that ABCD, CDEF. To Prove: ABEF.
Construction: - Let us draw a transversal GH which intersects the lines AB, CD and EF at P, Q and R respectively. Proof: - Since, ABCD and GH is the transversal. Therefore,
1 = 2 ..equation (i) {corresponding angles}

Similarly, CD EF and GH is the transversal, Therfore,
2 = 3 equation (ii) {corresponding angles}

1 = 3
But these are corresponding angles. We know that if a transversal intersects two lines such that a pair of corresponding angles is equal, then the two lines ate parallel to each other. Hence, AB EF Proved.
Angle Sum Property of Triangle: Theorem 7. The sum of the angles of a triangle is 180. Sol.
Given: - A To Prove: -
ABC. 1 + 2 + 3 = 180.
Construction: - Let us draw a line m through A, parallel to BC. Proof: -
BCm and AB and AC are its transversal.
1 = 4 ..equation (i) {alternate interior angles} 2 = 5 ..equation (ii) {alternate interior angles}
By adding equation (i) & (ii),
1 + 2 = 4 + 5 ..equation (iii)
Now by adding 3 to both sides of equation (iii), we get
1+ 2 + 3 = 4 + 5 + 3
Hence Proved.
4 + 5 + 3 = 180 {Linear Pair} 1 + 2 + 3 = 180

Theorem 8. If a side of a triangle is produced, then the exterior angle so formed is equal to the sum of the two interior opposite angles. Sol.
Given: - A ABC. To Prove: Proof: -
ABC in which side BC is produced to D forming exterior angle ACD of 4 = 1+ 2 .
1 + 2 + 3 = 180 equation (i) {Angle Sum Property of a } 3 + 4 = 180 equation (ii) {Linear Pair}
1+ 2 + 3 = 3 + 4
Hence,
1+ 2 + 3 - 3 = 4 1+ 2 = 4 4 = 1+ 2
Proved.
EXERCISE 1 Q1. In the Fig. lines AB and CD intersect at O. If AOC + BOE = 70 AND BOD = 40, find BOE and reflex COE .
Sol. Given: And Now,
AOC + BOE = 70 equation (i) BOD = 40.
AOC = BOD
{vertically opposite angles}
AOC = 40. equation (ii) { BOD = 40, given}
Now, putting the value of equation (ii) in equation (i),
AOC + BOE = 70
40 + BOE = 70
BOE = 70 - 40 BOE = 30 BOE = 30

Now,
AOC + BOE + COE = 180

70 +
{Angles at a common point on a line} {from equation (i)}

Reflex Hence,
COE = 180
COE = 180 - 70 COE = 110 COE = 360 - 110 = 250 BOE = 30 COE = 250 POY = 90 and a : b
And Reflex
Q2. In the following figure, lines XY and MN intersect at O. If = 2 : 3, find c.
Sol. Given: And
POY = 90
a : b = 2 : 3.
a 2 = b 3
a=
2 b .equation (i) 3
Now, POX + POY = 180

POX + 90 = 180 POX = 180 - 90 POX = 90
a + b = 90 { POX = a + b}
2 b + b = 90 3 2b + 3b = 90 3
2b + 3b = 90
5b = 270 b=
270 5
b = 54
Putting the value of b in equation (i) a=
2 b 3 2 x 54 3
a=

Now,
a = 2 x 18 a = 36 b + c = 180 54 + c = 180 c = 180- 54 c = 126 c = 126. {Angles at a common point on a line}

So,
Q3. In the figure,
PQR = PRQ , then prove that PQS = PRT .
Sol. Given: To Prove: Proof: And
PQR = PRQ PQS = PRT PQR + PQS = 180 equation (i) {Linear Pair} PRQ + PRT = 180 ...equation (ii) {Linear Pair}
PQR + PQS = PRQ + PRT PQR + PQS = PQR + PRT PQR + PQS - PQR = PRT
{
PQR = PRQ given}

