E

V


( )

2003

7.
A.....................................................................................1
7.1
. .............................................. 1
7.2
................................................................................... 4
7.2.1 ......................................................... 4
7.2.2 . ................................................ 8
7.3 .................. 8
7.3.1 .. ........... 9
8. (PUSH-OVER ANALYSIS)
................................................................................................... 18
8.1 ............................................... 18
8.1.1
. ..................................................................... 18
8.1.2
........................................................... 21
8.1.3 -
.......................................................... 21
8.2 .. ......................................................... 23
8.2.1 .. ............................... 24
8.2.2 -
. ........................................................................... 25

ii

9.
............................................ 35
9.1 .............. 36
9.1.1 -
................................ 37
9.1.2 ........................... 40
9.1.3 ............................................ 44
9.2 ............. 53
9.2.1 ............... 53
9.2.2 ................... 56
9.2.3 .. ................ 61

7.1



(mode superposition method),
(direct
integration method).
/
.
,
,

.




.



1.




.
, ,
( 2000),
,

.
,

,
.

1

N. Lagaros, Y. Tsompanakis, M. Papadrakakis, Optimum design of structures with inelastic behavior

under seismic loading, V. European Conference on Structural Dynamics, Munich, 2002.

-
, .
:

(
q=1). H Pd
Pd = Pe / q , Pe
q .
,
,
.
q

.

.
q ,
, ,
. ,


,

.
q
q=

qd =

Pe Pe Pu
=
= qdq0
Py Pu Py

Pe U e
=
,
Pu U u

q0 =

Pu U u
=
Py U y

(7.1)

(7.2 ,)

Py Pu
, U y , U e U u
Py , Pe Pu ,
.

7.1 - . () , ()

T1 > 0.6 s
U u U e (. 7.1),
:
q = q0

(7.3)

(0.1 s < T1 < 0.6 s)

(. 7.1).

(. 7.1) :

Uu =

Ue , = u
Us
2 1

(7.4 ,)

q = q 0 2 1 < q d q 0

(7.5)

U s
Pu .

()
,

q.

7.2


: (i)
() , (ii) ,
.

,
.

,


.

7.2.1 ()



,
.

[M]{U(t)} + [C]{U(t)} + [K]{U(t)} = {P(t)}

(7.6)

[M]{X(t)} + [C]{X(t)} + [K]{X(t)} = {P(t)}

(7.7)

5
{U(t)} = [ ]{X(t)}
[M] = [ ]T [M][ ],
[K] = [ ]T [K][ ],

(7.8)

[C] = [ ]T [C][ ]

(7.9 ,)

{P(t)} = [ ]T {P(t)}

(7.10,)

[], [C], [K] ( N) , , ,

, {P(t)} .
[]

:
[K]{i } = i2 [ ]{i } , i = 1, N

(7.11)

[ ] = [{1}{ 2 }...{ N }]

12

[2 ]=

(7.13)

2
N

22

(7.15)

{Tj }[ M ]{i } = 0 ,

{Tj }[ K ]{i } = 0 j i , , (7.9) (7.10)

:

[M]=

m1

m2

m N

[K]=

k
1

k2

k N

(7.12,)

m j = { j}T [ M ] { j} ,

k j = 2j m j

(7.15,)

(7.7)

6
x j (t) + 2j x j (t) = { j}T

{X(t)}

{P(t)}
,
mj

j = 1, N

(7.16)

= [ x1 (t) x 2 (t) ... x N (t)]

(7.17)

, Duhamel.

{U(t)} = [ ]{X(t)}

(7.18)

() ,

(7.16), {U i,max }
.
.

(Square Root of the Sum of the Squares-SRSS):
{U max } = [{U1,max }2 + {U 2,max }2 + ... + {U N,max }2 ]

(7.19)

.
() :
m << N
1:

[K]{i } = i2 [M]{i } , i = 1, m

[ m ]=

(7.20)

[ m ]=[{1}{2} ...{ m}]

(7.21 ,)

m 6.
2:

m j = { j}T [M]{ j} ,

j = 1, m

(7.22)

3: L j
L j = { j}T [M]{r}

(7.23)
{r}

.
4:
j =

Lj
mj

(7.24)

5:
L2j
eff
mj =
mj

(7.25)

6: < m << N

m
j=1

eff
j

m tot

(7.26)

m tot


90%.

