Unit 1 - 2 & 16 Marks PDF

UNIT I-DATA COMMUNICATION PART A 1. What is meant by half duplex?
Each Station can both transmit and receive but not at the same time. When one device is sending the other can only receive and vice versa. Direction of data at time 1 Station Station
Direction of data at time 2 In a half duplex transmission, the entire capacity of a channel is taken over by whichever of the two devices is transmitting at the time.
2. List down the Network Criteria Parameters? Performance Reliability Security 3. List the advantages of star topology? 1. Less expensive than mesh topology 2. Easy to install and reconfigure due to only one link and one I/O part to connect it to any number of others. 3. Robustness 4. Easy fault identification and fault isolation. 4.which OSI layers are network supportive and which are user supportive layers? Sol: The physical layer, data link and network layers network support layers and session, presentation, application layers are user support layer. Transport layer links network support and user support layers. 5. Write the advantages of Optical fiber over twisted pair and coaxial cable. Sol. Noise resistance of optical fiber is very high. Without requiring regeneration optical signal can run for many miles-less signal attenuation. Bandwidth is very high.
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6. what is peer to peer process? Sol. Between machines layer-x on one machine can communicate with layer-x of another machine. The process on each machine that communicate at a given layer are called peer to peer process.
7.What is modem and give its various standards. The word modem is a composite word that refers to the two functional entities that make up the device: A signal modulator and a signal demodulator.A modulator creates a bandpass analog signal from binary data and a demodulator recovers the binary data from the modulated signal. Its standards are v.32,v.32bis,v.34,v.70,v.90 8.Discuss about the voltage levels of RS-232 standard.
The RS-232 standard defines the voltage levels that correspond to logical one and logical zero levels. Valid signals are plus or minus 3 to 15 volts. The range near zero volts is not a valid RS-232 level; logic one is defined as a negative voltage, the signal condition is called marking, and has the functional significance of OFF. Logic zero is positive, the signal condition is spacing, and has the function ON. 9.Give some serial interfaces similar to RS-232.

