Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Shannon Coffey
Ashley Myles
Stacy Chirico
Kereen Tatham-Maye
April 5, 2009
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Technology-supported learning environment for sustainability of ecosystems
Table of Contents:
Key Frameworks………………………………………………………………………………………p. 3
Design of Interactivities………………………………………………………………………………p. 10
Interactivities…………………………………………………………………………………………p. 10
Verifications………………………………………………………………………………………….p. 11
References……………………………………………………………………………………………p. 14
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Technology-supported learning environment for sustainability of ecosystems
Key Frameworks:
The focus of this project is on the design of a constructivist learning environment to support the
British Columbia Science 10 curriculum organizer, Life Science: Sustainability of Ecosystems. Through the
use of online learning technologies (WebCT course shell, Wiki webspaces, and website resources), students
will be able to explore biotic and abiotic factors of ecosystems, the impacts of bioaccumulation on
ecosystems in BC, and discover how natural populations are altered or kept in equilibrium.
The primary educational activities in this Module will aim to get students actively involved in
authentic learning through exploration, articulation, reflection and social negotiation. To utilize the
constructivist approach to learning as described by David Jonassen, various instructional activities will be
offered to support learners. For example, the use of cognitive modeling to help students develop arguments,
coaching learners through the provision of feedback, and by providing temporary frameworks for students’
learning.
The selection and use of educational media is based on Bates and Pooles SECTIONS Framework. In
WebCT learning environment, students will be given a chance to choose the time and place to address the
work obtained from the space and into their lives as homework, projects and/or ideas. Through discussion
boards, mail systems, web pages and live chats, the space will facilitate the social dimensions of learning and
encourage collaborative work. This will also expose learners to a variety of alternative viewpoints, and with
the inclusion of multimedia, various concepts and context will be facilitated. WebCT course tools will allow
students to develop a better understanding about biodiversity education through group interactions and
participation. Our Module is learner-centered with innovative content management and creation facilities.
Students will not only be provided with links to relevant information but they will also be expected to carry
out their own research in the field, share their findings on the web, and draw conclusions in an open learning
environment. This will facilitate the free flow of information among participants and the distribution of
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Technology-supported learning environment for sustainability of ecosystems
knowledge across students. Inevitably, this will ensure a more productive exchange among students, as seen
in distributed learning.
From a technological perspective, the rationale for this design is that distance learning courses are not
new to the potential students for which the course is being developed and access is not a problem. Like other
commercial educational packages, WebCT is reliable. With WebCT’s user friendly interface, teachers can
easily mount and modify courses and can also participate in various workshops available across the province
to gain more skills. WebCT online resources will allow learners and teachers to find, organize and create
content and learning resources for biodiversity education in flexible ways. This is much more than ‘content
delivery’. The advantage of such resources over traditional educational media is that learners achieve a more
As the students’ participate in knowledge building activities such as socratic dialogues, they will
develop higher order thinking skills. This will deepen their understanding of what they have learnt about
biodiversity, develop their awareness of what they need to learn, and assist in their understanding of 'learning'
itself. Relevant, interesting and engaging problems or cases in biodiversity will be provided to stimulate
problem-solving among students. These will include both ill-structured and well-structured problems. The
use of well-structured problems will provide scaffolding for the novice. The environment will also be
designed to accommodate decision making that will affect the environment while participants learn, adapt
Finally, the environment will be designed to encourage students to become authors and editors of
academic work in Science Education as they interact with wikis. Various links will be provided on the issues
for students to explore, examine and share their findings. This approach will encourage students to use their
prior knowledge and to seek knowledge independently as they manage the pursuit of their own goals.
