International Journal of Research in Computer and Communication Technology, Vol 2, Issue 9, September -2013

ISSN(Online) 2278-5841 ISSN (Print) 2320-5156

Load frequency control in Microgrid

Abhas Kumar Singh, Chandrpal singh, Nitish Kumar Yadav, Electrical Engineering department National Institute of Technology Hamirpur, India abhasnith@gmail.com, chandrapal12@gmail.com, nitishipec@gmail.com, Abstract-- The objective of this paper is to design a output through these DGs can be changed instantaneously. A micro-grid can operate either in grid connected or islanded mode. The available power of all DG units should meet the total load demand for islanded operation; otherwise load shedding need to be implemented.

Load Frequency Control (LFC) mechanism using a Battery Storage System (BSS) and Diesel Generation (DG) units for an isolated microgrid system. Load

frequency control is important in power sector & want to be maintain. They were tested under

different scenarios; random loadvariations, and loss of one of the DG units. In this we also explain the objective and reasons of load frequency control. Index Terms-- Microgrid, Real time load frequency control, BSS, Diesel Generation(DG).

I. INTRODUCTION
A micro-grid can be considered as a small grid based on distributed generators (DGs). Generally, the micro-grid consists of renewable energy based DGs and combined heat and power plants. It can supply power to small/medium sized urban housing communities or to large rural areas. It can be an economical, environment friendly and reliable way to supply power at distribution levels. The sources in a micro-grid can be mainly classified as dispatch-able or non-dispatchable in terms of power flow control [1,2]. The output power of dispatchable sources such as micro turbines, fuel cells and bio-diesel generators can be controlled to maintain the desired system frequency and voltage in an isolated micro-grid. However, non dispatchable sources such as wind and PV, in which the output power depends on the environmental conditions, are expected to be mainly controlled on the basis of maximum power point tracking (MPPT). The sources in a micro-grid can also be classified as inertial and non-inertial depending on the way they are connected to the system. For example, a diesel generator and a hydro generator are inertial sources since they include synchronous generators with their rotating inertial masses. On the other hand, the sources connected through converters such as PV, fuel cell and batteries are non-inertial since power www.ijrcct.org

Fig.1.Schematic diagram of a micro-grid The control of real and reactive power output of the sources is essential to maintain a stable operation in a micro-grid, especially when it operates in the islanded mode. The frequency and voltage in an islanded (autonomous) micro-grid should be maintained within predefined limits. The frequency variations are very small in strong grids; however, large variations can occur in autonomous grids [3]. Thus power management strategies are vital for an autonomous micro-grid in the presence of few small DG units, where no single dominant energy source is present to supply the energy requirement [4]. Also, fast and flexible power control strategies are necessary to damp out transient power oscillations in Page 680

an autonomous micro-grid where no infinite source available [5].

International Journal of Research in Computer and Communication Technology, Vol 2, Issue 9, September -2013

ISSN(Online) 2278-5841 ISSN (Print) 2320-5156

II. OBJECTIVE OF LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL

In an interconnected power system, as a power load demand varies randomly, both area frequency and tie-line power interchange also vary. The objectives of load frequency control (LFC) are to minimize the transient deviations in these variables (area frequency and tie-line power interchange) and to ensure their steady state errors to be zeros. Frequency does not change in an Interconnection as long as there is a balance between resources and customer demand (including various electrical losses). This balance is depicted in Fig.2.[6]

4. The under frequency operation of the power transformer is not desirable. For constant system voltage if the frequency is below the normal value the flux in the core increases .As a result the magnetising current even exceeds the normal full load current .The sustained under frequency operation of the power transformer result not only in low efficiency but it may even damage the transformer winding due to overheating. 5. The system operation at subnormal frequency and voltage leads to loss of revenue to the suppliers due to accompanying reduction in load demand. 6. The most serious effect of subnormal frequency is on the operation of thermal power plants. With reduced frequency the blast by ID and the FD fans decrease as a result of which the generation also decreases and thus it become a cumulative action and may result in complete shut-down of the plant if corrective measures like load shedding is not resorted to. 7.The overall operation of power system can be better controlled if a strict limit on frequency deviation is maintained.[7] IV. LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL (SINGLEAREA CASE) To understand the load frequency control problem, let us consider a single turbo-generator system supplying an isolated load.[8]

BALANCE

FIG. 2 GENERATION / DEMAND

III. REASONS FOR LIMITS ON FREQUENCY 1.The speed of a.c motors are directly related to the frequency. Even though most of the a.c drives are not much affected for a frequency variation of even 501.5 Hz but there are certain application where speed consistency must be of high order. 2. The electric clocks are driven by synchronous motors and the accuracy of these clocks is not only a function of frequency error but is actually of the integral of this error. 3. If the normal frequency is 50 Hz and the turbines are run at speed corresponding to frequency less than 47.5 Hz or more than 52.5Hz the blades of the turbine are likely to get damaged. www.ijrcct.org Fig.3.functional diagram of real power control mechanism of Generator.