RS-422 (a high-speed system similar to RS-232 but with differential signaling) RS-423 (a high-speed system similar to RS-422 but with unbalanced signaling) RS-449 (a functional and mechanical interface that used RS-422 and RS-423 signals - it never caught on like RS-232 and was withdrawn by the EIA) RS-485 (a descendant of RS-422 that can be used as a bus in multidrop configurations) MIL-STD-188 (a system like RS-232 but with better impedance and rise time control) EIA-530 (a high-speed system using RS-422 or RS-423 electrical properties in an EIA-232 pinout configuration, thus combining the best of both; supersedes RS-449)
PART B-UNIT I 1. Explain the mesh and star topologies of the Network in detail with diagram. Sol:Physical Topology: It refers to the way in which a network is laid out physically. Two or more links form a topology. The topology of a network is the geometric representation of all the links and linking devices (nodes) to one another. There are four basic topologies possible: Mesh, Star, Bus and Ring.
Topology
Mesh
Star
Bus
Ring
Categories of Topology Mesh: In this topology every device has a dedicated point-to-point link to every other device. The term dedicated means that the link carries traffic only between the two devices it connects. To find the number of physical links in a fully connected mesh network with n nodes we need
n (n-1)/2 i.e. each and every node must be connected to n-1 nodes if each physical link allows communication in both direction, we can divide the no of links by 2
Station
Station
Station
Station
Station
Advantages: 1. Dedicated links guarantees that each connection can carry its own load thus eliminating the traffic problems that an occur when links must be shared by multiple devices. 2. It is robust. 3. Privacy or Security 4. Fault identification and fault isolation easy. Disadvantages: 1. The amount of cabling and number of I/O parts required. 2. The hardware required to connect to each link can be expensive. Star Topology: In this each device has a dedicated point-to-point link only to a central controller usually called a hub. Star topology does not allow direct traffic between devices. The controller acts as an exchange. If one device wants t send data to another it sends data to the controller, which then relays the data to the other connected device. Advantages: 1. Less expensive than mesh topology. 2. Easy to install and reconfigure due to only one link and one I/O part to connect it to any number of others. 3. Robustness 4. Easy fault identification and fault isolation. Disadvantages: 1. Dependency of the whole topology on one single point, the hub. If the hub goes down, the whole system is dead. 2. Cabling required more than bus and ring.
Station
Station
Station
Station
Start Topology is used in LANs and High speed LANs.
2. Explain the bus,ring and hybrid topologies of the Network in detail with diagram. Sol: Bus Topology: It is a multipoint, one long cable acts as a backbone to link all the devices in a network. Nodes are connected to the bus cable by drop links and taps. A drop line is a connection running between the device and the main cable. A tap is a connector that link the splices into the main cable or punctures the sheathing of a cable to create a contact with the metallic core Advantages: 1. Ease of Installation 2. It uses less cabling than mesh or star topologies. Disadvantages: 1. Difficult reconnection and fault isolation 2. Fault or break in the bus cable stops all transmission.
Station
Station Drop Line
Station
Cable End Tap Bus Topology
Cable End
Ring Topology: In a ring topology each device has a dedicated point-to-point link with only the two devices on either side of it A Signal is passed along the ring in one direction from device to device until it reaches its destination. Each device in the ring incorporates a repeater. When a device receives a signal intended for another device, its repeater regenerates the bits and passes them along.
Station
Station
Station Repeater
Station
Station
Station
Advantages: 1. Easy to install and reconfigure. 2. Fault isolation is simplified.
Disadvantages: 1. Unidirectional traffic. 2. A break in the ring can disable the entire network.
Hybrid Topology: A network can be hybrid. We can have a main star topology with each branch connecting several stations in a bus topology.
Station
Station
Station
Hub
Station
Station
Station
Station
Station
Station
3. Explain the following: 1.Protocols and standards 2.Line configuration Sol: 1.Protocols: The protocol is a set of rules that govern data communication;the key elements of a protocol or syntax ,semantics and timing. Syntax: It refers to the structure or format of the data,meaning the order in which they are presented. Semantics: It refers to the meaning of each section of bit
Timing: It refers to two characteristics :when data should be sent and how fast they can be sent.
Standards: It provides a model for development that makes it possible for a product to work regardless of the individual manufacturers .They are essential in creating and maintaining an open and competitive market for equipment manufacturer.
2.Line configuration: It refers to the way two or more communication devices attached to a link. A link is the physical communication pathway that transfer data from one device to another. Types: 1.Point to point It provides a dedicared links between two devices.thentire capacity of he channel is reserved for transmission between those two devices. Eg: micro wave and satellite links
2.Multipoint: it is one in which more than two specific devices share a single link. In this environment the capacity of the channel is shared either spatially or temporally.
4.Explain the Different categories of networks in details with diagram? There are three different categories 1.LAN 2. WAN 3.MAN Local area network It is usually privately owned and link the devices in a single office, building or campus. A LAN can be simple as two PC and a printer in someones office. Currently LAN size is limited to a few kilometers. In addition to size LANs are distinguished other types of networks by their transmission media and topology. In general, a given LAN will use only one type of transmission medium. The most common LAN topologies are Bus, star, and ring. Entirely LANs had data rates in the 4 to 16 Mbps. Today speeds are normally 100 or 1000 Mbps. Wireless LAN are the newest evolution in LAN Technology. LAN connecting 6 computers in a HUB
