ECE421

ECE421
:
Introduction to Power Systems
Homework # 04
Due Session 21 (October 14th)
Arturo Barradas Munoz
Session 21
Fall 2013
Page 1 of 23
Homework #04
1. Problem 3.48 in Glover, Sarma and Overbye
5. Problem 3.59 in Glover, Sarma and Ovebye
General Definitions
≔
≔
≔
≔
≔
a ≔ 1 ∠ 120°
≔
≔1
Turns ≔ 1
ECE421:
Homework # 04
Session 21
Fall 2013
Page 2 of 23
Problem 01.
With the same transformer banks as in Problem 3.47, Figure 3.41 shows the one-line diagram of
a generator, a step-up transformer bank, a transmission line, a step-down transformer bank,
and an impedance load. The generator terminal voltage is 15 kV (line-to-line).
(a) Draw the per-phase equivalent circuit, accounting for phase shifts for positive sequence
operation.
(b) By choosing the line-to-neutral generator terminal voltage as the reference, determine the
magnitudes of the generator current, transmission-line current, load current, and line-to-line
load voltage. Also, find the three-phase complex power delivered to the load.
ECE421:
Homework # 04
ZLoad ≔ ((5 + 1j))
ZLine ≔ ((100j))
XT1_Sph_LV ≔ 0.24j
XT1_Sph_LV
XT1_LV ≔ ――――
3
XT1_LV = 0.08i
XT2_Sph_LV ≔ 0.24j
XT2_Sph_LV
XT2_LV ≔ ――――
3
XT2_LV = 0.08i
Session 21
Fall 2013
Page 3 of 23
ECE421:
Homework # 04
Session 21
Fall 2013
Page 4 of 23
(a) Draw the per-phase equivalent circuit, accounting for phase shifts for positive sequence
operation.
(b) By choosing the line-to-neutral generator terminal voltage as the reference, determine the
magnitudes of the generator current, transmission-line current, load current, and line-to-line
load voltage. Also, find the three-phase complex power delivered to the load.
⎞
⎛ 15
Vg_T ≔ ⎜――
∠ 0°⎟
⎜⎝ ‾‾
3
⎟⎠
Vg_T = ((8.66025 ∠ 0°))
ZRight_LV ≔ ZLoad + XT2_LV
ZRight_LV = ((5 + 1.08j))
2
⎛
⎞
ZRight_HV ≔ ZRight_LV ⋅ ⎝10 ⋅ ‾‾
3⎠
ZRight_HV = ((1500 + 324j))
ZMiddle_HV ≔ ZLine + ZRight_HV
ZMiddle_HV = ((1500 + 424j))
⎞2
⎛
1
ZMiddle_LV ≔ ZMiddle_HV ⋅ ⎜―――
⎟
⎜⎝ 10 ⋅ ‾‾
3 ⎟⎠
ZMiddle_LV = ((5 + 1.41333j))
ZLeft_LV ≔ ZMiddle_LV + XT1_LV
ZLeft_LV = ((5 + 1.49333i))
Vg_T
Ig_T ≔ ―――
ZLeft_LV
Ig_T = ((1659.61158 ∠ −16.62913°))
||Ig_T|| = ⎛⎝1.65961 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠
_______________________/
ECE421:
1
ILine ≔ Ig_T ⋅ ―――
⋅ ((1 ∠ 30°))
‾‾
10 ⋅ 3
Homework # 04
ILine = ((95.81772 ∠ 13.37087°))
||ILine|| = 95.81772
_______________________/
3 ⋅ ((1 ∠ −30°))
ILoad ≔ ILine ⋅ 10 ⋅ ‾‾
ILoad = ⎛⎝1.65961 ⋅ 10 3 ∠ −16.62913°⎞⎠
||ILoad|| = 1659.61158
_______________________/
VLoad ≔ ILoad ⋅ ZLoad
VLoad = ⎛⎝8.46239 ⋅ 10 3 ∠ −5.3192°⎞⎠
VLoad_LL ≔ VLoad ⋅ ‾‾
3
||VLoad_LL|| = 14.65729
_______________________/
ILoad
SLoad ≔ 3 ⋅ VLoad ⋅ ‾‾‾‾
SLoad = ((41.31466 + 8.26293i))
SLoad = ((42.13285 ∠ 11.30993°))
________________________________/
Session 21
Fall 2013
Page 5 of 23
ECE421:
Homework # 04
Session 21
Fall 2013
Page 6 of 23
Problem 02.