7.2

7: S a (T j )
j T j (.
7.2).
8:
j
{U j,max } = j

Sa(Tj )
2j

{ j}

(7.27)

9:
SRSS
{U max } = [{U i,max }2 + {U 2,max } + + {U

,max

}2 ]1/ 2

(7.28)

{U max }

.

7.2.2
()
( = 1) m1 = m tot .

.

.

7.3

,
.

.


2.

. ()
(static push-over)

. ()
(incremental dynamic analysis)
.



.

.

, /.


.
, ,



.
-


(, , , ).
, ,

M. Papadrakakis, N. Lagaros, V. Plevris, Optimum design of space frames under seismic loading,
International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics, 2001

10

.
,
,
(displacement-based seismic design method)
(capacity spectrum method)
.

ATC-40 FEMA 273.
.

7.2.1

,
- P-U, ,
.
P-U
SaSd.

7.3 () , ()
( P-U)

:
1:
().

11

, ,

5 8
.
P-U (capacity curve) ,
P=Vb U
(. 7.3).


,
,
.

2: () .
(
n ndf (number of degrees of freedom) )

(capacity spectrum) .

,
.

.

.
2.1 {1} ,
1 1
.
2.2

= a1mtot
m

(7.29)

m tot 1
.
Freeman (1998)

12

1 = (mi 1i )
i

) ( m (m ) )
2

2
1i

(7.30)

, i = 1, n

mi , 1i
i , .
2.3

Sa = P/m
Sd = U/a 2

(7.31, 7.32)

a 2 .

a 2 = (mi 1i ) (mi 1i2 )
i

(7.33)

2.4 ( Sa,Sd )
2.5

Sa y Sd y
k = m
k
T = 2 m

(7.34, 7.35)

, Sd y = U y a 2
Sa y = y m

(. 7.4,).

7.4 ()
()

13

3: .

(Acceleration Displacement Response Spectrum-ADRS),
(demand spectrum),
,
.




. Priestley (1995)


eff = el + c u

(7.36)

el
( el = 5% ), u

u = 2( -1) ()

(7.37)

= U u U y .
U u
U y
(.
7.4). c (7.36)

.
c 0.60 ,
c 0.40 . (7.37)

.
,
,
= 7 ( 2 + eff ) 0.7

(7.38)

14

7.5

()
()

4:
ADRS.

(7.38) ,
ADRS, .

(.
7.5). Sa, Sd :
Sa = Sa el
Sd = Sd el

(7.39)
(7.40)

ADRS (Sa,Sd)
(Sa,T)
Sd =

T2
Sa
4 2

(7.41)

15

7.6 E

ADRS
Sa,Sd (. 7.5).

5: .

: (. 7.6).
5.1 T1
eff = el :
eff = el

Sd i ( T1 , el )

(7.42)

5.2 , Teq ,
eff
= Sd i Sd y
Teq = 1

(7.43)
(7.44)

u = 2 ( -1)

eff = el + c u

(7.45 ,)

16
= 7 ( 2 + eff )

(7.46)

5.3 Sd i ( Teq , eff ).

Sd i
ADRS ( eff )

.
Teq

Teq .
5.4 (performance point).

5.3
Teq
ADRS ( eff ) .

E(Sa d ,Sd d )
.

.
E ,

,
.
-


eff .
Teq ,
.

,
,
(. 7.7):

17

7.7 E

1. eff
(7.45)
(7.46) Sd u = U u / 2 ( )
.
2. ADRS( eff,u )
(7.39), (7.40),
.
3.

ADRS( eff,u ).
4.
,
( 7.43) eff (7.45)
, ADRS
.

. ,
Sd d .

Sd d Sa d
,

18
U d = 2 Sd d

(7.47)

Vb = 1 m tot Sa d

(7.48)

1, 2 (7.30) (7.33).

19

(PUSH-OVER ANALYSIS)

.
() (static push-over analysis)

.
() (incremental dynamic analysis)

.

.

8.1

H () ,
: (i)
, (ii)
, (iii)
, (iv) -
.