Our intentions are to provide an online learning experience that promotes a deep understanding of
ecosystems and the importance of biodiversity. To accomplish this, we have chosen to design a constructivist
learning environment (CLE) as described by Jonassen (1991). Constructivist learning theory describes
learning as individually and socially constructed by learners based on their interpretations of experiences in
the world. A constructivist learning environment will guide the learner through experiences that allow them
We will base our CLE on the methods outlined by Jonassen (1991). The problem guidelines about
ecosystems that will be provided to the students will be ill-defined giving students the opportunity to modify
the problem based on where they live and their interests. This will provide authenticity and ownership of the
learning process which will promote meaningful learning. As CLEs should provide students with appropriate
resources as they need them, we will provide a source of links to preselected websites on the internet to help
students begin their research. CLEs should also provide conversation and collaboration tools that allow for
sharing of information between students and knowledge building. The WebCT shell will supply discussion
forums, journals and chat tools. The availability of a Wiki for students to report their research findings will be
a valuable resource tool for students as it supplies a source of related experiences for beginning students to
refer to.
The use of a Wiki will also provide a space for a collective database of knowledge and promote the
development of a knowledge building community. Requiring students to review each other’s work and
publish their findings that build on previously reported information will create a knowledge building
community as described by Scardamalia & Bereiter (1994). Use of the written word for communication
between students allows for student reflection, a publication/review process among students, cumulative
progressive results, and independent thought (Scardamalia & Bereiter, 1994). Students using a computer-
supported intentional learning environment (CSILE) have shown increased depth of learning and reflection,
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Technology-supported learning environment for sustainability of ecosystems
awareness of what they have learned or need to learn, and better results on standard tests of reading,
language, and vocabulary when compared to students in a traditional classroom (Scardamalia & Bereiter,
1994). Although CSILE will not be used in our project design, we believe WebCT in combination with a wiki
Our project design is internet based to take advantage of the communication and information
management tools it offers. Access is nearly ubiquitous in developed countries and it contains an enormous
amount of information in various media to suit differing learning styles of students. Hyper-linking of
information on the web is thought to be similar to how humans store knowledge in mental schema and how
students can create their own learning paths. Hyperlinks fit with constructivist instructional design theory,
which emphasizes individual construction of knowledge (Jonassen, cited in Anderson, 2004). Using a web-
based platform such as WebCT will greatly assist in delivering the course because of the affordances built
into it that are relevant to our project design. It is accessed through the internet, presents content information
to students, provides communication tools for private and public discussion between students, allows
assignments to be submitted to the course instructor, and is easy for students to use. Instructors can create and
update course content without the aid of programmers or designers. Furthermore, a Wiki space is built into
the course to provide a space to display student knowledge and provide for knowledge building. Using these
The Pan-Canadian Science Framework, a vision for scientific literacy in Canada, outlines the general
and specific learning outcomes meant to provide more consistency in the teaching and learning of science
across Canada. The learning goals of this design project align with all four critical aspects of students'
scientific literacy obtained from the Pan-Canadian Science Framework which include:
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Technology-supported learning environment for sustainability of ecosystems
Goal 1: Science, technology, society, and the environment. Students will develop an understanding
of the nature of science and technology, of the relationships between science and technology, and of
Goal 2: Skills. Students will develop the skills required for scientific and technological inquiry, for
solving problems, for communicating scientific ideas and results, for working collaboratively, and
Goal 3: Knowledge. Students will construct knowledge and understandings of concepts in life
science, physical science, and Earth and space science, and apply their understanding to interpret,
Goal 4: Attitudes. Students will be encouraged to develop attitudes that support the responsible
acquisition and application of scientific and technological knowledge to the mutual benefit of self,
More specifically the learning goals of the designed module were written to meet the Prescribed
Learning Outcomes of the British Columbia Science 10 program for the Life Science: Sustainability of
Ecosystems curriculum organizer (Ministry of Education, Province of British Columbia, 2008). From an
