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All rotodynamic machines have a rotating component through which the fluid
passes. In a turbine this is called the rotor which has a number of vanes or
blades. The fluid passes through the blades and drives the rotor round
transferring tangential momentum to the rotor. In a pump the tangential motion of
the rotor as it rotates results in an increase in the tangential momentum of the
fluid. This increase in kinetic energy is converted to pressure by decelerating the
fluid in the discharge route from the pump. In a turbine the fluid passes over
/through the impeller and loses energy (momentum and pressure) the energy
being transferred to the rotor.
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Steam turbine
A steam turbine is a mechanical device that extracts thermal energy from
pressurized steam, and converts it into rotary motion. Its modern manifestation
was invented by Charles Parsons in 1884.
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Compounding in Impulse Turbine
If high velocity of steam is allowed to flow through one row of moving blades, it
produces a rotor speed of about 30000 rpm which is too high for practical use.
Either of the above methods or both in combination are used to reduce the high
rotational speed of the single stage turbine.
http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IIT-
KANPUR/machine/chapter_6/12.gif
The fixed blades are used to guide the outlet steam/gas from the previous stage
in such a manner so as to smooth entry at the next stage is ensured.
End thrust = 2
The optimum velocity ratio will depend on number of stages and is given by
Pressure drop - takes place in more than one row of nozzles and the increase in
kinetic energy after each nozzle is held within limits. Usually convergent nozzles
are used
We can write
Reaction Turbine
These turbines develop torque by reacting to the fluid's pressure or weight. The
pressure of the fluid changes as it passes through the turbine rotor blades. A
pressure casement is needed to contain the working fluid as it acts on the turbine
stage(s) or the turbine must be fully immersed in the fluid flow (wind turbines).
The casing contains and directs the working fluid and, for water turbines,
maintains the suction imparted by the draft tube. Francis turbines and most
steam turbines use this concept. For compressible working fluids, multiple turbine
stages may be used to harness the expanding gas efficiently. Newton's third law
describes the transfer of energy for reaction turbines.
The moving blades of a reaction turbine are easily distinguishable from those of
an impulse turbine in that they are not symmetrical and, because they act partly
as nozzles, have a shape similar to that of the fixed blades, although curved in
the opposite direction. The schematic pressure line (Fig. 24.2) shows that
pressure continuously drops through all rows of blades, fixed and moving. The
absolute steam velocity changes within each stage as shown and repeats from
stage to stage. Figure 24.3 shows a typical velocity diagram for the reaction
stage.
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Three stages of reaction turbine indicating pressure and velocity
distribution
http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IIT-
KANPUR/machine/chapter_6/11.gif
Pressure and enthalpy drop both in the fixed blade or stator and in the moving
blade or Rotor
Degree of Reaction =
1
or,
A very widely used design has half degree of reaction or 50% reaction and this is
known as Parson's Turbine. This consists of symmetrical stator and rotor blades.
Put then
8
Velocity diagram for maximum efficiency
Absolute velocity of the outlet at this stage is axial (see figure 25.1). In this case,
the energy transfer
10
11
Is greater in reaction turbine. Energy input per stage is less, so there are more
number
of stages.
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