Consider the single-line diagram of a power system shown in Figure 3.42 with equipment
ratings given below:
Generator G1:
Generator G2:
3Ph -Y T1:
3Ph Y- T2:
Load:
50 MVA, 13.2kV, x=0.15 pu
20 MVA, 13.8kV, x=0.15 pu
80 MVA, 13.2 /165 Y kV, X=0.1 pu
40 MVA, 165 Y/13.8  kV, X=0.1 pu
40 MVA, 0.8 PF lagging, operating at 150kV
Choose a base of 100 MVA for the system and 132-kV base in the transmission-line circuit. Let
the load be modeled as a parallel combination of resistance and inductance. Neglect
transformer phase shifts.
Draw a per-phase equivalent circuit of the system showing all impedances in per unit.
SG1_rat ≔ 50
VG1_rat ≔ 13.2
xG1_rat ≔ 0.15j
SG2_rat ≔ 50
VG2_rat ≔ 13.2
xG2_rat ≔ 0.15j
ST1_rat ≔ 80
VT1_HV_rat ≔ 165
xT1_rat ≔ 0.1j
VT1_LV_rat ≔ 13.2
ST2_rat ≔ 40
VT2_HV_rat ≔ 165
VT2_LV_rat ≔ 13.8
xT2_rat ≔ 0.1j
ECE421:
SLoad_rat ≔ ((40 ∠ acos ((0.8))))
ZLine1_Ω ≔ ((50 + 200j))
SB ≔ 100
13.2
VB_G1 ≔ VB_HV ⋅ ―――
165
13.8
VB_G2 ≔ VB_HV ⋅ ―――
165
Session 21
Fall 2013
Homework # 04
SLoad_rat = ((32 + 24j))
ZLine2_Ω ≔ ((25 + 100j))
Page 7 of 23
VLoad_rat ≔ 150
ZLine3_Ω ≔ ((25 + 100j))
VB_HV ≔ 132
VB_HV 2
ZB_HV ≔ ―――
SB
ZB_HV = 174.24
VB_G1 = 10.56
VB_G1 2
ZB_G1 ≔ ―――
SB
ZB_G1 = 1.11514
VB_G2 = 11.04
VB_G2 2
ZB_G2 ≔ ―――
SB
ZB_G2 = 1.21882
Change of base
⎛ VG1_rat ⎞ 2 ⎛ SB ⎞
xG1 ≔ xG1_rat ⋅ ⎜―――
⎟ ⋅ ⎜―――
⎟
⎝ VB_G1 ⎠ ⎝ SG1_rat ⎠
xG1 = 0.46875j
___________________/
⎛ VG2_rat ⎞ 2 ⎛ SB ⎞
xG2 ≔ xG2_rat ⋅ ⎜―――
⎟ ⋅ ⎜―――
⎟
⎝ VB_G2 ⎠ ⎝ SG2_rat ⎠
xG2 = 0.42888j
___________________/
⎛ VT1_HV_rat ⎞ 2 ⎛ SB ⎞
xT1 ≔ xT1_rat ⋅ ⎜――――
⎟ ⋅ ⎜―――
⎟
⎝ VB_HV ⎠ ⎝ ST1_rat ⎠
xT1 = 0.19531i
___________________/
⎛ VT2_HV_rat ⎞ 2 ⎛ SB ⎞
xT2 ≔ xT2_rat ⋅ ⎜――――
⎟ ⋅ ⎜―――
⎟
⎝ VB_HV ⎠ ⎝ ST2_rat ⎠
xT2 = 0.39063i
___________________/
ZLine1_Ω
ZLine1 ≔ ―――
ZB_HV
ZLine1 = ((0.28696 + 1.14784i))
____________________________/
ZLine2_Ω
ZB_HV
ZLine2 = ((0.14348 + 0.57392i))
____________________________/
ZLine3_Ω
ZB_HV
ZLine3 = ((0.14348 + 0.57392i))
____________________________/
ECE421:
Homework # 04
SLoad_rat
SLoad ≔ ―――
SB
SLoad = ((0.32 + 0.24i))
VLoad_rat
VLoad ≔ ―――
VB_HV
VLoad = 1.13636
Session 21
Fall 2013
Page 8 of 23
||VLoad|| 2
RLoad_Parallel ≔ ――――
Re ⎛⎝SLoad⎞⎠
RLoad_Parallel = 4.03538
____________________________/
||VLoad|| 2 ⋅ 1j
XLoad_Parallel ≔ ――――
Im ⎛⎝SLoad⎞⎠
XLoad_Parallel = 5.38051j
____________________________/
Draw a per-phase equivalent circuit of the system showing all impedances in per unit.
