Form 4 Chapter 9: Trigonometry II

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Quadrants and angles in the unit circle

y 90

180

Quadrant Quadrant II I Quadrant Quadrant IV III

0 360

Cartesian plane can be divided into four parts called quadrants.

x

270

Quadrants are named in the anticlockwise direction.

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Quadrants and angles in the unit circle

y

O x

Angle is measured by rotating the line OP in the anticlockwise direction from the positive x-axis at the origin, O.

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Verify sin = y-coordinate in quadrant I of the unit circle

y

P (x , y )
1

sin = =
x

O
x

PQ OP y 1

=y sin = y-coordinate

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Verify cos = x-coordinate in quadrant I of the unit circle

y

P (x , y )
1

cos = =
x

O
x

OQ OP x 1

=x cos = x-coordinate

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Verify tan =
y

y - coordinate in quadrant I of the unit circle x - coordinate

P (x , y )
1

tan = =
x

O
x

PQ OQ y x

tan =

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Determine whether the value is positive or negative

y
Quadrant I = All positive

sin
II I

All
x
III IV

Quadrant II = sin positive Quadrant III = tan positive Quadrant IV = cos positive

tan

cos

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Determine whether the value is positive or negative

Example 1: sin 213 Sin is positive in quadrant II.

y
The angle 213 lies in quadrant III.

213

x
Therefore, the value of sin 213 is negative. Not quadrant II
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Determine whether the value is positive or negative

Example 2: cos 321 Cos is positive in quadrant IV.

y
The angle 321 lies in quadrant IV.

321

x
Therefore, the value of cos 321 is positive. It is quadrant IV.
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Determine whether the value is positive or negative

Example 3: tan 123 Tan is positive in quadrant III.

y
The angle 123 lies in quadrant II.

123

x
Therefore, the value of tan 123 is negative. Not quadrant III
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Determine whether the value is positive or negative

Example 4: sin 32 All positive in quadrant I.

y
The angle 32 lies in quadrant I. 32

x
Therefore, the value of sin 32 is positive. It is quadrant I.
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Determine the values of sine, cosine and tangent for special angles

sin 45 =

45 1 45 1

cos 45 = tan 45 = 1
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Determine the values of sine, cosine and tangent for special angles

sin 30 =
2

30

cos 30 = tan 30 =
1
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60

Determine the values of sine, cosine and tangent for special angles

sin 60 =
2

30

cos 60 = tan 60 =
1
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60

Determine the values of sine, cosine and tangent for special angles
y
(0, 1)

sin cos

0 0 1

90 180 270 360 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1

tan
(1, 0)

x
(1, 0)

(0, 1)
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Determine the values of sine, cosine and tangent for special angles
Summary:

sin cos tan

0
0 1 0

30 45 60 90 180 270 360

1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0

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Determine the values of sine, cosine and tangent for special angles Question 1: Calculate the values of the following: 7 sin 90 + 4 cos 180

Solution:
7 sin 90 + 4 cos 180 = 7 (1) + 4 (1)

=74
=3
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Values of angles in quadrant II

y

= corresponding angle in quadrant I

between x-axis and line OP

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Values of angles in quadrant II

y

where = 180
sin = + sin cos = cos

tan = tan

= 90

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Values of angles in quadrant III

y

where = 180
sin = sin cos = cos

P O

tan = + tan

= 270

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Values of angles in quadrant IV

y

where = 360
sin = sin cos = + cos

tan = tan

= 270

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Finding the value of an angle

Question 1: Find the value of sin 231.

Solution: y

231 quadrant III sin 231 negative sin 231 = sin (231 180) = sin 51 x = 0.7771

231

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Finding the value of an angle

Question 2: Find the value of cos 303 17.

Solution: y

303 17' quadrant IV cos 303 17' positive cos 303 17' = cos (360 303 17')

303 17'

= cos 56 43'
= 0.5488

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Finding the value of an angle

Question 3: Find the value of tan 117 13'.

Solution: y
P

117 13' quadrant II tan 117 13' negative tan 117 13' = tan (180 117 13') x

117 13'

= tan 62 47'
= 1.945

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Finding angles between 0 and 360

Question 1: For sin x = 0.9511 where 0 x 360, find the value of x.

Solution:
P
72

and O

xx 72

Corresponding acute angle, x = 72 0.9511 positive Therefore, the acute angle is in quadrant I or II.
Quadrant I: x = 72 Quadrant II: x = 180 72 = 108
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Finding angles between 0 and 360

Question 2: For tan x = 1.746 where 0 x 360, find the value of x.

Solution:
P
60 12'

x O

and

Corresponding acute angle, x = 60 12' 1.746 negative Therefore, the acute angle is in quadrant II or IV. x

60 12'

Quadrant II: x = 180 60 12' = 119 48'

Quadrant IV: x = 360 60 12' = 299 48'
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Finding angles between 0 and 360

Question 3: For cos x = 0.5 where 0 x 360, find the value of x.

Solution:

y
P

Corresponding acute angle, x = 60

0.5 positive
x Therefore, the acute angle is in quadrant I or IV. Quadrant I: x = 60 Quadrant IV: x = 360 60 = 300
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x O

and

60

60

Solve problems involving sine, cosine and tangent

Question: In the diagram below, HMS and JHN are straight lines. H is the midpoint of JN. Given that HM = 12 cm, MN = 13 cm and FJ = 4 cm, calculate: N (a) the length of HN, (b) the value of cos x, (c) the value of tan y.
y H M x S

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Solve problems involving sine, cosine and tangent

Solution:
(a) HN2 = 132 122 = 169 144 = 25 HN = 5 cm
F 4 cm
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N Pythagoras theorem y H 12 cm M

13 cm
x S

Solve problems involving sine, cosine and tangent

Solution:
HMS is a straight line

(b)

x = 180 HMN
cos x = cos HMN =
F y H

x S M

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Solve problems involving sine, cosine and tangent

Solution:
JHN is a straight line

(c)

y = 180 FHJ
tan y = tan FHJ =
F J y H

x S M

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