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International Journal of Research in Computer and Communication Technology, Vol 2, Issue 9, September -2013 1. Fly ball speed governor: This is the heart of the system which senses the change in speed (frequency). As the speed increases the fly balls move out wards and the point B on linkage mechanism moves downwards. The reverse happens when the speed decreases. 2. Hydraulic amplifier: It comprises a pilot valve and main piston arrangement. Low power level pilot valve movement is converted into high power level piston valve movement. This is necessary in order to open or close the steam valve against high pressure steam. 3.Linkage mechanism: ABC is a rigid link pivoted at B and CDE is another rigid link pivoted at D. This link mechanism provides a movement to the control valve in proportion to change in speed. It also provides a feedback from the steam valve movement . 4.Speed changer: It provides steady state power output setting for the turbine Its downward movement opens the upper pilot valve so that more steam is admitted to the turbine under steady conditions.

ISSN(Online) 2278-5841 ISSN (Print) 2320-5156

Furthermore the micro-grid system, in normal operation conditions experiences random demand fluctuations and possibly emergency conditions if one of the systems primary generation units is suddenly lost. Hence it is crucial to have an automated and robust LFC mechanism implemented to ensure a stable system operation under all conditions. Load Frequency Control (LFC) mechanism using a Battery Storage System (BSS) and Diesel Generation (DG) units for an isolated micro-grid system. The micro-grid system under consideration is comprised from two DG units, a BSS unit, and two solar panels .They were tested under different scenarios; random load variations, and loss of one of the DG units.[9] VI. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION AND CONTROL DESIGN System Description : The micro-grid system under consideration is comprised from two Diesel Generation (DG) units, two PV systems, and a Battery Storage System (BSS). The two DG units are 100 and 20 KVA. The two PV systems are 14.8 KW each, and the BSS is 30 Kwh . The micro-grid system has no means of connecting to any other power grid i.e. isolated system.

V. REAL TIME LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL MICRO-GRID SYSTEM (UNDER STUDY)

Micro-grids are small power grids. They can operate either independently or connected to larger grids. They can be, for example, a university campus connected to the main grid, an island in the middle of the ocean or a military base in a desert where there are no means of connecting to primary grid power . Such concept provides a platform for incorporation of several Distributed Energy Resources (DERs), such as solar and wind power generations, and energy storage technologies. However, micro-grids are not without flaws. In order to ensure a stable operation for a micro-grid system it is crucial to have a real-time matching between generation and demand so that the systems frequency is maintained at its nominal value. Such requirement is attained by implementing a Load Frequency Control (LFC) mechanism. Attaining such balance between generation and demand in a small and isolated system, however, is an issue of much greater significance as generations might be limited and/or intermittent .

Fig.4. Micro-grid system under study Control Design: The control objective is to minimize a performance index (J) associated with the frequency error f (f = f - fs), and Page 682

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defined by (1). (1)

International Journal of Research in Computer and Communication Technology, Vol 2, Issue 9, September -2013 Minimize J = |f|2 dt

ISSN(Online) 2278-5841 ISSN (Print) 2320-5156 not contribute much in LFC when the systems DG units are available.

Where fs, and f are the scheduled frequency of 60 Hz and the systems measured frequency respectively. The objective is to minimize (J) under both normal operation conditions, where the power demand fluctuates, and contingency situations , where one of the systems generation units is suddenly lost. 1) Diesel Engine Control System: The diesel engine model gives a description of the fuel consumption rate as a function of speed and mechanical power at the output of the engine, and is usually modelled by a simple first order model relating the fuel consumption (fuel rack position) to the engine mechanical power. As a prime mover it is crucial that the diesel engine equipped with a robust control system to ensure stable operation and foster disturbance rejection. The objective of the control system is to maintain the systems frequency at the desired reference value i.e. drives the frequency error (fm fr) to zero where fr is the reference frequency (60 Hz or 1 p.u.) and fm is the measured frequency.