ECE421:
Session 21
Fall 2013
Homework # 04
Page 9 of 23
Problem 03.
The ratings of a three-phase, three-winding transformer are:
Primary:
Secondary:
Tertiary:
Y connected, 66 kV, 15 MVA
Y connected, 13.2 kV, 10 MVA
 connected, 2.3 kV, 5 MVA
Neglecting resistances and exciting current, the leakage reactances are:
XPS= 0.07 per unit on a 15-MVA; 66-kV base
XPT= 0.09 per unit on a 15-MVA; 66-kV base
XST= 0.08 per unit on a 10-MVA; 13.2-kV base
Determine the per-unit reactances of the per-phase equivalent circuit using a base of 15 MVA
and 66 kV for the primary.
SB ≔ 15
VB_P ≔ 66
VB_S ≔ 13.2
XPS_rat ≔ 0.07
XPT_rat ≔ 0.09
XST_rat ≔ 0.08
⎛
⎞
SB
XPS ≔ XPS_rat ⋅ ⎜―――⎟
⎝ 15
⎠
XPS = 0.07
⎛
⎞
SB
XPT ≔ XPT_rat ⋅ ⎜―――⎟
⎝ 15
⎠
XPT = 0.09
⎛
⎞
SB
XST ≔ XST_rat ⋅ ⎜―――⎟
⎝ 10
⎠
XST = 0.12
VB_S ≔ 2.3
1
XP ≔ ―⎛⎝XPS + XPT − XST⎞⎠
2
1
XS ≔ ―⎛⎝XPS − XPT + XST⎞⎠
2
1
XT ≔ ―⎛⎝−XPS + XPT + XST⎞⎠
2
XP = 0.02
_____________/
XS = 0.05
_____________/
XT = 0.07
_____________/
ECE421:
Homework # 04
Session 21
Fall 2013
Page 10 of 23
4. Problem 3.58 in Glover, Sarma and Overbye
A single-phase two-winding transformer rated 90 MVA, 80/120 kV is to be connected as an
autotransformer rated 80/200 kV. Assume that the transformer is ideal.
(a) Draw a schematic diagram of the ideal transformer connected as an autotransformer,
showing the voltages, currents, and dot notation for polarity.
(b) Determine the permissible kVA rating of the autotransformer if the winding currents and
voltages are not to exceed the rated values as a two-winding transformer.
How much of the kVA rating is transferred by magnetic induction?
90
IPrim ≔ ―――
80
90
ISec ≔ ―――
120
ITot ≔ IPrim + ISec
IPrim = 1125
ISec = 750
ITot = 1875
VPrim ≔ 80
VSec ≔ 120
VTot ≔ VPrim + VSec = 200
(a) Draw a schematic diagram of the ideal transformer connected as an autotransformer,
showing the voltages, currents, and dot notation for polarity.
ECE421:
Homework # 04
Session 21
Fall 2013
Page 11 of 23
(b) Determine the permissible kVA rating of the autotransformer if the winding currents and
voltages are not to exceed the rated values as a two-winding transformer.
SAuto ≔ VPrim ⋅ ITot
SAuto = 150000
VTot ⋅ ISec = 150000
______________________/
How much of the kVA rating is transferred by magnetic induction?
STrans_Ind ≔ VPrim ⋅ IPrim
STrans_Ind = 90000
______________________/
ECE421:
Homework # 04
Session 21
Fall 2013
Page 12 of 23
Problem 05.
The two parallel lines in Example 3.13 supply a balanced load with a load current of 1.0 /30
degrees per unit. Determine the real and reactive power supplied to the load bus from each
parallel line with (a) no regulating transformer, (b) the voltage-magnitude regulating
transformer in Example 3.13(a), and (c) the phase-angle-regulating transformer in Example
3.13(b). Assume that the voltage at bus abc is adjusted so that the voltage at bus a'b'c'
remains constant at 1.0/ 0 per unit. Also assume positive sequence.