instructional perspective, British Columbia's schools include students of varied backgrounds, interest,
abilities, and needs. Hence, it is necessary to find ways to meet these needs, while ensuring inclusion, equity
and access for all learners. As such, this project is designed to reflect sensitivity to diversity. The project
also follows the British Columbia Ministry of Education principles (2008) which states that “learning
requires the active participation of the student, people learn in a variety of ways and at different rate, and
As divergent thinking and actions due to student ownership of their learning will lead to different
results. If conformity of student learning is desired, other design methods based on objectivist approach
The main conceptual facts that students are expected to know stem from the Prescribed Learning
Outcomes under the Life Sciences: Sustainability of Ecosystems curriculum organizer of the BC grade 10
science curriculum. This includes understanding of ecosystems, habitats of humans and other organisms,
interactions among diverse organisms such as symbiosis and parasitism, impacts of bioaccumulation,
knowledge in different species and their status of niche, and the understanding of students’ own local
biodiversity. To obtain these conceptual facts, students will carry out research and act as if they are scientists
so that they can predict, observe and experiment constructively, and collaborate with others in a learning
community. This design project is mainly applicable to science courses with an ecology focus, but the
knowledge and findings could be extended to geology, geography, mathematics, statistics, and even to social
The learning goals of the design project are for students to:
· use prior knowledge of biodiversity to set their own learning goals for the course
· think critically about the effects of altering biotic and abiotic factors in an ecosystem
The context for this learning environment is in a WebCT course where students can interact freely in a
learning community. WebCT will allow students to explore the world as a curriculum by sharing what they
experience in their local biodiversity. WebCT also allows active discussions on current issues surrounding
biodiversity, species conservation and extinction, enabling learners to view certain problems from different
perspectives. This context is derived from the idea of Constructivism where knowledge is not going to be
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Technology-supported learning environment for sustainability of ecosystems
delivered passively but we expect the learners to actively participate in their own learning process. Heafner
and Friedman (2008) studied the effect of non-traditional environment such as Wikis on students' level of
engagement, cognitive beliefs and their short and long-term learning. Their intention was to see any
"pedagogical shift from behaviorist to constructive learning" and they were able to see the learners "move
beyond passive class participants and become active creators of knowledge" (Heafner and Friedman, p. 293,
2008). By experimenting and investigating what is relevant in their local environment and by sharing what
they find with classmates around the world, learners will be able to assimilate and associate the new
knowledge to what they already know or what they have discovered from their own environment.
British Columbian secondary students, specifically students enrolled in Science 10, will be targeted.
Because our project’s focus is on biodiversity conservation, students can especially benefit from one another
as they gather data from around British Columbia. The most important perspective here is to have the
learners be autonomous by actively participating in their own problem-solving process. Blogging is another
idea to encourage students' participation on the web environment. Ellison and Wu (2008) found that students'
understanding for the course material improved by reading each other's writings and they believe that
blogging gives learners a unique authorial entity as it gives students ownership in their work.
Again, a constructive approach is the main focus of this design project and the participants are
expected to experiment and build their own knowledge through hands-on experience. Darsgaard and Godsk
(2007) examined the shift from lecture-based class time to more social constructivist approach where
problem-based learning was implemented. Their primary objective was to reduce the lecture time while
maintaining the same amount of subject matter, but they also wanted to "support educational differentiation
... to accommodate the different educational background of the students" (Darsgaard and Godsk, p. 40, 2007).
The study reported that they were able to attain both goals based on social constructivism approach of self-
Students are asked to research, read and participate in a diverse collection of Interactivities based on
conservation and biodiversity in British Columbia. By doing so, students will gain a higher knowledge of
ecosystems, habitats, interactions among different species and perhaps most importantly, they will acquire an
understanding of their own local, British Columbian biodiversity and what they can do to preserve it.
Students will predict, observe and conduct an experiment of their own and share results and collaborate with
others in this learning community. The goal of these interactivities is to encourage, guide and support
student-driven learning.