Fig.6.Schematic diagram of a micro-grid connected battery system. V. CONCLUSION This paper is presented the detail about the neccecity of load fresquency control and different type of control with its importance.This paper presented a decentralized LFC mechanism to control a BSS and DGs incorporated in an isolated microgrid system to regulate the systems frequency. The mechanism was tested under three different scenarios; fluctuating demand which represents the normal operation conditions of a power system, and two emergency scenarios where one of the DG units was lost in each scenario. VI. REFERENCES
[1] C. Hua and C. Shen, "Study of maximum power tracking techniques and control of DC/DC converters for photovoltaic power system," 29th Annual IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, pp. 86 - 93, 1998.

Fig. 5. Diesel engine model with control system 2) 2) Battery Storage Control System: Fig.6. shows a block diagram of a battery storage system hooked up to a micro-grid. The control system developed for LFC is the DC/AC inverter control system. In order to utilize the BSS in LFC it is crucial that the inverter control system track the systems frequency error signal and control the active power injected or absorbed by the BSS. The necessity to save on the amount of energy stored in the BSS to secure the maximum amount of reserve. Hence the BSS should

[2] Y. Chuanan and Y. Yongchang, "An Improved Hill-Climbing Method for the Maximum Power Point Tracking in Photovoltaic System," IEEE International Conference on Machine Vision and Human-Machine Interface, pp. 530 - 533 2010. [3] S.-K. Kim, J.-H. Jeon, C.-H. Cho, E.-S. Kim, and J.-B. Ahn, "Modeling and simulation of a grid-connected PV generation system for electromagnetic transient analysis," Solar Energy, vol. 83, pp. 664-678, 2009. [4] J. Xue, Z. Yin, B. Wu, and J. Peng, "Design of PV Array Model Based On EMTDC/PSCAD," Power and Energy Engineering Conference, pp. pp.1-5, 2009. [5] I. H. Altas and A. M. Sharaf, "A Novel Photovoltaic On-Line Search Algorithm For Maximum Energy Utilization," The International Conference on Communication, Computer and Power 2007. [6] F. Katiraei, R. Iravani, N. Hatziargyriou, and A. Dimeas, "Microgrids management," Power and Energy Magazine, IEEE, vol. 6, pp. 5465,

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2008. [7] L. D. Watson and J. W. Kimball, "Frequency regulation of a microgrid using solar power," in Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), Twenty-Sixth Annual IEEE, 2011, pp. 321-326. [8] Oudalov, A.; Chartouni, D.; Ohler, C.; "Optimizing a Battery Energy Storage System for Primary Frequency Control," Power Systems, IEEE Transactions on , vol.22, no.3, pp.1259-1266, Aug. 2007. [9] A. Madureira, C. Moreira and J. P. Lopes, "Secondar LoadFrequency Control for MicroGrids in Islanded Operation." Engenharia da UP and Power Systems Unit of INESC Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 378, 4200- 465 Porto, Portugal. Available at http://www.icrepq.com/full-papericrep/ 335- madureira.pdf [10] K. M. Brokish, "Adaptive load control of microgrids with nondispatchable generation," Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. [11] F. A. Mohamed, "Microgrid Modelling and Online Management," Doctor of Science in Technology, Department of Automation and Systems Technology, Helsinki University of Technology, Finland, 2008. Available:http://lib.tkk.fi/Diss/2008/isbn9789512292356/isbn9789 5122 92356.pdf [12] Moataz Elbaz and Ali Feliachi, Real Time Load Frequency Control for an Isolated Microgrid System, North American Power Symposium (NAPS), 2012, Page(s): 1 - 6

International Journal of Research in Computer and Communication Technology, Vol 2, Issue 9, September -2013

ISSN(Online) 2278-5841 ISSN (Print) 2320-5156

in Power System from National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh ,India.

VIII. BIOGRAPHIES

Abhas Kumar Singh was born in Ambikapur (Surguja) C.G., India. He received the 3 year Diploma in Electrical Engg. from Govt. Polytechnic College Ambikapur India, in 2007 and the B.Tech. degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Shri Shankaracharya College of Engg. & Tech. Bhilai, India, in 2010.He is currently pursuing the M.Tech. degree in Power System from National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur.

Chandrpal Singh was born in Agra(U.P), India. He received the 3 year Diploma in Electrical Engg. from Govt. College P.M.V Polytechnic Mathura(U.P) India, in 2009 and the B.Tech. degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Hindustan College of Science & Tech.,Mathura (U.P), India, in 2012.He is currently pursuing the M.Tech. degree in Power System from National Institute of Technology(NIT), Hamirpur(H.P).

Nitish kumar yadav was born in jaunpur uttar Pradesh, India.He received B.tech degree in Electricl & Electronics from Inderprastha Engineering college, Ghaziabad , uttar Pradesh,India,in 2010. He is currently pursuing the M.Tech. degree

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