1.

1 Origin of the Report:

This report is a primary requirement for the course F-503: Business Statistics under our honorable instructor Prof. r. !. "ahan#ir $lam %ho&dury at the '!B$ Pro#ram( epartment of Finance) ha*a +ni,ersity. $ sur,ey &as carried out to analy-e the socio-economic status of the ric*sha& pullers of ha*a city. This report is also aimed to inte#rate our classroom learnin# &ith the real life practices.

1.2 Objectives of the Report:

$s a part of course F-503: Business Statistics( &e had the opportunity to study on the socioeconomic status of ric*sha& pullers in ha*a city. The primary ob.ecti,es of the report are to: /. $sses the socio-economic status of ric*sha& pullers in ha*a city. The secondary ob.ecti,es are: /. +se of different statistical tools 0. +nderstandin# the different statistical tools used in the study

1.3 Sources of Data:

For the purpose of this report data ha,e been collected both from primary and secondary sources. Primary Source: For easier understandin# our #roup members tried to co,er different areas of ha*a city for the study. The sample si-e of the present study comprised of 05 ric*sha& puller. 1e choose them by simple random samplin#. The rele,ant information collected from primary sources is collected by sur,ey questionnaire pro,ided by our course teacher. Secondary Source: The secondary source of data collection is internet.

1. !ethodo"ogy:
For a socioeconomic study to be or#ani-ed and conducted properly( it should be systematic( and ha,e minimum bias( and allo& for consistent comparison and reasoned .ud#ment. For all this to be accomplished( carefully planned( ,ery precise and lo#ical &or* methodolo#ies are usually de,eloped. $ccordin#ly( a methodolo#y &as de,eloped for the study on socioeconomic status of 2ic*sha& pullers in ha*a city. This methodolo#y consists of se,eral statistical analyses. #he first section aims to pro,ide a comprehensi,e profile for the study site and de,elop criteria for socioeconomic assessment. This could be attained throu#h de,elop a thorou#h bac*#round about 2ic*sha& pullers and their socioeconomic assessment. #he second section deals &ith conductin# the socioeconomic assessment( &hich be#ins &ith the identification of main issues in the study and follo&ed by identification by of main socioeconomic aspects. %riteria for socioeconomic assessment should be firstly de,eloped. The de,elopment of such criteria should be based on the list of socioeconomic impacts and indicators. Socio-economic status of ric*sha& pullers &as calculated on the basis of daily income composition( educational le,el( family type and si-e( land holdin#( housin# pattern and material possession. #he fina" and third section of socioeconomic study is intended to pro,ide some basic findin#s of the ric*sha& pullers socio-economic status.

3t should be borne in mind that the implementation of the socioeconomic study in,ol,es a number of field &or* acti,ities( &hich include field sur,eys to acquire data and information from primary sources. This data and information is mainly concerned &ith personal opinions( &hich cannot be obtained from secondary sources such as perceptions and opinions of the indi,iduals about their concerns and future perspecti,es of the study site. They &ill also be utili-ed in the ,erification of data and information obtained from secondary sources. The form of sur,ey to be conducted &ill depend upon direct inter,ie&s &ith the ric*sha& pullers in order to ensure hi#h rate of response. 3t also helps to ensure the seriousness of the ans&ers #i,en by the inter,ie&ees. !oreo,er( the sensiti,ity of some questions and the need for clear( sharp and e4plicit ans&ers to some questions compel the need for personal inter,ie& approach. $lso( as a result of impossibility of in,esti#atin# all population( samplin# method &ill be useful to acquire data and information to sa,e time and effort. To ensure the representati,e of the sample( the samplin# should be random. This &ill ensure that different socioeconomic #roups are included in the sample. The best representati,eness of the sample for the population can be considered as a function of sample si-e and samplin# method. This means that the pre-determination of the sample si-e is meanin#less. So the decision of the sample si-e should be ta*en durin# the carryin# out of the sur,ey( ta*in# into account time( effort and fund limitations.

