TM- 4143 METODA ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY (EOR)

Prepared by: David Maurich, MT

CHAPTER IV: MACROSCOPIC DISPLACEMENT OF FLUIDS IN A RESERVOIR

Basic Concepts of Enhanced Oil Recovery

Overall Displacement Efficiency (Er):

Er = Ed Ea Ey = Ed Ev
Higher Er values are obtained by increasing:
-- Microscopic Displacement Efficiency (Ed). -- Macroscopic Volumetric Sweep Efficiency (Ev).

Volumetric Sweep Efficiency (Ev)

Where;

Oil Recovery Factor

General Definition
E r = Np / N

Example

During primary 97 MMSTB

7000 acre hnet =84 ft = 24% Soi =71% Boi =1.36 RB/STB

OOIP N = 7758x7000x84x0.24x0.71 / 1.36 = 572 MMSTB Hence; Er = 97 / 572 = 17%

Ultimate Oil Recovery Factor

Represents total fraction of OOIP that can be recovered prior to field abandonment

If three oil recovery processes recovered Np1, Np2 and Np3: hence; Erult = (Np1 + Np2 + Np3) / N
Example
N = 165 MMSTB
During primary 13 MMSTB Water injection 25 MMSTB CO2 flood 48 MMSTB After CO2 flood 6 MMSTB

Total Np = 13+25+48+6 = 92 MMSTB Hence; Erult =92 / 165 = 56%

Well Patterns in Oil Displacement

Four spot P/I ratio 0.5

Five spot P/I ratio 1

Seven spot P/I ratio 2

Nine spot P/I ratio = 3

Line drive P/I ratio = 2

Recovery Factor in Oil Displacement

Atotal Atotal Aswept

Aswept
Areal sweep efficiency Ea = Aswept/Atotal

Vertical sweep efficiency Ey = Aswept/Atotal

Volumetric sweep efficiency Ev = Ea Ey

Unit pore volume

Soi , Boi Soi/Boi STB

Before displacement

So , Bo So/Bo STB
After displacement

Displacement efficiency Ed = 1 (SoBoi/SoiBo)

Recovery factor Er = Ed Ev = Ed Ea Ey

Ultimate Recovery Factor in Oil Displacement Processes

Represents total fraction of OOIP that can be recovered prior to field abandonment
Primary

OOIP = N

OOIPsec N - Np1

Secondary

OOIPEOR N - EOR Np1 - Np2

For secondary phase

ErSec = EdSecEvSec Np2 = ErSec (N - Np1)

For EOR phase In secondary swept region: ErEOR1 = EdEOR1 Np3 = ErEOR1 [(N - Np1)EvSec - Np2) In additional swept region: ErEOR2 = EdEOR2 Np4 = ErEOR2 (N - Np1)(EvEOR - EvSEC)

hence; Erult = (Np1 + Np2 + Np3 + Np4) / N

in Oil Displacement Processes

Ultimate Recovery Factor

Example

Ultimate Recovery Factor in Oil Displacement Processes

Example

Incremental Recovery Factor

BOPD

Incremental secondary

IncrementaE OR Extrapolated secondary

Extrapolated primary

Primary phase

Secondary phase
Time or Cum. Production

EOR phase

Recovery Factor from Gas Reservoirs

Constant volume reservoirs (no aquifer)
Sgi , Bgi OGIP = Sgi/Bgi Sga , Bga GIP = Sga/Bga

Unit pore volume

Initial At abandonment For constant volume reservoirs: Sga = Sgi hence; Recovery factor Erult = 1 Bgi/Bga since Bg = 5.04ZT/P Erult = 1 (P/Z)a/(P/Z)i

Example

Pi = 2800 psia, Pa = 400 psia, Zi = 0.8 and Za = 0.95 Ultimate recovery factor = 1 [(400/0.95)/(2800/0.8)] = 88%

Water drive reservoirs

Ultimatr recovery factors are lower than constant volume reservoirs Recovery factor depends on water influx and displacement characteristics

Estimation of Reserves
Analogy Method

Simple extrapolation methods

Cum. Gas vs. cum. Oil Oil cut vs cum. Oil Advancement of OWC or GOC

API oil recovery correlation Decline curve analysis

COMMON INJECTION-PRODUCTION WELL PATTERNS

Injection Production Well Patterns
= injection well

= production well

Direct Line Drive

COMMON INJECTION-PRODUCTION WELL PATTERNS

Injection Production Well Patterns
= injection well

= production well

Staggered Line Drive

COMMON INJECTION-PRODUCTION WELL PATTERNS

Injection Production Well Patterns
= injection well

= production well

Four Spot

COMMON INJECTION-PRODUCTION WELL PATTERNS

Injection Production Well Patterns
= injection well

= production well

Five Spot

COMMON INJECTION-PRODUCTION WELL PATTERNS

= injection well

= production well

COMMON INJECTION-PRODUCTION WELL PATTERNS

Injection Production Well Patterns
= injection well

= production well

Nine Spot

COMMON INJECTION-PRODUCTION WELL PATTERNS

Injection Production Well Patterns
= injection well

= production well

Peripheral Flood

COMMON INJECTION-PRODUCTION WELL PATTERNS

Injection Production Well Patterns
= injection well

= production well

Peripheral & Cluster Flood

IRREGULAR FIVE-SPOT DEVELOPMENT