Hence,
PQS = PRT PQS = PRT

Proved.
Q4. In the figure if x + y = w + z, then prove that AOB is a line.
Given: To Prove: Proof: But,
x+y=w+z AOB is a straight line equation (i) {given}
x+y=w+z
x + y + w + z = 360 {Angles around a point}

(x + y) + (w + z) = 360 (x + y) + (x + y) = 360 x + y + x + y = 360 2x + 2y = 360 2(x + y) = 360 x+y= {from equation (i)}
360 2
x + y = 180
Therefore, x and y form a linear pair. Hence, AOB is a straight line. Proved.
Q5. In the given figure, POQ is a line. Ray OR is perpendicular to line PQ. OS is another ray lying between rays OP and OR. Prove that
ROS =
1 ( QOS - POS ) 2
S
P
Sol. Given: - POQ is a straight line. OR
PQ
Ray OS meets line PQ at O. To Prove: Proof: -
ROS =
1 ( QOS - POS ) 2
QOS = ROS + ROQ .equation (i)

POS = POR - ROS
.equation (ii)
Subtracting equation (ii) from equation (i),
QOS - POS = ( ROS + ROQ ) ( POR - ROS ) QOS - POS = ROS + ROQ POR + ROS QOS - POS = 2 ROS + ROQ POR QOS - POS = 2 ROS + 90 - 90 QOS - POS = 2 ROS 1 ( QOS - POS ) = ROS 2
{ OR
PQ }
ROS =
1 ( QOS - POS ) 2 1 ( QOS - POS ) 2

Proved.
Hence,
ROS =
Q6. It is given that XYZ = 64 and XY is produced to a point P. Draw a figure from the given information. If ray YQ bisects ZYP , find XYQ and reflex QYP . Sol.
Given: Now,
XYZ = 64 XYZ + ZYP = 180

64 + {Linear Pair}
ZYP = 180
Finish Line & Beyond ZYP = 180 - 64 ZYP = 116 ZYP . 1 116 = 58 ZYP = 2 2
Since, YQ bisects
ZYQ = PYQ =
XYQ = XYZ + ZYQ = 64 + 58 = 122 QYP = 360 - 58 = 302.
Now reflex
EXERCISE 2 1. In the following figure find the value of x and y, the show that ABCD.
Answer: It is clear that
APM + APN = 180 ( Angles on the same side of a line) APN = 180 50 = 130 = x ----------------------(1)

Now,
CQN = DQM (Opposite Angles) DQM = 130 = y ------------------------------------(2)
As we have seen APN = CQN So by the theorem of corresponding angles on one side of the transversal it is clear that ABCD 2. In the following figure if ABCD and CDEF and y:z=3:7, find the value of x
Answer: As CD and EF are parallel lines, so Now DPO + CPO = 180
FQP = DPO (corresponding angles)
Putting the value of x in the given ratio we get following values:
3 x + 7 x = 180 10 x = 180 x = 18

DPO = 126 CPO = 54
Now it is given that ABCD, So, DPO = AOP = 126 = x 3. In the following figure if ABCD , EF CD and GED = 126 , find
AGE , GEF , and FGE
Answer:
GEF = GED FED GEF = 126 90 = 36 FED = 90 FGE = 180 (90 + 36 ) = 54 AGE + FGE = 180 (Angles on the same side of a line) AGE = 180 54 = 126 QRS . PQR = 110 and RST = 130 , find the
As ABCD, So, EFG =
Now,
4. In the following figure PQST, values of value of
Answer: Let us draw another line AB which is parallel to PQ and ST. Now, RST + And, PQR +
BRS = 180 ARQ = 180
Because, internal angles on the one side of the transversal are complementary angles. Hence, BRS = 180 130 = 50
ARQ = 180 110 = 70 Now, it is clear that ARQ + QRS + BRS = 180 70 + QRS + 50 = 180 QRS = 60
5. In the following figure ABCD, and y.
APQ = 50 and PRD = 127 , find values of x
Answer: BPR + PRD = 180 (Internal Angles on one side of transversal)
BPR = 180 127 = 53