Comment on the e¤ects of the regulating transformers.
ILoad ≔ ((1 ∠ −30°))
VLoad ≔ ((1 ∠ 0°))
SLoad ≔ VLoad ⋅ ‾‾‾‾
ILoad
SLoad = ((0.86603 + 0.5j))
PLoad ≔ Re ⎛⎝SLoad⎞⎠
PLoad = 0.86603
QLoad ≔ Im ⎛⎝SLoad⎞⎠
QLoad = 0.5
ZLine_0.20 ≔ 0.20j ⋅
ZLine_0.25 ≔ 0.25j ⋅
ECE421:
Homework # 04
Session 21
Fall 2013
Page 13 of 23
Determine the real and reactive power supplied to the load bus from each parallel line with
(a) no regulating transformer. Assume that the voltage at bus abc is adjusted so that the
voltage at bus a'b'c' remains constant at 1.0/ 0 per unit. Also assume positive sequence.
ILoad ⋅ ZLine_0.25
ILine_0.20 ≔ ―――――――
ZLine_0.20 + ZLine_0.25
ILine_0.20 = ((0.48113 − 0.27778i))
ILoad ⋅ ZLine_0.20
ILine_0.25 ≔ ―――――――
ZLine_0.20 + ZLine_0.25
ILine_0.25 = ((0.3849 − 0.22222i))
SLine_0.20 ≔ VLoad ⋅ ‾‾‾‾‾‾
ILine_0.20
SLine_0.20 = ((0.48113 + 0.27778i))
SLine_0.20 = ((0.55556 ∠ 30°))
PLine_0.20 ≔ Re ⎛⎝SLine_0.20⎞⎠
PLine_0.20 = 0.48113
QLine_0.20 ≔ Im ⎛⎝SLine_0.20⎞⎠
QLine_0.20 = 0.27778
SLine_0.25 ≔ VLoad ⋅ ‾‾‾‾‾‾
ILine_0.25
SLine_0.25 = ((0.3849 + 0.22222i))
SLine_0.25 = ((0.44444 ∠ 30°))
PLine_0.25 ≔ Re ⎛⎝SLine_0.25⎞⎠
PLine_0.25 = 0.3849
______________________/
QLine_0.25 ≔ Im ⎛⎝SLine_0.25⎞⎠
QLine_0.25 = 0.22222
______________________/
ECE421:
Homework # 04
Session 21
Fall 2013
Page 14 of 23
(b) the voltage-magnitude regulating transformer in Example 3.13(a). Assume that the voltage
at bus abc is adjusted so that the voltage at bus a'b'c' remains constant at 1.0/ 0 per unit. Also
assume positive sequence.
Comment on the effects of the regulating transformers.
From page 133 in Duncan Glover's Book the admittance parameters of the equation
shown below are,
⎡ I1 ⎤ ⎡ Y11 Y12 ⎤ ⎡ V1 ⎤
⎢
⎥＝⎢
⎥⋅⎢ ⎥
⎣ −I2 ⎦ ⎣ Y21 Y22 ⎦ ⎣ V2 ⎦
Y11 ＝ YEq
Y12 ＝ −c ⋅ YEq
Y21 ＝ −c ⋅ YEq
Y22 ＝ ||c|| 2 ⋅ YEq
From page 138 in Duncan Glover's Book the admittance parameters are computed
as follows:
c ≔ 1.05 −1
c = 0.95238
The admitance parameters of the regulating transformer in series with line of 0.25j pu
are:
1
Y11Line_0.25 ≔ ―――
ZLine_0.25
Y11Line_0.25 = −4j
Y22Line_0.25 ≔ ||c|| 2 ⋅ Y11Line_0.25
Y22Line_0.25 = −3.62812j
Y12Line_0.25 ≔ −c ⋅ Y11Line_0.25
Y12Line_0.25 = 3.80952j
Y21Line_0.25 ≔ −‾
c ⋅ Y11Line_0.25
Y21Line_0.25 = 3.80952j
ECE421:
Homework # 04
The admitance parameters of the line of 0.20j pu are:
1
Y11Line_0.20 ≔ ―――
ZLine_0.20
Y11Line_0.20 = −5j
Y22Line_0.20 ≔ Y11Line_0.20
