Aerobatic Flight

Introduction to Aerobatic Flight

2004 Eagle Flight Training Ltd

Revision 1 - 18 Nov 2004

Aerobatics Course Overview

Introduction to Aerobatics Introduction to Aerobatics Flight Spinning Lesson Briefing Spinning Flight Loops Lesson Briefing Loops Flight Revision Aileron Roll Lesson Briefing Aileron Roll Flight Revision Barrel Roll Lesson Briefing Barrel Roll Flight 1.0hr 0.8hr 1.0hr 1.0hr 0.8hr 0.8hr 1.0hr 1.0hr 0.8hr 1.0hr 1.0hr 0.8hr

2004 Eagle Flight Training Ltd

Revision 1 - 18 Nov 2004

Aerobatics Course Overview (cont)

Revision Stall Turn Lesson Briefing Stall Turn Lesson Flight Combinations Revision Revision Competency Check 1.0hr 1.0hr 0.8hr 1.0hr 1.0hr 1.0hr 1.0hr

2004 Eagle Flight Training Ltd

Revision 1 - 18 Nov 2004

Aerobatics Course Overview (cont)

Reference Material History Principles of flight Considerations Basic Aircraft Management Human Factors Unusual Attitudes Air Exercise

2004 Eagle Flight Training Ltd

Revision 1 - 18 Nov 2004

Reference Material
Aerobatics Neil Williams Flight Unlimited Muller and Carson Basic Aerobatics Campbell and Tempest Basic Aerobatics Mike Goulian Fly for Fun Bill Thomas Aviation Medicine and Other Human Factors for Pilots Ross Ewing

2004 Eagle Flight Training Ltd

Revision 1 - 18 Nov 2004

Aerobatics Defined
An intentional manoeuvre in which the aircraft is in sustained inverted flight, or is rolled from upright to inverted, or from inverted to upright position; or Manoeuvres such as rolls, loops, spins, upward vertical flight culminating in a stall turn, hammerhead or whip stall, or a combination of such manoeuvres with four basic types: Loop Roll Stall Turn Combinations of...

2004 Eagle Flight Training Ltd

Revision 1 - 18 Nov 2004

The History of Aerobatics

1905 - American Daniel J. Maloney rolled a glider 1913 - Frenchman Adolphe Pegoud 1st powered aerobatics World War One - Used in combat (e.g. Max Immelmans Roll off the top of the loop)

2004 Eagle Flight Training Ltd

Revision 1 - 18 Nov 2004

First Power Aerobatics -1913

2004 Eagle Flight Training Ltd

Revision 1 - 18 Nov 2004

Principles of Flight
Stall Speed:
Function of load factor (L/W) Vs2 = Vs1 x L.F E.g. V150Vs1 = 60 Kts @ 3.5g Vs2 .= Kts

G loading and IAS illustrated on the V-n diagram

2004 Eagle Flight Training Ltd

Revision 1 - 18 Nov 2004

Principles of Flight (cont)

G Limits:
Maximum positive & negative allowable g limits Load factor = lift / weight V150 manufacturer limits = +6.0g & -3.0g Aerobatic Category Normally differs in different categories G displayed on G meter

2004 Eagle Flight Training Ltd

Revision 1 - 18 Nov 2004

Principles of Flight (cont)

Rolling G:
This is the load factor that is caused through the deflection of the ailerons during a simultaneous roll and pitch manoeuvre. Therefore when flying these manoeuvres caution must be exercised to not exceed aircraft limitations

2004 Eagle Flight Training Ltd

Revision 1 - 18 Nov 2004

Principles of Flight (cont)

Va (Manoeuvre Speed)
It is important to remember that this is an airframe consideration. At IAS less than Va the aircraft stalls before it is over-stressed following full and abrupt control use Va will vary for different weights
V150 @ 1750 -110KIAS 1650 -129KIAS

2004 Eagle Flight Training Ltd

Revision 1 - 18 Nov 2004

G Loading & IAS or VN Diagram

2004 Eagle Flight Training Ltd

Revision 1 - 18 Nov 2004

High Speed Accelerated Stalling

2004 Eagle Flight Training Ltd

Revision 1 - 18 Nov 2004

Principles of Flight (cont)

Airspeed:
Large changes during aerobatics, therefore; Changing control effectiveness Changing control pressures required to maintain balance / flight path, therefore set a datum trim (both elevator and rudder) for straight and level flight before commencing aerobatics Changing throttle settings required to contain RPM within limits (fixed pitch propeller)

2004 Eagle Flight Training Ltd

Revision 1 - 18 Nov 2004

Principles of Flight (cont)

VNE (Never exceed)
Max allowable IAS (V150= 185KIAS) Likely to exceed under certain conditions, especially in a half roll and pull