Figure 1: The Study Process

1.$ %imitations of the Report:

3n preparin# this term paper( &e faced some difficulties in #atherin# appropriate information and other related issues. 3t &ould ha,e been helpful for us to analy-e the entire scenario if &e had conducted more sur,eys. espite these limitations &e tried our best to collect necessary data and information that ha,e been analy-ed in the subsequent section. The focusin# limitations of this study &ere as follo&s: The main limitation of the study is that( the 2ic*sha& pullers did not disclose their economical information li*e) salary( total family income( family members information and their land area in ,illa#e and o&nership information of different household items. The number of sur,ey sample si-e is small( so our findin#s may not depict the &hole picture. The report &as prepared &ithin a ,ery short time considerin# the topics related to it. That5s &hy) it &as not possible to demonstrate all aspects of the report.

2.1 Socio&economic study of Ric'sha( pu""ers of Dha'a )ity:

623%7S8$15 is the traditional Ban#ladeshi ride. 2ic*sha& can be found in almost e,ery&here in Ban#ladesh. The people &ho earn their li,elihood by pullin# ric*sha& are called the ric*sha& puller. +sually( they are poor people. The ma4imum numbers of ric*sha& plays on the roads and streets of ha*a city. 3n ha*a ric*sha& is ,ery common ride. So ric*sha& pullers are also common in ha*a city. $ 2ic*sha&-puller starts pullin# his 2ic*sha& early in the mornin# and he *eeps on pullin# throu#hout the day to earn his li,in# but still( &hat he earns is not enou#h to satisfy the daily needs of his entire family. Therefore the rest of his families often ha,e to &or* to support him to bear the e4penses of the &hole family. This study has been done to assess the socio-economic status of ric*sha& pullers in usin# different statistical techniques. ha*a city

2.2 Data *na"ysis and Discussion:

ata &as collected throu#h personal inter,ie& method about a#e composition( educational le,el( family type and si-e( land holdin#( housin# pattern( daily income( material possession and analy-ed for percenta#e and mean. Then socio-economic status &as classified as lo&( medium and hi#h after quantifyin# the factors as &ell as calculatin# standard de,iation and mean. 2.2.1 *ge composition: $#e refers to the chronolo#ical a#e of the ric*sha& pullers in years at the time of inter,ie&.
Table 1: Distribution of Rickshaw pullers according to Age composition

S". +o. / 0 3 ; 5

*ge )"ass +o. of Ric'sha( pu""ers 00-09 0 09-3: /5 3:-;; 3 ;;-50 3 50-:0 0 !inimum<00 years( !a4imum<:0 years

3t is e,ident from Table / that the ma.ority of ric*sha& pullers =:0>? &ere in the 09-3: years a#e ran#e( 9> of the ric*sha& pullers &ere in the lo&est =00-09? and hi#hest =50-:0? a#e ran#e. /0> of the ric*sha& pullers &ere fallin# in the a#e ran#e of 3:-;; years and ;;-50 years.

Figure : Age !omposition of Rickshaw pullers

2.2.2 )"assification according to home districts: 8ome districts refer to the ric*sha& pullers permanent address. 3n our sur,ey &e ha,e as*ed the ric*sha& pullers about their home district to find out the ric*sha& pullers home district composition in ha*a city.
Table : !lassification according to home districts

,ome District 2an#pur Shat*hira @ola Aarayan#an. *uri#ram !ymensin#h 7ishore#an. "amalpur 7ushtia "assore Aatore #ota"

+o of Ric'sha( pu""ers : / / / / 3 : / 3 / / 2$

!ost of the ric*sha& pullers are mi#rants from other districts. From our field sur,ey( &e ha,e found that : of the ric*sha& pullers came from 2an#pur and 7ishore#an. area respecti,ely &hich

is 0;> of the total number. 3 of the ric*sha& pullers came from !ymensin#h and 7ushtia respecti,ely &hich is /0>. $nd only ;> of the ric*sha& pullers came from Shat*hira( @ola( Aarayan#an.( 7uri#ram( "amalpur( "assore and Aatore area.

Figure ": #ome District composition of the Rickshaw pullers

2.2.3 )omposition of years in current profession:

Table ": $ears in current profession

-ears Belo& 5 years 5 years and abo,e /0 years and abo,e 00 years

+o. of Ric'sha( pu""ers 3 // /0 /

$lmost ;;> of the ric*sha& pullers are in their profession for 5 years and abo,e. ;0> of the ric*sha& pullers are in their profession for /0 years and abo,e. 1e ha,e found only one respondent in his profession for 00 years.