Wide area network(WAN): It provides long distance transmission of data,image, audio and video information large geographic areas that may comprise a country,a continent or even the whole world.A WAN can be as complex as the backbones that connect the internetor as simple as a dial up line that connects a home computer to the internet.We normally refer to the first as a Switched WAN and to second as Point-to Point WAN.
The Switched WAN connects the end systems which usually comprise a router that connects to another LAN or WAN. The Point to-Point WAN is normally a line leashed from a telephone or a cable TV provider that connects a home computer or a small LAN to an Internet service provider. End system C
Router
Router End system Router B
A End System
Router
Router
Router
Switched WAN
COMPUTER MODEM MODEM ISP
POINT-TO-POINT WAN
Metropolitan area networks (MAN): It is a Network with a size between a LAN and a WAN. It is normally covers the area inside a town or city. It is designed for customers who need high speed connectivity normally to the internet and have a end points spread over a city or part of city. A good example of a MAN is the part of the telephone company network that can provide a high speed DSL line to the customer.
5 .List the layers of OSI model and Explain. Sol.: OSI model is nothing but the open systems interconnection(osi)model. Control is passed from one layer to the next, starting at the application layer in one station, proceeding to the bottom layer, over the channel to the next station and back up the hierarchy 1. Physical layer, 2. Data link layer 3. Network layer 4. Transport layer, 5. Session layer 6. Presentation layer, 7. Application layer
Application(Layer 7): This layer supports application and end-user processes. Communication partners are identified, quality of service is identified, user authentication and privacy are considered, and any constraints on data syntax are identified. Everything at this layer is application-specific. This layer provides application services for file transfers, e-mail, and other network software services. Telnet and FTP are applications that exist entirely in the application level. Tiered application architectures are part of this layer.
Presentation(Layer 6): This layer provides independence from differences in data representation (e.g., encryption) by translating from application to network format, and vice versa. The presentation layer works to transform data into the form that the application layer can accept. This layer formats and encrypts data to be sent across a network, providing freedom from compatibility problems. It is sometimes called the syntax layer.
Session(Layer 5): This layer establishes, manages and terminates connections between applications. The session layer sets up, coordinates, and terminates conversations, exchanges, and dialogues between the applications at each end. It deals with session and connection coordination.
Transport(Layer 4): This layer provides transparent transfer of data between end systems, or hosts, and is responsible for end-to-end error recovery and flow control. It ensures complete data transfer.
Network(Layer 3): This layer provides switching and routing technologies, creating logical paths, known as virtual circuits, for transmitting data from node to node. Routing and forwarding are functions of this layer, as well as addressing, internetworking, error handling, congestion control and packet sequencing.
Data Link(Layer 2): At this layer, data packets are encoded and decoded into bits. It furnishes transmission protocol knowledge and management and handles errors in the physical layer, flow control and frame synchronization. The data link layer is divided into two sublayers: The Media Access Control (MAC) layer and the Logical Link Control (LLC) layer. The MAC sublayer controls how a computer on the network gains access to the data and permission to transmit it. The LLC layer controls frame synchronization, flow control and error checking.
physical(Layer 1): This layer conveys the bit stream - electrical impulse, light or radio signal -- through the network at the electrical and mechanical level. It provides the hardware means of sending and receiving data on a carrier, including defining cables, cards and physical aspects. Fast Ethernet, RS232, and ATM are protocols with physical layer components.
Application layer Presentation layer Session layer transport layer network layer datalink layer physical layer
6. Write about Guided Transmission media. Sol: Computers and other telecommunication devices use signals to represent data. these signals are transmitted from one device to another in the form of electromagnetic energy. these electromagnetic signals can travel through vaccum,air or other transmission media.
Coaxial Cable
Pair of conductors separated by insulation
Offers longer distances and better speeds than twisted pair, due to better shielding. Used for cable TV and local-area networks. Had been widely used in telephone systems, but optical fibre is now assuming this task.
Baseband Coaxial Cable 50-ohm cable, commonly used for digital transmission. Broadband Coaxial Cable 75-ohm cable, commonly used for analog transmission. Coaxial Cable consists of 2 conductors. The inner conductor is held inside an insulator with the other conductor woven around it providing a shield. An insulating protective coating called a jacket covers the outer conductor. The outer shield protects the inner conductor from outside electrical signals. The distance between the outer conductor (shield) and inner conductor plus the type of material used for insulating the inner conductor determine the cable properties or impedance. Typical impedances for coaxial cables are 75 ohms for Cable TV, 50 ohms for Ethernet Thinnet and Thicknet. The excellent control of the impedance characteristics of the cable allow higher data rates to be transferred than Twisted Pair cable.
OPTICAL FIBER:
Three components: light source, transmission system, and a detector The detector generates an electric pulse when hit by light
1-a pulse of light; 0-missing pulse of light. optical rays travel in glass or plastic core
When light move from one medium to another it bend at the boundary. The amount of bending depends on the properties of the media.