2004 Eagle Flight Training Ltd

Revision 1 - 18 Nov 2004

Considerations
Legislation:
General Operating and Flight Rules Subpart H- Special Flight Operations Part 91.701 Aerobatic Flight, Part 91.703 Aviation Events AC 61-1.12 Aerobatic Flight Ratings

2004 Eagle Flight Training Ltd

Revision 1 - 18 Nov 2004

Considerations
Legislation (cont):
Part 61.551 - 61.557 & AC 61-1.12 Aerobatics Rating Pass an approved ground course Pass an approved flight test >3000 feet AGL with passengers >1500 feet AGL without passengers Annex D minimum = 3000 feet AGL Currency Demonstrate competency every two years

2004 Eagle Flight Training Ltd

Revision 1 - 18 Nov 2004

Considerations
Vertical U/A:
A/C can pitch over forwards or backwards Excess gyroscopic forces on engine/ propeller if throttle not closed Danger of tail slide and damage to controls due to airflow reversal

2004 Eagle Flight Training Ltd

Revision 1 - 18 Nov 2004

Considerations
Airflow Reversal and Damage to Controls

2004 Eagle Flight Training Ltd

Revision 1 - 18 Nov 2004

Considerations
Inverted Unusual Attitude:
Danger of pulling through with rapid IAS increase (VNE) large altitude loss, excess g load and impact with the ground if at low altitudes CHECK - POWER - ROLL - PULL CHECK POWER ROLL PULL Stop the pitching Close the throttle To the nearest horizon Ease out of the dive DO NOT PULL THROUGH!

2004 Eagle Flight Training Ltd

Revision 1 - 18 Nov 2004

Considerations
Dont Pull through from an inverted manoeuvre..

2004 Eagle Flight Training Ltd

Revision 1 - 18 Nov 2004

Aircraft Management
General:
Is the aircraft certified? Normal / Utility / Aerobatic category as required

Gyroscopic Forces:
Forces on engine / mounts / propeller Also increased wear on gyro instruments, some types of which must be caged before aerobatics

2004 Eagle Flight Training Ltd

Revision 1 - 18 Nov 2004

Airmanship/ Human Factors H A S E L L

Height - Recovery by 2500 solo Airframe - Correct configuration Security - Loose articles / straps Engine - Ts & Ps Stable Location - Clear of populated areas clear of cloud Lookout - Above and below, wingover

H E L L

Height - Recovery by 2500 solo Engine - Ts & Ps Stable Location - Clear of populated areas clear of cloud Lookout - Above and below, wingover

2004 Eagle Flight Training Ltd

Revision 1 - 18 Nov 2004

Aircraft Management (cont)

Power (RPM) Mixture Carburettor Heat Ts and Ps Smooth movements (red line) Full Rich Normal use Monitor green range

2004 Eagle Flight Training Ltd

Revision 1 - 18 Nov 2004

Human Factors (cont)

Effect of positive G:
Draws blood away from the head, and increases the heart rate Eyes are affected first Greyout loss of colour definition Blackout - loss of vision, but still conscious GLOC - Gravity induced Loss Of Consciousness

2004 Eagle Flight Training Ltd

Revision 1 - 18 Nov 2004

Human Factors
Effect of positive G continued... Tolerance increased by:
Physical fitness Clenching stomach and leg muscles Muscle conditioning (bulk) Recent exposure to g

2004 Eagle Flight Training Ltd

Revision 1 - 18 Nov 2004

Human Factors
Effect of negative G:
Forces the blood to the head and decreases the heart rate Redout - eyelids over the eye or burst blood vessels in the eye Rapid negative to positive g can lead to GLOC

2004 Eagle Flight Training Ltd

Revision 1 - 18 Nov 2004

Human Factors I M S A F E
2004 Eagle Flight Training Ltd

Colds / sinus problems May decrease g tolerance Ok to be nervous, but not added excess 24 hours bottle to throttle Will decrease g tolerance Low blood sugar will decrease g tolerance

Revision 1 - 18 Nov 2004

Human Factors
Air Sickness:
Rolling maneuvers are the most likely to lead to airsickness

MUST HAVE SICKBAGS WITHIN EASY REACH

2004 Eagle Flight Training Ltd

Revision 1 - 18 Nov 2004

Aerobatics Summary
Remember aerobatics is fun and there should be no manoeuvre that you cant get yourself out of, but only if you have sufficient height

2004 Eagle Flight Training Ltd

Revision 1 - 18 Nov 2004

Air Exercise
Demonstration of Pre-flight Inspection Student to take off and depart to the appropriate area Introduction to Instructor to Demonstration & Unusual attitudes Students to Practice General Handling Exercises for Type Rating:
Turning Stalling Practice Forced Landing without Power

Return to the Aerodrome of Departure

2004 Eagle Flight Training Ltd

Revision 1 - 18 Nov 2004