On the line CD
PRD + PRQ = 180 PRQ = 180 127 = 53 APQ + QPR + BPR = 180 QPR = 180 (50 + 53 ) = 77 PQR + QPR + PRQ = 180 (Sum of angles of a Triangle) PQR = 180 (77 + 53 ) = 50 x = 50 and y = 77
On the line AB,
In PQR,
6. In the given figure PQ and RS are two mirrors placed parallel to each other. An incident ray AB strikes the mirror PQ, the reflected ray moves along the path BC and strikes the mirror RS. The second mirror reflects the ray along CD. Prove that ABCD.
Answer: From the theory of reflection in Physics we know that angle of incidence is equal to angle of reflection. Here, In the case of mirror PQ, Angle of incidence i = ABP And angle of reflection r = QBC In the case of mirror RS, Angle of incidence i = BCR And angle of reflection r = SCD
Required evidence to prove ABCD We need to check if ABC = BCD (Alternate angles) On line PQ,
Similarly, on line RS it can be observed that i + i + BCD + 180 (2) From the question it is given that PQRS Hence, QBC = BCR (Alternate Angles)
ABP + ABC + QBC = 180 i + ABC + r = 180 i + i + ABC = 180 ..(1)

Hence, values of angles of incidence for both mirrors are same. Correlating this finding with equations (1) and (2) it is clear that So, ABCD Proved.
ABC = BCD
Angle Sum Property of a Triangle Theorem: The sum of the angles of a triangle is 180. Construction: Let us draw a triangle PQR and draw a line XYQR so that it touches the vertex P of the triangle. For convenience let us name angles as 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5.
Proof:
1 = 4 (Alternate angles) 3 = 5 (Alternate angles) 1 + 2 + 3 = 180

4 + 2 + 5 = 180
Substituting the values of
1 and 2 we get
So, it is proved that the sum of angles of a triangle is 180 Theorem: If a side of a triangle is produced, then the exterior angle so formed is equal to the sum of the two interior opposite angles. Construction: Let us construct a triangle PQR and extend it base to S. Let us name angles as 1, 2, 3 and 4 for convenience.
Required Proof:
4 = 1+ 2
Evidence: From earlier theorem we know that, 1 + 2 + 3 = 180 (Sum of angles of a triangle) ..(1) On line QS,
3 + 4 = 180 (Angles on the same side of a line) ..(2)
From equation (1) and (2) it is clear,
4 = 1+ 2
Exercise 3: 1. In the following figure, sides QP and RQ of PQR are produced to points S and T respectively. If SPR = 135 and PQT = 110 , find the value of PRQ
QPR + SPR = 180 QPR = 180 135 = 45 Similarly on line TR, TQP + PQR = 180
Answer: On line QS,
Finish Line & Beyond PQR = 180 110 = 70

Now we have values of two angles of the given triangle so value of the third angle can be calculated as follows:
PRQ = 180 (70 + 45 ) = 65
2. In the following figure X = 62 and XYZ = 54 . If YO and ZO are the bisectors of XYZ and XZY respectively of XYZ, find values of OZY and YOZ
Answer: In XYZ,
XYZ + YXZ + XZY = 180 XZY = 180 (62 + 54 ) = 64
As per the question YO and ZO are bisectors of
1 XYZ = 54 2 = 27 Hence, OYZ = 2 1 OZY = XZY = 64 2 = 32 And, 2