Light at shallow angles propagate along the fibre, and those that are less than critical angle are absorbed in the jacket The cladding is a glass or plastic with properties that differ from those of the core Used in long distance communication, in locations having small amount of space, and with reduction in price is starting to get also to LANs. Not affected by external electromagnetic fields, and do not radiate energy. Hence, providing high degree of security from eavesdropping. Provide for multimode of propagation at different angles of reflections. Cause signal elements to spread out in time, which limits the rate in which data can be accurately received. Reduction of the radius of the core implies less reflected angles. Single mode is achieved with sufficient small radius. A multimode graded index transmission is obtained by varying the index of reflection of the core to improve on the multi mode option without resolving to the cost of single mode. (index of reflection=speed in vacuum / speed in medium.) .
Coaxial cable 500 Mbps 350 MHz 1-10 km 2 GHz 10-100 km optical fibre 2 Gbps
7.Explain in detail about MODEM . Modem:
Modem (from modulate and demodulate) is a device that modulates an analog carrier signal to encode digital information, and also demodulates such a carrier signal to decode the transmitted information. The goal is to produce a signal that can be transmitted easily and decoded to reproduce the original digital data. Modems can be used over any means of transmitting analog signals, from driven diodes to radio. Modems are generally classified by the amount of data they can send in a given time, normally measured in bits per second, or "bps". They can also be classified by Baud, the number of distinct symbols transmitted per second; these numbers are directly connected, but not necessarily in linear fashion .
There are different V series standards: V.21 V.22 V.22bis
Voiceband modems generally remained at 300 and 1200 bit/s (V.21 and V.22) into the mid 1980s, although, over this period, the acoustic coupler disappeared, seemingly overnight, as Smartmodem-compatible modems flooded the market.A V.22bis 2400-bit/s system similar in concept to the 1200-bit/s Bell 212 signalling was introduced in the U.S., and a slightly different, and incompatible, one in Europe. By the late 1980s, most modems could support all of these standards, and 2400-bit/s operation was becoming common.. V.32
Echo cancellation was the next major advance in modem design. Local telephone lines use the same wires to send and receive, while longer distances use separate wires for the two directions. A small amount of the outgoing signal bounces back. This signal can confuse the modem: is the signal it is "hearing" from the remote modem, or its own transmission bouncing back? This was why earlier modems split the signal frequencies into answer and originate; each modem simply didn't listen to its own transmitting frequencies. Even with improvements to the phone system allowing higher speeds, this splitting of available phone signal bandwidth still imposed a half-speed limit on modems.Echo cancellation got around this problem.
Measuring the echo delays and magnitudes allowed the modem to tell if the received signal was from itself or the remote modem, and create an equal and opposite signal to cancel its own. Modems were then able to send at "full speed" in both directions at the same time, leading to the development of the 9600 bit/s V.32 standard.
V.34
Any interest in these systems was destroyed during the lengthy introduction of the 28,800 bit/s V.34 standard. While waiting, several companies decided to "jump the gun" and introduced modems they referred to as "V.FAST". In order to guarantee compatibility with V.34 modems once the standard was ratified (which happened in 1994), the manufacturers were forced to use more "flexible" parts, generally a DSP and microcontroller, as opposed to purpose-designed "modem chips".
Eventually the V.34 standard was updated to increase the maximum speed from 28.8 to 33.8 kbit/s. V.34 was and still is the fastest speed using analog technology. Later modems achieved faster rates via using digital encoding (PCM).
V.70
In 1995, the first DSVD (Digital Simultaneous Voice and Data) modems became available to consumers, and the standard was ratified as V.70 by the ITU in 1996.V.70 compatible modems allow for a maximum speed of 33.6 kbit/s between peers. By using a majority of the bandwidth for data and reserving part for voice transmission, DSVD modems allow users (often while playing video games) to pick up a telephone handset interfaced with the modem, and initiate a call to the other peer. V.90
A standardization effort started around 1996 working towards a single standard for 56k modems.There are certain special requirements and restrictions associated with V.90 modems.An important restriction with V.90 is that while V.90 modems can obtain up to 56 kbit/s download speeds, they are limited to 33.6 kbit/s upload speeds. Only in the rarest of circumstances would a user actually see 56 kbit/s speeds, with 48 kbit/s to 50 kbit/s being the most likely on a clean line. In addition, the FCC has limited the power output from modems to prevent crosstalk between bundled phone lines; thus even on a clean line 56K modems are limited to approximately 53 kbit/s to stay compliant with the regulation.
V.92 V.92 is the standard that followed V.90. While it provides no increase in download bit rate (56 kbit/s appears to be the maximum speed for voiceband modems), it does have slightly better compression and allows upload speeds up to 48 kbit/s provided both ISP and caller have V.92 compatible modems. It also adds two features. The first is the ability for users who have call waiting to put their dial-up Internet connection on hold for extended periods of time while they answer a call. The second feature is the ability to "quick connect" to one's ISP. This is achieved by remembering key information about the telephone line one is using, and using this saved information to help speed up future calls made from the line to the ISP.
ISPs have been slow to adopt V.92 due to the high cost of upgrading their equipment and the lack of demand from their customers. With the rise in broadband take-up that has led to declining numbers of dialup users, some ISPs have decided not to bother ever upgrading to V.92.
8.Discuss about RS232 interfacing sequences. RS-232 INTERFACING SEQUENCES[EIA 232]