Students will submit their interactivity assignments in a variety of ways. One method used to
promote the sharing of knowledge is the Discussion Forum. Students will be asked to post their comments
and thoughts to this forum and also comment on other posts as a collaborative form of learning. Students
will be assessed according to the quality of their contributions using a well-defined discussion rubric, also
available for the students to view. There is also a journal feature in which students contribute to their own
journals and once satisfied, can allow their peers to read their entries. Students will also submit assignments
directly to the instructor via the Assignment Drop Box. Clear instructions are outlined for each interactivity
and assignment.
interactivities and discussions. The course is listed as: ETEC 510 - ETEC 510project-09-Biodiversity
Conservation
Verifications:
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Technology-supported learning environment for sustainability of ecosystems
Any instructional design needs to have methods for measuring its success in helping students meet the
desired learning goals. The most obvious method in this case is a summative test at the end of the module to
measure students’ understanding of the basic concepts covered. Usually this would be a test written
specifically for the learning module. In this case, the science 10 course in BC is a provincially examinable
course where all students are required to write a standardized test given province wide. Statistics from this
A summative test, however, does not measure all that is trying to be achieved by this design module.
A key feature of the design is to create a constructivist learning environment, where students work together to
build their own knowledge. High levels of meaningful participation in the social spaces built into the course
would be an indication of success in this area and of high student motivation. Student enrollment rates in
Biology 11 could also be used as an indicator of students’ interest in biology that was possibly encouraged by
this module. Student and teacher satisfaction surveys could also be used for feedback to decide if the design
Because CLEs view assessment and learning as being integrally linked, verification activities will aim
to measure both the process of learning (formative) and the product of learning (summative). Assessment
strategies will include authentic tasks, self-assessment tools, team-assessment tools, peer-assessment tools,
and instructor-assessment tools. With these tools, the designers will be able to see if the design is working as
anticipated and how to improve on it for future learning. WebCT’s friendly interface allows the teacher or
According to Reigeluth (1995), “Instructional Design is a design-oriented system that offers methods
which are situational, componential, and probabilistic. They identify the situations for which methods should
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Technology-supported learning environment for sustainability of ecosystems
be used.” Instructional design focuses on real-world problems and learning outcomes that can be measured
in reliable and valid ways. Collaboration is of critical importance in this system. This is important in a time
when there is a paradigm shift in education and training from group-based learning to learning environments
1. Understand that the focus of instructional design is on learning outcomes and it is informed by pedagogical
theories of learning. The process considers learners' needs, instructional goals, and interventions to assist
2. Distinguish between instructional design and curriculum design. Curriculum design emphasizes the "what
students should learn - it's the content", whereas, Instructional Design emphasizes the "how students should
learn the content - it's the method". Our design focused more on methods that Science 10 students could use
3. See some of the many benefits of using online group collaboration spaces such as discussion groups and
wikis as a method for students to gain and share knowledge, as also seen within our own group while
working on this project. Hence, one can better see that effective designs of Constructivist Learning
Environments (CLEs) must focus on active, collaborative, authentic, and creative learning outcomes.
4. Recognize that WebCT Course Tools and wikis have many instructional affordances that support the
5. Develop assessments in CLEs that aim to facilitate and promote learning. Both formative and summative
measures of learning outcomes must be encouraged in such environments. This is important on the ability to
issue, immediately after forming the design group a collaborative workspace was created in Google docs.
This along with the discussion and chat tools in the ETEC 510 course were utilized by members to
communicate ideas about the project. As a result, the collaborative aspect of the project was successful.
References:
Instructional design theories and models: Volume II. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Ministry of Education, Province of British Columbia. (2008). Science Grade 10 Integrated Resource
http://www.bced.gov.bc.ca/irp/science810/2008sci10.pdf.
http://cmec.ca/science/framework/.
Reigeluth, C.M. (1995). Educational systems development and its relationship to ISD. In G. Anglin (Ed.),
Instructional technology: past, present and future (2nd ed.) Englewood, CO: Libraries Unlimited.
Scardamalia, M., & Bereiter, C. (1994). Computer support for knowledge building
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communities. The Journal of the Learning Sciences, 3(3), 265-283.