MMME2104 Design & Selection of Mining Equipment Electrical Component

Transformers
Lecture 5 2 September 2003

Lecture Outline
Transformers introduction Ideal Transformers Non-Ideal (actual) Transformers Transformer losses and power rating Three-phase transformers Transformer construction

Transformers
Make possible: Power generation at the most economical level Transmission and distribution at the most economical level Power utilisation at the most economical level Measurement of high voltages and high currents Impedance matching Electrical isolation between circuits

Transformers: Operating Principle

Voltage induced in a coil (flux linking equation): V = 4.44fNmax where V = induced voltage (V) F = flux frequency (Hz) N = number of turns in coil max = peak value of flux (Wb)

Ideal Transformers
Zero leakage flux:
Fluxes produced by the primary and secondary currents are confined within the core

The windings have no resistance:

Induced voltages equal applied voltages

The core has infinite permeability

Reluctance of the core is zero Negligible current is required to establish magnetic flux

Loss-less magnetic core

No hysteresis or eddy currents

Ideal Transformers
Voltage / Current relationships:

V1 i2 N1 = = = a = turns ratio V2 i1 N 2
power in = power out MMF 1 = MMF 2

Ideal Transformers
Impedance Ratio:

Z1 V1 V2 V1 i2 2 = = =a Z 2 i1 i2 V2 i1
Z1 = a Z 2
- can refer impedance parameters on primary side to secondary side, or vice versa
2

Actual Transformers
Have resistance in the windings Not all of the flux produced by one winding links with the other (flux leakage) Magnetic core has finite permeability Core losses
Hysteresis Eddy currents

Actual Transformers
Primary winding flux: Secondary winding flux: 1 = M + L1 2 = M - L2

d M di1 d M d L1 + N1 = i1 R1 + L1 + N1 V1 = i1 R1 + N1 dt dt dt dt

d M di2 d M d L 2 + N2 = i2 R2 + L2 + N2 V2 = i2 R2 N 2 dt dt dt dt
Turns ratio now relates to induced voltages, rather than applied voltage a = N1/N2 = e1/e2

Core losses

Core magnetisation

Transformer Losses
Transformer losses consist of: Copper losses in the windings
Depend on load current

Hysteresis and eddy-current losses in the core

Constant for constant flux (constant voltage) conditions

Stray losses due to currents induced by leakage fluxes in the transformer structure
Negligible for a well-designed transformer

Transformer Rating
Transformer ratings are provided to keep the operating temperature within acceptable limits. A transformers rating is based upon the following: Nominal current
To limit copper losses

Nominal voltage and frequency

To limit core losses Transformer size based upon flux density limit in core material

Apparent power rating

Based on product of nominal current and nominal voltage A transformer can become fully loaded at sufficient levels of reactive power, even if no real power is being delivered.

Cooling

Transformer Cooling
Cooling of a transformer increases the rate of heat dissipation and hence improves the transformer rating: Low-voltage indoor transformers (<200kVA) can be passively air-cooled via natural convection Relative to air, oil is a better thermal conductor and electrical insulator, so it is invariably used for cooling of high-voltage, high-power transformers. As power rating increases, radiators, heat exchangers and forced oil/air circulation may be added to improve power dissipation

Three Phase Transformers

Can be formed as: 3 single phase transformers connected together
Star/Delta winding arrangements Easy to replace failed units

Common core device

Lighter and cheaper than 3 individual units 6 rather than 12 external connections Whole transformer must be replaced if single winding fails

For both cases analysis procedure identical!

3-Phase Transformer Windings

Star-Star: Can develop voltage imbalance and harmonic issues Delta-Delta: Circulating path good for harmonics Star-Delta or Delta-Star: Star-Delta quite common since it utilises insulation so well (effective turns ratio increase)

Transformer Construction
Power transformers are designed such that their characteristics approach the ideal: To attain high permeability, cores are made of ironbased materials To minimise core losses, core is laminated from highresistivity, high-grade silicon steels Leakage reactances are minimised by co-winding of the coils Geometries are optimised to minimise turn lengths, maximise core window areas and achieve highest power densities