EIA 232 defines the mechanical,electrical and functional characteristics of the interface between a DTE and DCE.
Voltage levels:
The RS-232 standard defines the voltage levels that correspond to logical one and logical zero levels. Valid signals are plus or minus 3 to 15 volts. The range near zero volts is not a valid RS-232 level; logic one is defined as a negative voltage, the signal condition is called marking, and has the functional significance of OFF. Logic zero is positive, the signal condition is spacing, and has the function ON. The standard specifies a maximum open-circuit voltage of 25 volts; signal levels of 5 V,10 V,12 V, and 15 V are all commonly seen depending on the power supplies available within a device. RS-232 drivers and receivers must be able to withstand indefinite short circuit to ground or to any voltage level up to +/-25 volts. The slew rate, or how fast the signal changes between levels, is also controlled.
Because the voltage levels are higher than logic levels used by integrated circuits, special interveningcircuits are required to translate logic levels, and to protect circuitry internal to the device from short circuits or transients that may appear on the RS-232 interface.Because both ends of the RS-232 circuit depend on the ground pin being zero volts, problems will occur when connecting machinery and computers where the voltage between the ground pin on one end, and the ground pin on the other is not zero. This may also cause a hazardous ground loop.
Connectors:
RS-232 devices may be classified as Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) or Data Circuit termination Equipment (DCE); this defines at each device which wires will be sending and receiving each signal. The standard recommended but did not make mandatory the D-subminiature 25 pin connector. In general, terminals have male connectors with DTE pin functions, and modems have female connectors with DCE pin functions. Other devices may have any combination of connector gender and pin definitions.
Presence of a 25 pin D-sub connector does not necessarily indicate an RS-232C compliant interface. For example, on the original IBM PC, a male D-sub was an RS-232C DTE port (with a non-standard current loop interface on reserved pins), but the female D-sub connector was used for a parallel Centronics printer port. Some personal computers put non-standard voltages or signals on their serial ports.
Female 9 pin plug
Pinouts (DTE relative):