8.2.1



o .

.

,

[ K ]{1} = 1 [ M ]{1}

(8.1)

T1 = 2/min
min = 1

(8.2)
(8.3)

20

({1}, min )
{1} min .

.

.
,

.

8.1

Vb = Sa1 w k /g

(8.4)

w k k (k = 1 n ) , n
Sa1 = Sa(T1 )

(. 7.2).

.
k

21
Qk =

w k 1k
Vb
k
w

k 1

k = 1, n

(8.5)

{1}

= 11 12 1k 1n

(8.6)

k=1,2,,n (. 8.1).

8.2 () ,
()

(.
8.2)

1k = h k / h n

(8.7)

hk k .
Qk
Qk =

wkhk
Vb
wkhk
k

(8.8)

22

wk
8.2.
(8.8) (8.5)
, ,
--


.
,
.

8.2.1

.



.

8.2.1 -


, ,

.

.

.
( 90%)

(. 7.2.1).

, ,
.

23

.

-

:
1: m

[ K ]{} = [ ]{}

(8.9)

T1 , T2 ,..., T m

(8.10)

{1} , {2 } ,..., { m }

(8.10)

2:
m j = { j}T [M]{ j}

j = 1, m

(8.11)

L j = { j}T [M]{r}

(8.12)
L2j
eff
mj =
mj

(8.13)

3:

m
j=1

eff
j

m tot

(8.14)

4: Sa(j), j = 1,
k
Vb, j = Sa j w k /g ,
k

j = 1,

, k = 1, n

(8.15)

24

Q =
k
j

w k kj

w
k

k
j

(8.16)

Vb, j

Q = Q kj
j
k

1/ 2
2

( )

(8.17)

8.1.2

m
Q km

1/2

2
= Q kj,m

, j = 1,

k = 1, n

(8.18)

Q km 1 4
m .

8.2

,
.


.
.

8.3

25

8.2.1
, (. 5 )
,
. (. 8.3):
1
1:

[ K 0 ]{1} = 1 [ ]{1}

1,1 , {1,1}

(8.19)

.
1: Y

Vb,1 = Sa1,1 w k /g

(8.20)

Q1k

k
w k 1,1

wi1,1k

Vb,1

k = 1, n

(8.21)

{Q1}

= Q11 Q12 Q1n

(8.22)

1:

{q1} =

{Q1}

(8.23)

R
.
1: 1

[ K 0 ] {U1} = {q1}

1i, j 1 = min 1i, j ,

(8.24)

j i .

{P1} = 1 {q1}

(8.25)

26

2, 3, , m - 1
m
1:

[ K m-1 ]{m } = m [ M ]{m }

T1,m , { 1, m }

(8.26)

1:

Vb,m = Sa1,m w k /g

(8.27)

Q km =

k
w k 1,m

k
w i1,m

Vb, m

(8.28)

k = 1, n

{Qm }

{q m } =

= Q1m , Q 2m ,, Q nm

(8.29)

{Qm }

(8.30)

1:
m

[ K m ] {U m } = {q m }

i,mj M i,p j = M i,3 j

m = min i,mj

m 1

+ i,mj M 3i, j

{Pm } = {Pm1} + m {Qm }

(8.31)

m = m + 1
m .

8.2.2 -


.

- .

27

.
-
-.

9.

8.4

8.5
m

28

-
(. 8.4 8.5):
1:
1:

[ K 0 ]{1} = 1 [ ]{1}
Vb,1 {Q1}

1,1 , {1,1}

(8.32)

1:
{q1} =

{Q1}

(8.33)

2: -
2: {q1}
1

{U }
{ U } {F }

(1)
K (0)

0 U1 = {q1}

U1(1)

(1)
1

(1)
1

(8.34)

(1)
1

{F1(1) }

1 (. 8.5 m ).
......

} = {q } {F } {U }
} { U } {F }

K (0 1) U1(

......

U1(

( 1)
1

( )
1

( )
1

( )
1

(8.35)

29

{ }

{q1} F1(j)

j :

{q1} 1

(8.36)

1 ( 1 = 102 ~ 106 )
2:

m{q1} (m11 ) {q1}

1

{ } {U }
{ U } {F }

(1)
(0)
K (0)

m-1 U m = {q1} - Fm

U (1)
m

(1)
m

(1)
m

(8.37)

(1)
m

......