Y22Line_0.20 = −5j
Y12Line_0.20 ≔ −Y11Line_0.20
Y12Line_0.20 = 5j
Y21Line_0.20 ≔ −Y11Line_0.20
Y21Line_0.20 = 5j
Combining both admitances in parallel,
Y11 ≔ Y11Line_0.25 + Y11Line_0.20
Y12 ≔ Y12Line_0.25 + Y12Line_0.20
Y21 ≔ Y21Line_0.25 + Y21Line_0.20
Y22 ≔ Y22Line_0.25 + Y22Line_0.20
Y11 = −9j
Y12 = 8.80952j
Y21 = 8.80952j
Y22 = −8.62812j
⎡ I1 ⎤ ⎡ Y11 Y12 ⎤ ⎡ V1 ⎤
⎢
⎥＝⎢
⎥⋅⎢
⎥
⎣ −ILoad ⎦ ⎣ Y21 Y22 ⎦ ⎣ VLoad ⎦
Solving for V1
−ILoad ＝ Y21 ⋅ V1 + Y22 ⋅ VLoad
−ILoad − Y22 ⋅ VLoad
V1 ≔ ――――――
Y21
V1 = ((1.04082 ∠ 5.41968°))
Session 21
Fall 2013
Page 15 of 23
ECE421:
Homework # 04
V1 − VLoad
ILine_0.20 ≔ ――――
ZLine_0.20
ILine_0.20 = ((0.52373 ∠ −20.1976°))
SLine_0.20_b ≔ VLoad ⋅ ‾‾‾‾‾‾
ILine_0.20
SLine_0.20_b = ((0.49153 + 0.18082j))
PLine_0.20_b ≔ Re ⎛⎝SLine_0.20_b⎞⎠
PLine_0.20_b = 0.49153
______________________/
QLine_0.20_b ≔ Im ⎛⎝SLine_0.20_b⎞⎠
QLine_0.20_b = 0.18082
______________________/
V1 − VLoad ⋅ c
ILine_0.25 ≔ ――――
ZLine_0.25
ILine_0.25 = ((0.51666 ∠ −40.44026°))
SLine_0.25_b ≔ VLoad ⋅ I‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
Line_0.25 ⋅ c
SLine_0.25_b = ((0.3745 + 0.31918j))
PLine_0.25_b = 0.3745
______________________/
QLine_0.25_b = 0.31918
______________________/
or in a simpler way
SLine_0.25_b ≔ SLoad − SLine_0.20_b
SLine_0.25_b = 0.3745 + 0.31918j
PLine_0.25_b = 0.3745
______________________/
QLine_0.25_b = 0.31918
______________________/
Session 21
Fall 2013
Page 16 of 23
ECE421:
Homework # 04
Session 21
Fall 2013
Page 17 of 23
SLine_0.20_b = ((0.49153 + 0.18082j))
SLine_0.20 = ((0.48113 + 0.27778j))
SLine_0.25_b = ((0.3745 + 0.31918j))
SLine_0.25 = ((0.3849 + 0.22222j))
The real power flow in line of 0.20j pu increases a little when comparing to the
previous case (from 0.48 to 0.29pu). In contrast the reactive power flow reduces
significantly from 0.27 pu to 0.18 pu.
The real power flow in line of 0.25j pu changes a little too when comparing to the
previous case (from 0.38 to 0.37 pu) whereas the reactive power flow increases from
0.22 to 0.31 pu, that is to say an approximately increase of 41%.
Therefore the regulating transformer with an increased voltage magnitude will affect
mostly the reactive power flow.
(c) the phase-angle-regulating transformer in Example 3.13(b). Assume that the voltage at bus
abc is adjusted so that the voltage at bus a'b'c' remains constant at 1.0/ 0 per unit. Also
assume positive sequence.