The following table lists the commonly used RS-232 signals and common pin assignments Signal Type Common Ground Cisco DB- DERJHirschmann EIA Yost MMJ RJAlternates 25 9 50 RJ-45 45 7 5 3 2 4 6 7 4 6 5 3 1 8 4,5 3 6 2 7 1 6 8 9 7 5 4 3,4 2 5 1 6 4,5 3 6 2 7 4 3 5 -
Abbr. Dir. G
Transmitted TxD Data Received Data Data Terminal Ready Data Set Ready RxD
Out 2 In 3
DTR Out 20 DSR In 6
Request To RTS Send Clear To Send Carrier Detect Ring Indicator CTS
Out 4
1 (Aux only) 8 (Aux only) -
In
5 8 22
8 1 9
7 2 1
8 7 -
DCD In RI In
10 2 -
The signals are labeled from the standpoint of the DTE device; TD, DTR, and RTS are generated by the DTE and RD, DSR, CTS, DCD, and RI are generated by the DCE. The ground signal is a common return for the other connections; it appears on two pins in the Yost standard but is the same signal. Connection of pin 1 (protective ground) and pin 7 (signal reference ground) is a common practice but not recommended. Use of a common ground is one weakness of RS-232. If the two pieces of equipment are far enough apart or on separate power systems, the ground will degrade between them and communications will fail; this is a difficult condition to trace.
Signals:
Commonly-used signals are: Transmitted Data (TxD) Data sent from DTE to DCE. Received Data (RxD) Data sent from DCE to DTE. Request To Send (RTS) Asserted (set to 0) by DTE to prepare DCE to receive data. This may require action on the part of the DCE, e.g. transmitting a carrier or reversing the direction Clear To Send (CTS) Asserted by DCE to acknowledge RTS and allow DTE to transmit. Data Terminal Ready (DTR) Asserted by DTE to indicate that it is ready to be connected. If the DCE is a modem, this may "wake up" the modem, bringing it out of a power saving mode. This behaviour is seen quite often in modern PSTN and GSM modems. When this signal is de-asserted, the modem may return to its standby mode, immediately hanging up any calls in progress. Data Set Ready (DSR) Asserted by DCE to indicate an active connection. If DCE is not a modem (e.g. a null modem cable or other equipment), this signal should be permanently asserted (set to 0), possibly by a jumper to another signal. Data Carrier Detect (DCD) Asserted by DCE when a connection has been established with remote equipment. Ring Indicator (RI) Asserted by DCE when it detects a ring signal from the telephone line.
9.Write about cables, handshaking signals ,loop back testing and timing signals of RS-232c. Cables:
Since the standard definitions are not always correctly applied, it is often necessary to consult documentation, test connections with a breakout box, or use trial and error to find a cable that works when interconnecting two devices. Connecting a fully-standard-compliant DCE device and DTE device would use a cable that connects identical pin numbers in each connector (a so-called "straight cable"). "Gender changers" are available to solve gender mismatches between cables and connectors. Connecting devices with different types of connectors requires a cable that connects the corresponding pins according to the table above. Cables with 9 pins on one end and 25 on the other are common, and manufacturers of equipment with RJ-45 connectors usually provide a cable with either a DB-25 or DE-9 connector (or sometimes interchangeable connectors so they can work with multiple devices).
RTS/CTS handshaking:
The standard RS-232 use of the RTS and CTS lines is asymmetrical. The DTE asserts RTS to indicate a desire to transmit to the DCE. The DCE asserts CTS in response to grant permission. This allows for halfduplex modems that disable their transmitters when not required, and must transmit a synchronization preamble to the receiver when they are re-enabled. There is no way for the DTE to indicate that it is unable to accept data from the DCE. A non-standard symmetrical alternative is widely used: CTS indicates permission from the DCE for the DTE to transmit, and RTS indicates permission from the DTE for the DCE to transmit. The "request to transmit" is implicit and continuous. Thus, with this alternative usage, one can think of RTS asserted (logic 0) meaning "ready to receive characters" from the DCE, rather than a "request to transmit" to the DCE.
Signal rate selection:
The DTE or DCE can specify use of a "high" or "low" signaling rate. The rates as well as which device will select the rate must be configured in both the DTE and DCE. The prearranged device selects the high rate by setting pin 23 to ON.
Loopback testing:
Many DCE devices have a loopback capability used for testing. When enabled, signals are echoed back to the sender rather than being sent on to the receiver. If supported, the DTE can signal the local DCE (the one it is connected to) to enter loopback mode by setting pin 18 to ON, or the remote DCE (the one the local DCE is connected to) to enter loopback mode by setting pin 21 to ON. The latter tests the communications link as well as both DCE's. When the DCE is in test mode it signals the DTE by setting pin 25 to ON.
Timing signals
Some synchronous devices provide a clock signal to synchronize data transmission. The timing signals are provided by the DCE on pins 15 and 17. Pin 15 is the transmitter clock; the DTE puts the next bit on the data line (pin 2) when this clock transitions from OFF to ON (so it is stable during the ON to OFF transition when the DCE registers the bit). Pin 17 is the receiver clock; the DTE reads the next bit from the data line (pin 3) when this clock transitions from ON to OFF. Alternatively, the DTE can provide a clock signal on pin 24 for both transmitted and received data. Again, data is changed when the clock transitions from OFF to ON and read during the ON to OFF transition.
Secondary channel:
Data can be sent over a secondary channel (when implemented by the DTE and DCE devices), which is equivalent to the primary channel. Pin assignments are described in following table:
Signal Common Ground Secondary Received Data (SRD) Secondary Clear To Send (SCTS) Secondary Carrier Detect (SDCD) Secondary Transmitted Data (STD) 14 16 13 12 Secondary Request To Send (SRTS) 19
Pin 7 (same as primary)
Other serial interfaces similar to RS-232:

RS-422 (a high-speed system similar to RS-232 but with differential signaling) RS-423 (a high-speed system similar to RS-422 but with unbalanced signaling) RS-449 (a functional and mechanical interface that used RS-422 and RS-423 signals - it never caught on like RS-232 and was withdrawn by the EIA) RS-485 (a descendant of RS-422 that can be used as a bus in multidrop configurations) MIL-STD-188 (a system like RS-232 but with better impedance and rise time control) EIA-530 (a high-speed system using RS-422 or RS-423 electrical properties in an EIA-232 pinout configuration, thus combining the best of both; supersedes RS449)
10.Explain different types line coding in data communication. Sol:
Characteristics of coding: Signal element; Data element Data rate; Signal rate Bandwidth Baseline Wandering DC component Self-synchronizing Built-in Error Detection Immunity to Noise and Interference Complexity
Although the actual bandwidth of a digital signal is infinite, the effective bandwidth is finite.
In Manchester and differential Manchester encoding, the transition at the middle of the bit is used for synchronization polar-RZ coding:
Polar biphase: Manchester and differential Manchester schemes

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UNIT I-DATA COMMUNICATION PART A 1. What is meant by half duplex?

Start Topology is used in LANs and High speed LANs.

Station Drop Line

Cable End Tap Bus Topology

Advantages: 1. Easy to install and reconfigure. 2. Fault isolation is simplified.

Router End system Router B

COMPUTER MODEM MODEM ISP

Pair of conductors separated by insulation

7.Explain in detail about MODEM . Modem:

There are different V series standards: V.21 V.22 V.22bis

8.Discuss about RS232 interfacing sequences. RS-232 INTERFACING SEQUENCES[EIA 232]

Female 9 pin plug

Pinouts (DTE relative):

DTR Out 20 DSR In 6

1 (Aux only) 8 (Aux only) -

Signal rate selection:

Pin 7 (same as primary)

Other serial interfaces similar to RS-232:

10.Explain different types line coding in data communication. Sol:

Polar biphase: Manchester and differential Manchester schemes

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