( )
( -1)
K (0)

m-1 U m = {q1} Fm

U (m )

{ }
U (m )

{U }
{F }
( )
m

( )
m

(8.38)

......
j:

{ }

m{q1}- F(j)
m
m {q1}

(8.39)

8.6
. () 1, () m

30

8.7

, -

(. 8.6),
(. 8.7, 8.8 8.9):

8.8

31

1:
1:

[K 0 ]{1} = 1[M]{1} T1,1

{1,1}

(8.40)

Vb,1 {Q1}

1:

{q1} =

{Q1}

(8.41)

2: -
{q1}
1:

{U }
{ U } {F }

(1)
K (0)

0 U1 = {q1}

{U }
(1)
1

(1)
1

(1)
1

(8.42)

(1)
1

......
:

} = {q } {F } {U }
} { U } {F }

K (0 1) U1(

{U

( )
1

( 1)
1

( )
1

( )
1

( )
1

(8.43)

......
j:

{q1} {F1( j) }
{q1}

(8.44)

32

8.9

m+1

3: i{q1} (i 1){q1} (.
8.9)

1:

{ } {U }
{ U } {F }

(0)
K i-1
Ui(1) = i {q1} - Fi(0)

{U }
(1)
i

(1)
i

(1)
i

(8.45)

(1)
i

......
:

} = i {q } {F } {U }
} { U } {F }

K i(11) U1(

Ui(

......
j :

( 1)
1

( )
i

( )
i

( )
i

{ }

i{q1} F1(j)

{iq1} 1

(8.46)

(8.47)

33

4: (. 8.7 8.9)
{q1}T {U1}
{U1}T {U1}

(8.48)

{q1}T {U i }
: k i =
{U i }T {U i }

(8.49)

: k1 =

K :

ki
< 2
k1

(8.50)

2 ( 2 = 0.5 ~ 0.1) .
E 5 i = m .
3 i = i + 1 .
5:
1:
(. 8.9)

[ K m ]{m+1} = m+1 [ M ]{m+1}

T1, m+1 , 1, m+1

Vb, m+1

(8.51)

{Qm+1}

1:
{q 2 } =

{Q m+1}
R

(8.52)

6: -
{q 2 } (. 8.9)
1:

(1)
K (0)

m U m+1 = {q 2 }

......

(1)
U m+1

{U }
} {F }

(1)
U m+1

(1)
m+1

(1)
m+1

(8.53)

34

( )
( -1)
K (m 1) U m+1
= {mq1 + q 2 } Fm+1

{U }
( )
m+1

{U }
( )
m+1

{U }
( )
m+1

{F }
( )
m+1

(8.54)

......
j:

{mq1 + q 2 } {Fm( +j)1}

{mq1 + q 2 }

(8.55)

7:

(m{q1} + i{q 2 }) (m{q1} + (i 1){q 2 })

(. 8.7)

1:

{ }

(0)
(1)
(0)
K m+i-1
U m+i
= m{q1} + i{q 2 }- Fm+1

{U }

(8.56)

{U }
(1)
m+i

( -1)
( )
( -1)
K m+i-1
U m+i
= m{q1} + i{q 2 }- Fm+1

{U }

( )
Fm+i

(1)
m+i

{U }

(1)
m+1

{F }
(1)
m+i

......
:

( )
m+i

{U }
( )
m+i

{U }
( )
m+i

(8.57)

{ }

......

j:
(j)
}
{mq1 + i q 2 } -{Fm+i
{mq1 + i q 2 }

(8.58)

35

8: .

m+1:
{q 2 }T {U m }
km =
{U m }T {U m }

(8.59)

:
k m+i

{q 2 }T {U m+i }
=
{U m+i }T {U m+i }

(8.60)
k m+i
2
km

(8.61)

5 m=n.
7 i=i+1.
-
.
P-U (8.38)
(8.56) / : (i)

( ), (ii)

, (iii)
(8.38) (8.56).
. -

-
-

(8.17)
(816) j=1. ,
-
(8.18).

36

37

9.