Figure %: !urrent years in profession

2.2. Status in profession:

Table %: Status in profession

Status Bnly puller Both puller and o&ner

+o of Samp"es 05 0

$s per the table( all of the ric*sha& pullers do not ha,e their o&n ric*sha&s. 1e did not find any ric*sha& o&ner( &ho o&ns and also pulls ric*sha&. $s our sample si-e is not lar#e enou#h( this may not be the scenario if &e could conduct our sur,ey in lar#e sample si-e. 2.2.$ .ncome composition: 1e ha,e collected the ric*sha& pullers daily income =&ith o&ners rent? and daily income =&ithout o&ners rent? for our analysis( &hich is cate#orically arran#ed in the follo&in# table.
Table &: 'ncome composition (with owners rent)

.ncome T*. 000 and belo& $bo,e T*. 000 T*. 300 and abo,e T*. ;00

+o. of Ric'sha( pu""ers : C /0 0

Percentage 0;.00> 09.00> ;0.00> 9.00>

$s per the table( ;0> of the ric*sha& pullers in our sample earn t*. 300 and abo,e per day( 0;> earn t*. 000 and belo&( 09> earn abo,e t*. 000. Bnly 9> of the ric*sha& pullers earn t*. ;00 per day. 3n the belo& table &e cate#ori-ed daily income of the ric*sha& pullers &ithout ric*sha& o&ners rent or ta*e home income.
Table *: 'ncome composition (without owners rent)

.ncome T*./00 and belo& $bo,e T*. /00 T*. 000 and abo,e T*. 300

+o. of Ric'sha( pu""ers C : // /

Percentage 09.00> 0;.00> ;;.00> ;.00>

From our sur,ey( ;;> of the ric*sha& pullers earn t*. 000 and abo,e( 09> of the ric*sha& pullers earn t*. /00 and belo&( 0;> of the ric*sha& pullers earn abo,e t*. /00. Bnly ;> of the ric*sha& pullers earn t*. 300.

Figure &: 'ncome composition

2.2./ %iterate member in a fami"y 3n this section &e &ill identify ho& many of the ric*sha& puller ha,e a literate family members. )ategory literate 3lliterate #ota" +o. of Ric'sha( pu""ers 00 5 2$

10

From our study( &e found that( 90> of the ric*sha& puller has a literate family member( &hich is ,ery si#nificant. 2.2.0 Schoo" going members in the fami"y $s &e collected family member5s information of the ric*sha& pullers( &e &ill find out ho& many members of the ric*sha& pullers are #oin# to school and ho& many are not. From this analysis( &e can identify their family educational bac*#round.
Table +: School going members in the family

)ategory School #oin# members Aon-school #oin# members #ota"

+o. of Ric'sha( pu""ers 9 /C 2$

1e ha,e found that( only 9 ric*sha& pullers ha,e school #oin# family members( li*e: son( dau#hter( brother or sisters. But &hich is si#nificant from the study is that( /C of the ric*sha& pullers ha,e no family members &ho are #oin# to school. 2.2.1 !ateria" Possession: Bperationally defined as the #eneral materials possessed by the ric*sha& pullers) includin# recreational( machinery( domestic material( and communication and transport materials.
Table ,: -aterial Possession

!ateria"s !obile 2adio T&in / T@ %ycle !otor %ycle Bed Sho& %ase ressin# Table Se&in# !achine

+o of Ric'sha( pu""ers 05 ; 0 0 0 0 05 9 9 ;

Table 9 re,eals that( ma.ority of the ric*sha& pullers ha,e bed in their home. But the interestin# findin# is that( e,ery respondents of our sur,ey o&ns a mobile( &hich they use for communication and also for their entertainment purpose.

11

Figure *: -aterial Possession

3.1 Statistica" *na"ysis:

12

3n this part of the socio economic study &e &ill try to use different statistical techniques to analy-e our ra& sur,ey data. 3.2.1 Describing Data: 3.2.2. +umerica" !easures of *ge:
Table .: Age

Age !ean Standard 'rror !edian !ode Standard e,iation Sample @ariance 7urtosis S*e&ness 2an#e !inimum !a4imum Sum %ount 3:./: /.CC0C:05;9 3; 35 9.9539/0C39 C9.3D /.39/;0/50: /./35;9003: 39 00 :0 D0; 05

+sin# statistical analysis tool &e found that( the mean a#e of the ric*sha& pullers is 3:./: years. 1e *no& that( mean is unduly affected by unusually lar#e and small ,alues. From our data sheet it is clear that( there are no unusual ,alues. So( &e can say that( our mean 3:./: years actually sho&in# the characteristics of out samples.

Figure +: (Age) -ean/ -edian/ -ode

13

From table D &e found that( the median a#e of the ric*sha& pullers is 3; years. The mode is 35 years. !easure of dispersion: $ measure of location( such as mean or the median( only describes the center of the data. 3t is ,aluable from the standpoint( but it does not tell us anythin# about the spread of the data. Range: From table D &e found that( the ran#e is 39 years. 3t is the difference bet&een the lar#est and the smallest ,alues in the data set. Standard Deviation: The standard de,iation of the a#e data set is 9.95( &hich means that our data are close to the arithmetic mean. 3.2.3. +umerica" !easures of .ncome 2(ith o(ners rent3:
Table 10: 'ncome

'ncome !ean Standard 'rror !edian !ode Standard e,iation Sample @ariance 7urtosis S*e&ness 2an#e !inimum !a4imum Sum %ount 0:9 /0.055;0C55 050 300 :0.0CC/3CC3 3:33.333333 -0./;30C;;5; 0.:5D3;DC9/ 000 000 ;00 :C00 05

The a,era#e income =&ith o&ners rent? of the ric*sha& pullers is t*. 0:9. The median income is t*. 050( and the mode income is 300. !easure of dispersion: $ measure of location( such as mean or the median( only describes the center of the data. 3t is ,aluable from the standpoint( but it does not tell us anythin# about the spread of the data.

14

Table ,: ('ncome) -ean/ -edian/ -ode

Range: From table/0 &e found that( the ran#e is t*. 000. 3t is the difference bet&een the lar#est and the smallest ,alues in the data set. Standard Deviation: The standard de,iation of the a#e data set is :0.09( &hich is quite lar#e. 3.2. . +umerica" !easures of .ncome 2(ithout o(ners rent3:
Table 11: 'ncome

'ncome (without owners rent) !ean Standard 'rror !edian !ode Standard e,iation Sample @ariance 7urtosis S*e&ness 2an#e !inimum !a4imum Sum %ount /:5.: /0.3DC3//5; /50 000 :/.D9:55C:9 39;0.333333 -0.;900/D3D3 0.500DDD;/0 000 90 300 ;/;0 05

The a,era#e income =&ithout o&ners rent? of the ric*sha& pullers is t*. /:5.:0. The median income is t*. /50( and the mode income is 000.

15

!easure of dispersion: $ measure of location( such as mean or the median( only describes the center of the data. 3t is ,aluable from the standpoint( but it does not tell us anythin# about the spread of the data.

Figure .: 'ncome (-ean1 -edian/ -ode)

Range: From table // &e found that( the ran#e is t*. 000. 3t is the difference bet&een the lar#est and the smallest ,alues in the data set. Standard Deviation: The standard de,iation of the a#e data set is :/.D9( &hich is quite lar#e. 3.2.$. +umerica" !easures of %and area in vi""age:
Table 1 : 2and Area

2and Area !ean Standard 'rror !edian !ode Standard e,iation Sample @ariance 7urtosis S*e&ness 2an#e !inimum !a4imum Sum %ount ;.99 0.D99903DD/ 5 0 ;.D;;0/DD5C 0;.;;333333 -0.0/0CC:D9 0.09009C;99 /0 0 /0 /00 05

16

The a,era#e land area of the ric*sha& pullers in ,illa#e is ;.99 decimal. The median land area is 5.00 decimal( and the mode land area is 0.00 decimal.

Figure 10:2and area (-ean1 -edian/ -ode)

!easure of dispersion: Range: From table /0 &e found that( the ran#e is /0 decimal. 3t is the difference bet&een the lar#est and the smallest ,alues in the data set. Standard Deviation: The standard de,iation of the a#e data set is ;.D; decimal( &hich indicates that the standard de,iation is closer to arithmetic mean of the data set. 3.2./. +umerica" !easures of Room number in vi""age:
Table 1": Room 3umbers

Room numbers !ean Standard 'rror !edian !ode Standard e,iation Sample @ariance 7urtosis S*e&ness 2an#e !inimum !a4imum Sum %ount 0.50 0.050;5;:/: 3 ; /.0:00C3090 /.5D3333333 -0.:5/330/39 -0.;5;/D0C/C ; 0 ; :3 05

17

The a,era#e room numbers of the ric*sha& pullers in ,illa#e is 0.50. The median room number is 3.00( and the mode land area is ;. !easure of dispersion: Range: From table /3 &e found that( the ran#e is ;. 3t is the difference bet&een the lar#est and the smallest ,alues in the data set. Standard Deviation: The standard de,iation of the a#e data set is /.0:( &hich indicates that the standard de,iation is closer to arithmetic mean of the data set.

18

.1 Re"ationship bet(een years in profession and per day actua" income:

There may be a common perception that( if a ric*sha& puller &ho is pullin# ric*sha& for many years( may ha,e a hi#her income than a ric*sha& puller &ho is pullin# ric*sha& for a fe& years. 3n this section &e &ill try to find out if there is a relation bet&een the ric*sha& pullers years in profession and their actual income per day =&ithout o&ners rent?. For this analysis &e &ill use %orrelation and Einear 2e#ression analysis. First( &e ha,e to define the dependent and independent ,ariables. 8ere( .ndependent variab"e: Fears in profession Dependent variab"e: 3ncome =per day?
Table 1" SUMMARY OUTPUT Regression Statistics Multiple R 0.43 R Square 0.18 Adjusted R Square 0.15 Standard Error 57.26 !ser"ations 25 ANOVA df Re#ression Residual $otal 1 23 24 Coeffici ents %nter&ept ' (aria!le 1 215.39 )5.78 SS 16815.31 75400.69 92216 Standard Error 24.79 2.55 MS 16815. 31 3278.2 9 F 5.13 Significa nce F 0.03

t Stat 8.69 )2.26

P-value 0.000000 010 0.033258 169

Lower 95% 164.11 )11.07

Upper 95% 266.67 )0.50

From the abo,e summary output( &e found 2 Square &hich is the coefficient of determination( &hich e4plains the proportion of the total ,ariation in the dependent ,ariable F that is e4plained( or accounted for( by the ,ariation in the independent ,ariable.

19

%oefficient of determination =2 square? < 0./9 'nterpretation: 1e can say there is a positi,e relationship bet&een the t&o ,ariables. /9> of ,ariation in the income per day is e4plained or accounted for( by the ,ariation in the years in profession of a ric*sha& puller. Regression 45uation: G < a H bI 8ere( a < F-intercept b < Slope of the re#ression line

From the table /3( &e can find our re#ression line( &hich is G < 0/5.3D J 5.C9;0I

Figure 11: 2inear Regression 2ine 1

The equation indicates that( a / year of profession increase of the ric*sha& puller &ill result in a t* 5.C9 decrease in income per day. 3t may not be true for the &hole population. The a J ,alue indicates that( if there is no years of profession then a ric*sha& puller per day income is t*. 0/5.3D( &hich can not be true.

20

.2 Re"ationship bet(een Ric'sha( pu""ers age and per day actua" income:

3n this section &e &ill try to find out if there is any relationship bet&een the ric*sha& pullers a#e and their per day income. For this analysis &e &ill use %orrelation and Einear 2e#ression analysis. First( &e ha,e to define the dependent and independent ,ariables. 8ere( .ndependent variab"e: $#e Dependent variab"e: 3ncome =per day?
Table 1% SUMMARY OUTPUT Regression Statistics Multiple R 0.33 R Square 0.11 Adjusted R Square 0.07 Standard Error 59.85 !ser"ations 25 ANOVA df Re#ression Residual $otal 1 23 24 Coeffici ents %nter&ept ' (aria!le 1 248.29 )2.29 SS 9838.97 82377.03 92216.00 Standard Error 51.31 1.38 MS 9838. 97 3581. 61 F 2.75 Significa nce F 0.11

t Stat 4.84 )1.66

Pvalue 0.0000 70 0.1110

Lower 95% 142.15 )5.14

Upper 95% 354.43 0.57

21

11

From the abo,e summary output( &e found 2 Square &hich is the coefficient of determination( &hich e4plains the proportion of the total ,ariation in the dependent ,ariable F that is e4plained( or accounted for( by the ,ariation in the independent ,ariable. %oefficient of determination =2 square? < 0.// 'nterpretation: 1e can say there is a positi,e relationship bet&een the t&o ,ariables. //> of ,ariation in the income per day is e4plained or accounted for( by the ,ariation in the a#e of a ric*sha& puller. Regression 45uation: G < a H bI 8ere( a < F-intercept b < Slope of the re#ression line

From the table /3( &e can find our re#ression line( &hich is G < 0;9.0D J 0.0DI

Figure 1 : 2inear Regression 2ine

The equation indicates that( a / year of a#e increase of the ric*sha& pullers a#e &ill result in a t* 0.0D decrease in income per day. 3t may not be true for the &hole population. The a J ,alue indicates that( if there is no years of a#e then a ric*sha& puller per day income is t*. 0;9.0D( &hich also can not be true.

22

.3 Re"ationship bet(een Ric'sha( pu""ers income and "and possession in vi""age:

3n this section( &e &ill try to find out if there is any relationship bet&een a ric*sha& pullers per day income and their land possession in their ,illa#e. 3n our sur,ey( &e found that( /3 of the ric*sha& pullers ha,e their o&n land in ,illa#e area and the rest /0 ha,e no land in their possession. First( &e ha,e to define the dependent and independent ,ariables. 8ere( .ndependent variab"e: 3ncome =per day? Dependent variab"e: Eand area in possession
Table 1& SUMMARY OUTPUT Regression Statistics Multiple R 0.70 R Square 0.49 Adjusted R Square 0.47 Standard Error 3.61 !ser"ations 25 ANOVA df Re#ression Residual $otal 1 23 24 SS 286.85 299.79 586.64 MS 286.85 13.03 F 22.01 Significa nce F 0.00

23

%nter&ept ' (aria!le 1

Coeffici ents 14.12 )0.06

Standard Error 2.10 0.01

t Stat 6.73 )4.69

Pvalue 0.00 0.00

Lower 95% 9.78 )0.08

Upper 95% 18.45 )0.03

From the abo,e summary output( &e found 2 Square &hich is the coefficient of determination( &hich e4plains the proportion of the total ,ariation in the dependent ,ariable F that is e4plained( or accounted for( by the ,ariation in the independent ,ariable. %oefficient of determination =2 square? < 0.;D 'nterpretation: 1e can say there is a positi,e relationship bet&een the t&o ,ariables. ;D> of ,ariation in the land possession is e4plained or accounted for( by the ,ariation in the income per day of a ric*sha& puller. Regression 45uation: G < a H bI 8ere( a < F-intercept b < Slope of the re#ression line

From the table /3( &e can find our re#ression line( &hich is G < /;./0 J 0.0:I

24

Figure 1 : 2inear Regression 2ine "

The equation indicates that( a t*. / increase of the ric*sha& pullers income per day &ill result in a t* 0.05 decrease in land possession. 3t may not be true for the &hole population. The a J ,alue indicates that( if there is income then a ric*sha& puller land possession is /;.// decimal( &hich also may not be true.

$.6 Reference
1. Eind( $ ou#las( !archal( K. 1illiam( 1athen( $. Samuel =00//?. Statistical Techniques in Business & Economics. Ae& elhi: Tata !cKra&-8ill Publishin# %ompany Eimited. Standard de,iation =00/3?. 2etri,ed $pril /0( 00/3 From http:LLen.&i*ipedia.or#L&i*iLStandardMde,iation %orrelation coefficient. =00/3?. 2etri,ed $pril /0( 00/3 From http:LLen.&i*ipedia.or#L&i*iL%orrelationMcoefficient Statistics. =00/3?. 2etri,ed $pril /0( 00/3 From https:LLen.&i*ipedia.or#L&i*iLStatistics

2.

3.

25