c ≔ ((1.0 ∠ −3°))
−1
c = ((1 ∠ 3°))
The admitance parameters of the regulating transformer in series with line of 0.25j pu
are:
1
Y11Line_0.25 ≔ ―――
ZLine_0.25
Y11Line_0.25 = −4j
Y22Line_0.25 ≔ ||c|| 2 ⋅ Y11Line_0.25
Y22Line_0.25 = −4j
Y12Line_0.25 ≔ −c ⋅ Y11Line_0.25
Y12Line_0.25 = ((−0.20934 + 3.99452j))
Y21Line_0.25 ≔ −c ⋅ Y11Line_0.25
Y21Line_0.25 = ((−0.20934 + 3.99452j))
ECE421:
Homework # 04
The admitance parameters of the line of 0.20j pu are:
1
Y11Line_0.20 ≔ ―――
ZLine_0.20
Y11Line_0.20 = −5j
Y22Line_0.20 ≔ Y11Line_0.20
Y22Line_0.20 = −5j
Y12Line_0.20 ≔ −Y11Line_0.20
Y12Line_0.20 = 5j
Y21Line_0.20 ≔ −Y11Line_0.20
Y21Line_0.20 = 5j
Combining both admitances in parallel,
Y11 ≔ Y11Line_0.25 + Y11Line_0.20
Y12 ≔ Y12Line_0.25 + Y12Line_0.20
Y21 ≔ Y21Line_0.25 + Y21Line_0.20
Y22 ≔ Y22Line_0.25 + Y22Line_0.20
Y11 = −9j
Y12 = −0.20934 + 8.99452j
Y21 = −0.20934 + 8.99452j
Y22 = −9j
⎡ I1 ⎤ ⎡ Y11 Y12 ⎤ ⎡ V1 ⎤
⎢
⎥＝⎢
⎥⋅⎢
⎥
⎣ −ILoad ⎦ ⎣ Y21 Y22 ⎦ ⎣ VLoad ⎦
Solving for V1
−ILoad ＝ Y21 ⋅ V1 + Y22 ⋅ VLoad
−ILoad − Y22 ⋅ VLoad
V1 ≔ ――――――
Y21
V1 = ((1.06029 ∠ 3.87542°))
Session 21
Fall 2013
Page 18 of 23
ECE421:
Homework # 04
V1 − VLoad
ILine_0.20 ≔ ――――
ZLine_0.20
ILine_0.20 = ((0.46054 ∠ −38.92064°))
SLine_0.20_b ≔ VLoad ⋅ ‾‾‾‾‾‾
ILine_0.20
SLine_0.20_b = ((0.35831 + 0.28933j))
PLine_0.20_b = 0.35831
______________________/
QLine_0.20_b = 0.28933
______________________/
SLine_0.25_b ≔ SLoad − SLine_0.20_b
SLine_0.25_b = 0.50771 + 0.21067j
PLine_0.25_b = 0.50771
______________________/
QLine_0.25_b = 0.21067
______________________/
Session 21
Fall 2013
Page 19 of 23
SLine_0.20_b = ((0.35831 + 0.28933j))
SLine_0.20 = ((0.48113 + 0.27778j))
SLine_0.25_b = ((0.50771 + 0.21067j))
SLine_0.25 = ((0.3849 + 0.22222j))
The reactive power flow in line of 0.20j pu increases a little when comparing to the
previous case (from 0.27 to 0.28pu). In contrast the real power flow reduces
significantly from 0.48 pu to 0.35 pu.
The reactive power flow in line of 0.25j pu changes a little too when comparing to the
previous case (from 0.22 to 0.21 pu) whereas the real power flow increases from 0.38
to 0.50 pu.
Therefore the regulating transformer with an increased phase angle will affect mostly
the real power flow.
ECE421:
Homework # 04
Session 21
Fall 2013
Page 20 of 23
Problem 06.
PowerWorld Simulator case Problem 3.60 duplicates Example 3.13 except that a resistance term of 0.06
per unit has been added to the transformer and 0.05 per unit to the transmission line. Since the system
is no longer lossless, a field showing the real power losses has also been added to the one-line. With
the LTC tap fixed at 1.05, plot the real power losses as the phase shift angle is varied from -10 to +10
degrees. What value of phase shift minimizes the system losses?
.