H
: (i) (concentrated
plasticity),
(.
5, ).
(plastic node). (ii)
(distributed plasticity)

.



P-U.

.
-
,
,
,
.

,

.
, ,
. ,
.

.

9.1

38

9.1

, 9.1.

(.
9.2).

9.2

f (11 , 22 , 33 , 12 , 23 , 31 , y ) = 0
5,
,
f (F1 , F2 , F3 , M1 , M 2 , M 3 , y ) = 0.
,
.
9.3
d{} , , :

d{} = d{ el } + d{ pl }

(9.1)

39

9.3

(. 9.3)

E =
T

d
d
= H = pl
d
d

(9.2,)

d d
d = E (d el + d pl ) = E T +
T
E H

(9.3)

ET =

EH
E+H

= E 1-

E+H
E

E T

(9.4)

9.12
9.13.

9.1.1 -



,

40

. ,
-
.


.
NewtonRaphson (9.4)
:

9.4

Newton-Raphson

. Newton-Raphson m+1
B 1: [K m-1 ]
m-1.
B 2:
2: (. 9.1.3)
K (0)

m-1 = [K m-1 ]

(9.5)

41

2:

{ }

(9.6)

(9.7)

(0)
K m-1
U (1)
= {Pm } - Fm(0)
m

{ } {

(0)
(1)
U (1)

m = U m + U m

{ } {

(0)
(1)
U (1)

m = U m + U m

(9.8)

2:

{F }
(1)
m

(. 9.1.2).
.
......
B 3:
3: K (m-1-1)
3:

( -1)
K m-1
U (m ) = {Pm } - F(m -1)

( )
U m = U (m-1) + U (m )

} {

{ } {

( )
U (m ) = U (0)
m + U m

(9.9)
(9.10)

(9.11)

{ }

3: Fm( )

......
j :

{Pm } {Fm( j) }

{Pm }

(9.12)

102 106 .
j = m :
(0)
{U m+1} = {U m+1
} = {U(j)m }

(9.13)

42

{F } = {F } = {F }
(0)
m +1

m +1

( j)
m

(9.14)

{Pm +1} = {Pm } + {}

(9.15)

{} .
m=m+1 1.

3.

= + 1

Newton-Raphson

Fm(j) K (j-1)
m

{ }

j m .

9.1.2


. (beam-column)
1 2
. :
. j
m:
1:

{ }

(j-1)
(j-1)
K m-1
U (j)
m = {Pm } - Fm

(9.16)

2: D(i)

i .

{U(j)m } {U(j)m } {D(i)}

(9.17)

m j.

43

3:
11 i 1,2 (.
9.5).

9.5

4:
(elastic prediction) (. 9.6)
elp
11
= E 11

( )

elp (j)

11

(9.18)

elp
= ( 11 )m + 11
(0)

(j)
m

i 1,2.

(9.19)

44

9.6

j: ()
, ()
, ()

5: ,
m, j, i , 1 2.
5: :

( )

elp (j)

11

< y

( 11 )m

(j)

( )

elp
= 11

(j)
m

(9.20)

5: (. 9.6):

( )

elp (j)

11

( )

(j)

11 m

> y ( 11 )m-1 < y

= y + E T [(11 )(j)
m - y ]

(9.21)
(9.22)

45

5: (.
9):

( )

elp (j)

11

( )

> y (11 )(0)

m > y

(j)

(9.23)

= (11 ) m 1 + E T [(11 )(mj) (11 )(0)

m ]

11 m

(9.24)

5: :

( 11 )m

(0)

( )
11

elp
> y ( 11
) < (11 )m1

(9.25)

elp ( j)
= (11
)m

(9.26)

( j)
m

( j)
m

.
1 2 -
j m
.
,
j m

{F } = F
(j)

(j)
1

F(j)
M (j)3
2

, j = 1, 2

(9.27)

= 1, n

(9.28)

(. 9.5):
F1 = 11 t
M 3 = 11 b t

b
y

M3 = M3

(9.29)

n .

(. 9.7)
F21 = ( M13 + M 32 ) L = F22

(9.30)

46

9.7

9.1.3

- (beam-column approach)

(.
, . , , 2002
, . , , 2000).

-
.