Now, for OYZ,
XYZ and XZY respectively
YOZ = 180 ( OYZ + OZY )
=180-(27+32)=121 Requires answers are 32 and 121 3. In the following figure ABDE,
DCE
BAC = 35 and CDE = 53 , find the value of
Answer: In DCE, Hence,
BAC = CED = 35 (Alternate angles) DCE + CDE + CED = 180 (Sum of angles of a triangle) DCE = 180 (53 + 35 ) = 92 PRT = 40
4. In the following figure lines PQ and RS intersect at point T, such that , RPT = 95 and TSQ = 75 . Find the value of SQT .
Answer: In PRT,
PRT + RPT + PTR = 180 PTR = 180 (95 + 40 ) = 45
As we know opposite angles are equal so Now, in QST,
PTR = STQ = 45
Finish Line & Beyond QST + STQ + SQT = 180 SQT = 180 (75 + 45 ) = 60
5. In the following figure, PQ PS, PQSR, values of x and y.
SQR = 28 and QRT = 65 . Find the
Answer: On the line ST,
QRS + QRT = 180 QRS = 180 65 = 115 QSR + SQR + QRS = 180 QSR = 180 (28 + 115 ) = 27
In QRS,
SPQ = PSR (Complementary Angles on the inner side of transversal) PSQ = 90 27 = 63

Now, In SPQ,
PQS = 180 ( SPQ + PSQ)

=180-(90+63) = 27
So, x=27 Y=63 6. In the following figure, the side QR of PQR is produced to a point S. If the bisectors of
PQR and PRS meet at point T, then prove that QTR =
1 QPR 2
Answer: In PQR
SRP = QPR + PQR 1 1 1 SRP = QPR + PQR 2 2 2 1 1 1 SRP PQR ..(1) or, QPR = 2 2 2
In TQR
SRT = QTR + TQR 1 1 Or, SRP = QTR + PQR 2 2 1 1 SRP PQR ..(2) Or, QTR = 2 2
As RHS of both equations are same So, following can be written:
QTR =
1 QPR 2

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Finish Line & Beyond

(b) Ray: - A part of a line with one end-point is called a ray.

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Finish Line & Beyond

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Straight angle: - The measure of a straight angle is 180.

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Finish Line & Beyond (viii)

ABC = ABD + DBC .

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AOD and BOC

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Finish Line & Beyond

AOC = BOD AOD = BOC

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Finish Line & Beyond

Proof: Ray OA stands on line CD.

AOC + AOD = 180 .equation (i) {Linear Pair Axiom}

Again ray OD stands on line AB.

AOD + BOD = 180 ..equation (ii)

From equation (i) and (ii),

AOC + AOD = AOD + BOD

AOC + AOD - AOD = BOD AOC = BOD

BOC + BOD = 180 .equation (iii) {Linear Pair Axiom}

Again ray OD stands on line AB.

AOD + BOD = 180 ..equation (iv)

From equation (iii) and (iv),

BOC + BOD = AOD + BOD

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Finish Line & Beyond

BOC + BOD - BOD = AOD BOC = AOD

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Finish Line & Beyond

Alternate Interior Angles: - (i) Alternate Exterior Angles: - (i)

Alternate Exterior Angles: - (i)

PLM = SML LMR = MLQ

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Finish Line & Beyond

PLM = RMB RMB = SML

From equation (i) and (ii),

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PLM = SML equation (i) {given} SML = RMB

From equations (i) & (ii),

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Finish Line & Beyond

1 + 4 = 180 and 2 + 3 = 180.

2 + 5 = 180 .equation (i) {Linear Pair} 5 = 3 equation (ii) {corresponding angles}

From equations (i) & (ii),

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Finish Line & Beyond 2 + 3 = 180

From equations (iii) & (iv),

1 + 4 = 180 and 2 + 3 = 180. Proved.

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Finish Line & Beyond

Given: - A transversal EF intersects two lines AB and CD at P and Q respectively.

1 + 2 = 180 .equation (i) {Given} 1 + 3 = 180 .equation (ii) {Linear Pair}

From equations (i) & (ii),

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Finish Line & Beyond 1 + 2 - 1 = 3 2 = 3

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