Week 19 - Higher Partial Derivatives, and Optimization Hughes-Hallett Section 15.

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TEST PREPARATION PROBLEMS Do the functions in Exercises 3-7 have global maxima and minima? 3. f (x, y ) = x2 2y 2 The function doesnt have a global max, because f + as x . The function has no global min because f as y 4. g(x, y ) = x2 y 2 The function has a global min at (x, y ) = (0, 0), because g 0 and g(x, y ) = 0 only at (0, 0). It has no global max because g + as we move away from the origin in any direction. 5. h(x, y ) = x3 + y 3 h has no global max, because h + as x . It has no global min, because h as x . 6. f (x, y ) = 2x2 7y 2 f has a global max at (0, 0), because f is negative everywhere else. It has no global min, because f as x . 7. f (x, y ) = x2 /2 + 3y 3 + 9y 2 3x This one is trickier. However, the y 3 term is the most important one. If we x x = 0, then f + as y , and f as y . Therefore f has no global min or max. In Exercises 8-10, nd the global maximum and minimum of the function on 1 x 1, 1 y 1 , and say whether it occurs on the boundary of the square. [Hint: Use graphs.] 9. z = x2 y 2 The contours of this function are circles, centered on the origin. The global max is at (0, 0). If we are limited to the square around the origin, the function will reach a global min at the points furthest from the origin, or at the corners of the square. These points are (-1, -1), (-1, 1), (1, -1), (1, 1). In Exercises 11-13, estimate the position and approximate value of the global maxima and minima on the region shown. 11.

MATH 122 - Section H-H 15.2 Solutions

Global max inside the the highest contour, z = 30, close to (0, 0). Global min inside the z = 21 contour, neanear (2.5, 5). 12.

Global max at

, 2 , and it looks like another repeat at the same height, 2 Global min inside the negative contours, near , . 2

,0 . 2

13.

Global max occurs at z 10, near (5, 5). Global min occurs inside the contours with levels z = 2, 1, 0..., near (1, 4). There is a local max inside the z = 6 contour, but since the function is higher near (5, 5), it is not a global maximum. 21. Two products are manufactured in quantities q1 and q2 and sold at prices of p1 and p2 , respectively. The cost of producing them is given by
2 2 C = 2q1 + 2q2 + 10

MATH 122 - Section H-H 15.2 Solutions

(a) Find the maximum prot that can be made, assuming the prices are xed. (b) Find the rate of change of that maximum prot as p1 increases. (a) Revenue R = p1 q1 + p2 q2
2 2 Prot = P = R C = p1 q1 + p2 q2 2q2 2q2 + 10

We take derivatives and look for critical points by setting them equal to zero. Set P = p1 4q1 = 0 q1 p1 gives q1 = 4 p2 4

and

P = p2 4q2 = 0 q2 gives q2 =

This gives us a single critical point that depends on the prices: p1 p2 , (q1 , q2 ) = 4 4 To check that this is a maximum, we use the second derivative test. 2P 2 = 4 < 0 q1 2P 2 = 4 q2 2P =0 q1 q2 So D = (4)(4) 0 > 0

Thus, by the second derivative test, P has a local maximum value at Since P is quadratic in q1 and q2 , this is a not just a local maximum, but a global maximum. Finally, we compute the actual prot at those quantities, P = is the maximum prot. (b) The rate of change of the maximum prot as p1 increases is (max P ) 2p1 p1 = = p1 8 4 At the maximum prot production level, every dollar of increase to the price p1 will increase prots by 25 cents. p2 2p2 2p2 p2 p2 p2 1 + 2 1 2 + 10 = 1 + 2 + 10 4 4 16 16 8 8

MATH 122 - Section H-H 15.2 Solutions

24. An open rectangular box has volume 32 cm3 . What are the lengths of the edges giving the minimum surface area? If we let x and y be the length and width of the box, and z be the height, the total surface area is S = bottom + 2 sides + 2 ends = xy + 2xz + 2yz Since we need the volume to be 32 cm3 , then we must have 32 = xyz , so we can simplify 32 z= xy 32y 32x +2 xy xy 64 64 + = xy + y x S 64 Set =y 2 =0 x x 64 gives y = 2 x 64 S =x 2 =0 and setting y y 64 gives x = 2 y S = xy + 2

Putting both constraints and x and y together, we get y= 64 = x2 64

64 y2 2

y4 64

so y = 0 or y 3 = 64 y = 4 cm

64 Knowing that y = 4 gives x = y 2 = 4 cm as well (not surprising, given the symmetry of the box). Finally, that means that the height is z = 32/xy = 2 cm.

It is straightforward to check, using the second derivative test, that this is a local minimum for S . Checking that it is a global minimum is more than we have seen in this course. 25. A closed rectangular box with faces parallel to the coordinate planes has one bottom corner at the origin and the opposite top corner in the rst octant on the plane 3x + 2y + z = 1 What is the maximum volume of such a box?

MATH 122 - Section H-H 15.2 Solutions

The volume of the box is given by V = xyz To reduce the problem to 2 variables, we use the fact that z is constrained by the planes, so z = 1 3x 2y so V (x, y ) = xy (1 3x 2y ) = xy 3x2 y 2xy 2 We now look for critical points, V = y 6xy 2y 2 = 0 x 1 2y y 2y 2 = gives x = 6y 6 V Setting = x 3x2 4xy = 0 y x 3x2 1 3x gives y = = 4x 4 Setting Putting the rst and second equations together gives x= 1 2y 1 2(1 3x)/4 = 6 6 2 + 6x 6x = 1 4 24x = 4 2 + 6x

18x = 2 1 x= 9 1 3x 1 and then y = = 4 6 Finally, this gives us z = 1 3x 2y = 1 3 . Thus, we should place the corner of the box 1 1 1 at (x, y, z ) = , , . 9 6 3 To verify that this is a local maximum for the volume, we use the second derivative test: 2V = 6y x2 2V = 4x y 2 2V = 1 6x 4y xy

MATH 122 - Section H-H 15.2 Solutions 1 1 1 , , , 9 6 3 2V = 6y = 1 x2 4 2V = 4x = y 2 9 2 V 6 4 1 =1 = xy 9 6 3 4 1 1 D = (1)( ) ( )2 = > 0 9 3 3 and since Vxx < 0, the critical point is a local maximum for the volume.

At the point (x, y, z ) =