Answers to questions in textbook Module 1 Pages 107-109 1. (a) Complete the following table.

Relative mass 1 Proton negligible Electron [2 marks] Relative charge +1 -1

(b) An atom has twice as many protons and twice as many neutrons as an atom of 19F. Deduce the symbol, including the mass number, of this atom. 3818Ar [2 marks] (c) The Al3+ ion and the Na+ ion have the same electronic arrangement. (i) Give the electronic arrangement of these ions. 1s2 2s2 2p6 (ii) Explain why more energy is needed to remove an electron from the Al3+ ion than from the Na+ ion [3 marks] There is greater electrostatic attraction between the outer electron and the metal ion, firstly because Al the Al ion has a higher ionic charge (3+) than sodium (which is 1+) and secondly because Al has a higher nuclear charge) Total 7 marks 2. (a) An acid, H2X, reacts with sodium hydroxide as shown in the equation below H2X(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) 2Na+(aq) + X2-(aq) + 2H2O(l) A solution of this acid was prepared by dissolving 1.92g of H2X in water an making the volume up to 250cm3 in a volumetric flask. A 25.0 cm3 sample of this solution required 21.70 cm3 of 0.150 mol dm-3 aqueous NaOH for complete reaction. (i) Calculate the number of moles of NaOH in 21.70 cm3 of 0.150 mol dm-3 aqueous NaOH. Mol NaOH (from cV/1000) = 3.26 x 10-3 (ii) Calculate the number of moles of H2X which reacted with this amount of NaOH. (from the equation) times the above gives 1.63 x 10-3 Hence, deduce the number of moles of H2X in the 1.92g sample. Titration used 25 cm3, sample was dissolved to make 250 cm3, ten times as much, so mol = 1.63 x 10-2 (iii) Calculate the relative molecular mass, Mr, of H2X. Mr = m/n = 1.92/(1.63 x 102 ) =118 [5 marks] (b) Analysis of a compound Y showed that it contained 49.31% of carbon, 6.85% of hydrogen and 43.84% of oxygen by mass. The Mr of Y is 146.0 (i) State what is meant by the term empirical formula. The simplest ratio of the number of atoms of each element in a compound (ii) Use the above data to calculate the empirical formula and the molecular formula of Y C 49.31 12.0 4.109 H 6.85 1.0 6.85 2.50 (2) O 43.84 16.0 2.74 1

Ar Divide to get moles Divide by smallest 1.50 (1) So empirical formula is C3H5O

Empirical formula mass is 73. Mr = 146. which is double Er, so molecular formula is C6H10O2 [4 marks] (c) Sodium hydrogencarbonate decomposes on heating as shown in the equation below. 2NaHCO3(s) Na2CO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(g) A sample of NaHCO3 was heated until it completely decomposed. The CO2 formed in the reaction occupied a volume of 352 cm3 at 1.00 x 105 Pa and 298K. (i) State the ideal gas equation pV = nRT and use it to calculate the number of moles of CO2 formed in this decomposition. (The gas constant, R = 8.31 J K-1 mol-1) n = pV/RT = 0.0142(1) (ii) Use your answer from part (c) (i) to calculate the mass of the NaHCO3 that has decomposed. (If you have been unable to calculate the number of moles of CO2 in part (c) (i), you should assume this to be 0.0230 mol. This is not the correct value.) Mol NaHCO3 is 2 times mol CO2 (from the equation) which comes to 0.0284 mol. Mass = n x Mr = 0.0284 x 84 = 2.39 g [7 marks] Total 16 marks 3 (a)

(b)

Hydrogen bond between lone pair and hydrogen (1)

(c)

Total 12 marks 4. (a)

(omit) (b)

(d)

(e)

Total 5 marks 5. (a) Both sodium and magnesium are in the same period, and therefore have the same number of shells (3) and even have their outer electrons in the same outer orbital (3s). However magnesium has a higher nuclear charge (12 as opposed to 11 for sodium) so the outer electrons are attracted more strongly, making magnesium smaller and sodium larger in comparison Na(g) Na+(g) + eFirst ionisation energies are always lower than 2nd ionisation energies, because there is more electrostatic attraction to be overcome in pulling an electron off Na+ than pulling it of a neutral Na atom. However in the case of sodium, a much bigger factor is that the second electron has to be removed from a lower shell (the 2nd shell) which is closer to the nucleus and therefore a lower energy level, and experiencing stronger electrostatic attraction from the nucleus. (b) Draw a diagram to show how the ions are arranged in a crystal of sodium chloride. Draw a cube with alternately Na+ and Cl- at each of the eight corners. Explain, in terms of bonding, why sodium chloride has a high melting point. There is strong electrostatic attraction between the Na+ and Cl- ions which has to be overcome/loosened in order for it to melt. State and explain a condition needed for sodium chloride to conduct electricity. It must be molten (or dissolved in water) so that the ions are free to move and conduct [ 6 marks] 6.