9.8 -

-
.
() - 9.8

F44
[Fkk ] = 0
0

0
F55
F65

0
F56
F66

(9.31)

47

Fij
- (.
- , .
, , 1996):
L

F44 =
0

N 4 (x1 )N 4 (x1 )
dx ,
EA

F55 =
0

M 5 (x1 )M 5 (x1 )
dx
EI

(9.32 ,)

M 5 (x1 )M 6 (x1 )
dx
EI
0

F56 = F65 =

(9.33)

4(x1), 5(x1), 6(x1)

- ,
2 , .
, [Fkk]

0
A 0

B
C + BL

D + 2CL + BL2
[K] =
D

-A
0
0
A

-B -C - BL
-C -D - CL

0
0
B
C

D
0

(9.34)

A = 1 F44 ,
B = F66 H C = F56 H , D = F55 H

(9.35)

H = F55F66 - F562

F44 , F55 , F66 , F56

.

48

F44
k -
P4 = 1 , 9.9.

P4 = N 4 (x1 ) d

(9.36)

N 4 (x1 ) = 11 (x1 )d = E(x 2 )

A

9.9

d
d
dA =
E(x 2 )d
dx1
dx1 A

(9.37)

(9.37) (9.32)
F44 ,

F44 =

N 4 (x1 )N 4 (x1 )dx1

0

E(x 2 )dA

(9.38)

49

E( x 2 ) x2

.

9.10

(9.10).
(9.38)
L

N (x )N (x )dx
4

=L

(9.39)

, (9.38)

+1
E(x 2 )dA = E b ( x 2 x 2 )

(9.40)

x 2+1

x 2
= t
(. 9.11) b , E
E ,

50

. , ,
9.11, - , 1, 2, 7, 8

, 3, 4, 5, 6
.

9.11

. -

- F55 , F66 , F56

k (. 9.10 9.12).
F66 P6 = 1
L

P6 = M 6 (x1 )d

(9.41)

M 6 (x1 ) = 11 (x1 )x 2 d = E(x 2 )11 (x1 )x 2 dA

A

(9.42)

51

9.12

9.13
x3

(. 9.13)

11 (x1 ) =

(x 2 )
x
d = 2
+
dx1

(9.43)

.
(9.43) (9.42)

52

M 6 (x1 ) =

d
2
E(x 2 )x 2 dA E(x 2 )x 2 d
dx1 A
A

(9.44)

d (9.44)
(9.41) F66 =
L

M (x )M (x ) dx
6

F66 =

2
E(x 2 )x 2 dA E(x 2 )x 2 dA
A
A

(9.45)

L ,

P6 = 1 (. 9.10):
L

M (x )M (x ) dx
6

=L

(9.46)

(. 9.11)
L

2
E(x 2 )x 2 dA = 1/ 3
0

E(x

)x 2 dA = 1/ 2

E b

(x )3 ( x +1 )3
2
2

(9.47)

E b

(x ) 2 ( x +1 )2
2
2

(9.48)

9.12:
N 4 (x1 ) = 11 (x1 ) dA = E(x 2 )11 (x1 ) d = 0
A

(9.49)

(9.43) (9.49)
1
E( x 2 )( x 2 )dA = 0
+
A

(9.50)

53

E(x

)x 2 dA

E b ( x ) ( x )
1/ 2 E b ( x x )

E(x 2 ) dA

1/ 3

+1 2
2

(9.51)

+1
2

F55 . ...

L

P5 = M 5 (x1 ) d

(9.52)

.
F55 = (P5 = 1)
L

M ( x ) M ( x ) dx
5

F55 =

2
E(x 2 )x 2 dA E(x 2 )x 2 dA
A

L3 / 3

2
E(x 2 )x 2 dA E(x 2 )x 2 dA
A

(9.53)
F56 ,F65
L

M ( x ) M ( x ) dx
5

F56 = F65 =

2
E(x 2 )x 2 dA E(x 2 )x 2 dA
A
A

L2 / 2

2
E(x 2 )x 2 dA E(x 2 )x 2 dA
A
A

(9.54)

+y = y = 0
:

F55 =

L3 / 3

2
E(x 2 )x 2 dA
A

L3 / 3
=
1/ 3 E b (x 2 ) 2 (x 2+1 ) 2

(9.55)

54

F66 =

F56 =

2
E(x 2 )x 2 dA
A

L2 / 2

2
E(x 2 )x 2 dA
A

L
1/ 3 E b (x 2 ) 2 (x 2+1 ) 2

(9.56)

L2 / 2
=
1/ 3 E b (x 2 ) 2 (x 2+1 ) 2

(9.57)

k ij (9.34) (9.35),

A = 1/ F44 =
= F55 F66 F =
2
56

B=

1
E b ( x 2 x 2+1 )

L4 /12

2
E(x 2 )x 2 dA
A

(9.58)
L4 /12

1
2
+1 2
2 E b (x 2 ) (x 2 )

3
3
F66 12
12 1
= 3 E(x 2 )x 22 dA = 3 E b ( x 2 ) ( x 2+1 )

H L A
L 3

C=

F56 6
6 1
= 2 E(x 2 )x 22 dA = 2
H L A
L 3

D=

F55 4
41
= E(x 2 )x 22 dA =
H LA
L3

E b
E b

(x 2 )3 (x 2+1 )3
(x 2 )3 (x 2+1 )3

(9.59)

(9.60)

(9.61)

(9.62)

[k] (9.34)
.

55

9.2
9.2.1

9.14 () 1, ()
1 2

.

(.
9.14). r1 = 3 3 ,
1 ,

(. 4.3
, . , , 1996):
2
2 k 22
3 0
[ k ] = 3 k 32

5 k 52
6 k 62

0
k 23
k 25
c1
-c1
0
-c1 k 33 + c1 k 35
0
k 53
k 55
0
k 63
k 65

6
k 26
0
k 36

k 56
k 66

(9.63)

c1 1 k ij
. (9.63)

.

56

[ k ]{} = {P}
, 2 = 5 = 6 = 0 3 = 1 ,

r1 =

3
c1
=
3 c1 + k 33

(9.64)

.
,
(9.14)
2
2 k 22
3 0
3 k
k = 32
5 k 52
6 0

6 k 62

0
k 23
k 25
c1
c1
0
c1 k 33 + c1 k 35
0
0
0

k 53
0
k 63

k 55
0
k 65

6
0
0
0
0
c2
c 2

k 56
c 2

k 66 + c 2
k 26
0
k 36

(9.65)

[ k ]{} = {P} ( 3 6 ), 2 = 5 = 6 = 0
r1 = 3 3 2 = 5 = 3 = 0
r2 = 6 6 :
r1 =

3
c1
=
3 c1 + k 33

c2
r2 = 6 =
6 c 2 + k 66

(9.66,)

3 3 , 6 (9.63)
(9.65), .

57

1,
1
k c = k cc k ce k ee
k ec :
k 22
0
k =
k
52

k 62

0 k 25
c1 0
0 k 55
0

k 65

k 26 k 23
0 c1
1

[k c k k ] =
k 56 k 53 k 33 + c1 32 1 35 36

k 66 k 63

(9.67)
k 0 k 22 k 23k 32

c1k 32
1
=
k 0 k 0 k 52 k 53k 32

k 0 k 62 k 63k 32

c1k 23
c1k 33
c1

k 0 k 25 k 23k 35
c1k 35
k 0 k 55 k 53k 35

c1

k 0 k 65 k 63k 35

k 0 k 26 k 23k 36

c1k 36

k 0 k 56 k 53k 36

k 0 k 66 k 63k 36

k 0 = k 3 + c1 .
1 2
3 6 (9.65)
:

k 22
0
k =
k 52

k 25

c1

k 55

0 k 23
0 c1

0 k 53

c2 0

k 26

0 k 33 + c1

k 56 k 63

c 2

k 32
k 66 + c 2 k 62
k 36

c1

k 35

k 65

0
c 2

k 33 + c1
k
63

1
k 66 + c 2
=

k 66 + c 2
(k 66 + c 2 )k 33 k 36 k 63 + c1k 66 + c1c 2 k 63
k 36

k 36

a b
=

k 33 + c1 c d

(4x4) :

58

k 22 (k 23a + k 26c)k 32 (k 23b + k 26d)k 62

c1ak 32 + c1bk 62

k =
k 52 (k 53a + k 56c)k 32 (k 53b + k 56d)k 62

c 2ck 32 + c 2dk 62

(k 23a + k 26c)c1
c 2 c 22a
(k 53a + k 56c)c1
c1cc 2

k 25 (k 23a + k 26c)k 35 (k 23b + k 26d)k 65

c1ak 35 + c1bk 65
k 55 (k 53a + k 56c)k 35 (k 53b + k 56d)k 65
c 2ck 35 + c 2dk 65

(k 23b + k 26d)c 2

c1bc 2

(k 53b + k 56d)c 2

c 2 c 22d

(9.68)
r

rj = 1 , (c j = ) ,
, r = 0 ,
( c j = o ).
,
,

.
1 2,

..

9.2.2

r p
( )
( ).

( M y )
M p .
9.15.

59

9.15

. y

. p y

, u


.


M

( ) = y + M p M y

) (( M
2

)(

M y p

(9.69)

= 0 = p .
.
(9.15)
( = 0)
(dM d = ) .

60

.
, p dM = 0

(9.70)
dM ( )
kT =
=
d

(M
(

2p M p My

My

) (( M
2

) (
2

)(

dM d = 0 .

My p

) )
2

(9.70)
2

.


.
c1 , c2
dM d (9.64) (9.66)
p
p1 =

k1
k1 + k 33

(9.71)

p2 =

k 2
k 2 + k 66

(9.72)

c1 k1T c1, c2 k1T , k T2
(9.67), (9.68) k .

.
1:
.

61

( p = 1, = 0 ) .
2:
.
:
dM / d

.
3: j = 1, 2 i
. ,
,
M > My,
(9.69)
, ( ) = :
( M My )2
= p p 1

2
( M My )

(9.73)

4: (9.73) (9.70)
-
dM / d
p1 , p 2
( 9.71, 9.72).

% =100 (1 p j ) , j = 1, 2

(9.74)

.
5: ,
(9.67, 9.68),

.
6:
2.

62

,
My M Mp

m

My
M N

+
1.0
Mp
Mp Np

(9.75)

. m (.. m = 2
) Np = A y .

My
Ny =

Mp

Np

M = 0 (9.75).

9.16

(9.76)

63

(9.16) m = 1 (
)
.

p 1 p 0 .
M N ,

,
Oy My = My s Op Mp = Mp s ,
. s > 1 M N
.
My Mp (9.69) (9.70)
-
, .

. My Mp

.

9.2.3
(Federal
Emergency Management Agency-FEMA)
, ,
.


( p = 1 ).

(9.67), (9.68),
( p < 1) ,
.

.

1 =

Ur
Uy

(9.77)

64

2 = ( U k U k 1 ) ( U k U k 1 ) y

(9.78)

Ur , Uy

, U k k
( U k U k 1 ) y k k -1
( )
. Ur
.
: (i) IO (Immediate Occupancy), (ii)
DC(Damage Control), (iii) LS (Life Safety), (iv)
SC (Structural Collapse).
1

9.17 .

.
9.17 W
: 14x257,
33x118, 24x68.
T1 = 1.01 s . y


p = 0.045 rad , u
.
(9.75)
m = 1 .

65

1

Sa = 0.0008g .

Vb =

Sa
W
g

()

W ,
, k

Q k = C vk Vb

C k

w k h sk
=
w i h ir

()

, i = 1 3

()

h k k s
. 1
s = 2
.
9.18
.
9.18


.

U IO = 0.7%h, U DC = 2.5%h U LS = 5%h .

1:

(kN)
1
2

4688
4688
11405071

(kN)
11.556

(Cvk)
(kN)
0.068
0.786
0.271
3.132
0.661
7.639

66

2:

(cm)

U y = 4.39

IO
DC
LS
SS

U IO = 8.32
U DC = 29.72
U LS = 59.44
U sc =

1
1.00

(k)
1710.33

1.89
6.77
13.55

3154.09
5041.37
5326.28
5339.09

0.2183g
0.3489g
0.3687g
0.3695g

0.1184g

3:

DC
LS

3
15
3

2
15
27

9.18

67

9.19