⎡ −10° ⎤
⎢ −8° ⎥
⎢
⎥
⎢ −6° ⎥
⎢ −4° ⎥
⎢ −2° ⎥
⎢ −1° ⎥
⎢
⎥
−0.2°
⎢
⎥
θ ≔ ⎢ 0° ⎥
⎢ 0.2° ⎥
⎢ 1° ⎥
⎢ 2° ⎥
⎢
⎥
⎢ 4° ⎥
⎢ 6° ⎥
⎢ 8° ⎥
⎢⎣ 10° ⎥⎦
⎡ 24.917 ⎤
⎢ 22.002 ⎥
⎢
⎥
⎢ 19.711 ⎥
⎢ 18.049 ⎥
⎢ 17.016 ⎥
⎢ 16.736 ⎥
⎢
⎥
16.626
⎢
⎥
PLosses ≔ ⎢ 16.614 ⎥ ⋅
⎢ 16.609 ⎥
⎢ 16.65 ⎥
⎢ 16.843 ⎥
⎢
⎥
⎢ 17.703 ⎥
⎢ 19.192 ⎥
⎢ 21.309 ⎥
⎢⎣ 24.051 ⎥⎦
⎡ 100.288 ⎤
⎢ 88.67 ⎥
⎢
⎥
⎢ 79.611 ⎥
⎢ 73.123 ⎥
⎢ 69.211 ⎥
⎢ 68.223 ⎥
⎢
⎥
67.897
⎢
⎥
QLosses ≔ ⎢ 67.881 ⎥ ⋅
⎢ 67.890 ⎥
⎢ 68.184 ⎥
⎢ 69.133 ⎥
⎢
⎥
⎢ 72.968 ⎥
⎢ 79.378 ⎥
⎢ 88.358 ⎥
⎢⎣ 99.897 ⎥⎦
The system losses are minimized at near 0 degrees, P=16.609 MW and Q=67.89 MVAR
ECE421:
Session 21
Fall 2013
Homework # 04
Page 21 of 23
25.1
24.25
23.4
22.55
21.7
20.85
PLosses ((
))
QLosses ((
))
20
19.15
18.3
17.45
16.6
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
θ ((
0
))
2
4
6
8
10
100.5
97.5
94.5
91.5
88.5
85.5
82.5
79.5
76.5
73.5
70.5
67.5
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
θ ((
0
))
2
4
6
8
10
ECE421:
Homework # 04
Session 21
Fall 2013
Page 22 of 23
Problem 07.
6. Problem 3.61 in Glover, Sarma and Overbye
Repeat Problem 3.60, except keep the phase-shift angle fixed at 3.0 degrees, while varying
the LTC tap between 0.9 and 1.1. What tap value minimizes the real power losses?
⎡ 0.900 ⎤
⎢ 0.925 ⎥
⎢
⎥
⎢ 0.950 ⎥
⎢ 0.975 ⎥
⎢ 0.9875 ⎥
Tap ≔ ⎢ 1.000 ⎥
⎢
⎥
1.0125
⎢
⎥
⎢ 1.025 ⎥
⎢ 1.050 ⎥
⎢ 1.075 ⎥
⎢ 1.100 ⎥
⎣
⎦
⎡ 19.578 ⎤
⎢ 18.241 ⎥
⎢
⎥
⎢ 17.320 ⎥
⎢ 16.785 ⎥
⎢ 16.652 ⎥
PLosses ≔ ⎢ 16.604 ⎥ ⋅
⎢
⎥
16.638
⎢
⎥
⎢ 16.750 ⎥
⎢ 17.194 ⎥
⎢ 17.914 ⎥
⎢ 18.885 ⎥
⎣
⎦
⎡ 79.794 ⎤
⎢ 74.457 ⎥
⎢
⎥
⎢ 70.814 ⎥
⎢ 68.738 ⎥
⎢ 68.249 ⎥
QLosses ≔ ⎢ 68.106 ⎥ ⋅
⎢
⎥
68.296
⎢
⎥
⎢ 68.805 ⎥
⎢ 70.728 ⎥
⎢ 73.773 ⎥
⎢ 77.846 ⎥
⎣
⎦
The system losses are minimized at TAP=1, P=16.604 MW and Q=68.106 MVAR
ECE421:
Session 21
Fall 2013
Homework # 04
Page 23 of 23
The system losses are minimized at near 0 degrees, P=16.609 MW and Q=67.89 MVAR
19.6
19.3
19
18.7
18.4
18.1
PLosses ((
))
QLosses ((
))
17.8
17.5
17.2
16.9
16.6
0.9
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98
1
1.02
1.04
1.06
1.08
1.1
1.12
Tap
80
79
78
77
76
75
74
73
72
71
70
69
68
0.9
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98
1
Tap
1.02
1.04
1.06
1.08
1.1
1.12

ECE421

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