Structural mechanic lab Sir engr mazhar

Date 02-02-2013

asif iqbal (2010-civ-182)

Job#4 To study the bending behavior of z-section Objective: To confirm the theory that loading a beam along the principal axis always produces symmetrical bending. Apparatus : Contilever beam (z-section) with rotating arrangement Two dial gages Loading pan with weights Varnier caliper to measure the dimension of the section Steel tap

Related theory
Axis of symmetry: If the axis divides the section in two equal parts in such a manner that the parts are mirror image of each other ,such an axis are called axis of symmetry.

Types of symmetric sctions: Single symmetric sections Doubly symmetric sections

The simple method is fold the object about that axis ,if the two parts exactly overlapping each other then the axis is symmetric otherwise not.

Symmetrical section: Any section which having at least one axis of symmetry is called symmetric section.

Unsymmetrical section: The section which does,t have any axis of symmetry is known as unsymmetrical section. e.g z-section and angle section etc.

principal axis: principal axis are the set of rectangular axis about which second moment of area is either maximum or minimum but the product moment of inertia is zero about that axis. Axis of symmetry is always exist (weather the section is symmetric or not ) but axis of symmetric may or may not exist(exist for symmetric sections only).

Neutral axis: Whenever load is along one principal axis and bending is about other principal axis ,the other axis is called N.axis. For symmetric axis the axis of symmetry and the principal axis will be the same and both of them are purly geometrical property of the section. N.A depends upon geometry as well as on loading direction. The section will be made of homogenous materials if not then all this termenalogies depends upon the material as well as geometry. In case of symmetrical section the axis of symmetry or principal axis but for unsymmetrical section we have to determine their orientation.

Tan2= 2Iyz/(Iy-Iz)
Symmetrical bending: When loading and deflection are parallel or along one of the principal axis the bending is said to be symmetrical bending. Symmetrical bending: When deflection occur in more then one plane the bending is termed as unsymmetrical bending. Unsymmetrical bending may occur in symmetrical as well as unsymmetrical sections depending upon loading conditions There are four cases of the bending and loading conditions. CASES: CASE-1 symmetric section Symmetric Bending unsymmetric bending CASE-2 symmetric section

CASE-3 Unsymmetric section and unsymmetric bending:

CASE-4 Unsymmetric section and symmetric bending: