HVAC Units For The Replacement of Wall Hung Units 11 15 2012 PDF

HVAC SYSTEMS FOR THE REPLACEMENT OF EXISTING WALL MOUNTED AND INDOOR CABINET TYPE CLASSROOM UNITS
Prepared for the Los Angeles Unified School District Facilities Services Division
November 15, 2012
By
Maroko & Shwe, Inc., Professional Engineers 1106 B, West Magnolia Boulevard Burbank, CA 91506
(818) 840-0280 msi@marokoshwe.com www.marokoshwe.com
11/ 15/ 2012
Replacement of wall mounted and indoor cabinet units
Table of Contents
Executive Summary
Introduction Methods Comparative Statements Conclusions Recommendations Decision Tree PAGE 3 5 9 11 11 12
Individual system description and evaluations

Rooftop Gas Electric Units Rooftop Heat Pumps Split gas electric systems Split system heat pumps Variable refrigerant flow New Generation Wall mounted heat pumps New Generation Indoor cabinet type heat pumps 4 pipe Hydronic fan coils Chilled Beams LG Installation @ Grant School
PAGE 13 18 18 19 27 31 38 41 45 49
Typical System Layouts

Rooftop Gas Electric Units Rooftop Heat Pumps Split System Heat Pumps Split System Heat Pumps Split System Heat Pumps Fig 3, Page 14 Fig 3, Page 14 Fig 3, Page 14 Fig 14, Page 24 Fig 18, Page 30
Maroko & Shwe, Inc., 1106-B W. Magnolia Blvd., Burbank, CA 91506 Tel: (818)-840-0280 Fax: (818) 840-0284 e-mail: msi@marokoshwe.com
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Variable refrigerant flow New Generation Wall mounted heat pumps New Generation Indoor cabinet type heat pumps Chiller Boiler Plant for4 pipe Hydronic fan coils Chilled Beams Appendices A. Sample EnergyPro Calculation Results B. Previous related studies 1. HVAC Systems Acoustical, Cost and Energy Study, June 6, 2005
Fig 17, Page 29 Fig 22, Page 34 Fig 26, Page 39 Fig 30, Page 44 Fig 34, Page 47
2. Duct Free Split System Heat Pumps as Alternative for Wall Mounted Heat Pumps In existing classrooms, March 21, 2005 3. Measured Classroom Sound Levels, May 30, 2005 C. Catalog data Rooftop Gas Electric Units Rooftop Heat Pumps Split system heat pumps Variable refrigerant flow New Generation Wall mounted heat pumps New Generation Indoor cabinet type heat pumps 4 pipe Hydronic fan coils Chilled Beams Air Cooled Chillers Boilers Pumps Expansion Tanks C1 C8 C 16 C 28 C 34 C 39 C 49 C 60 C 63 C 69 C 71 C 73
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Introduction This study was initiated to explore the HVAC systems that can be used to replace the aging wall mounted and indoor cabinet type heat pump units in existing schools. The following factors will be compared: 1. Overall cost effectiveness a. Initial installation cost b. Energy cost c. Maintenance cost. 2. Indoor environmental conditions a. Outdoor air ventilation b. Air filtration c. Air movement d. Temperature e. Humidity f. Sound level 3. Aesthetics a. Indoor b. Outdoor 4. Difficulty of installation a. Space requirements b. Architectural modifications required c. Structural modifications required 5. Complexity of system 6. Difficulty of maintenance a. Service assistance from manufacturer
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b. Parts availability 7. Reliability from past experience 8. Durability from past experience 9. Installation time required The most suitable system will be identified for each prevalent type of existing classroom building. Please be aware that the performance and maintainability is dependent not only on just system type and manufacturer but also on the system design and installation. The installation arrangement of each system will be clearly defined in the report. The following building types will be included: 1. Single story building of wood or metal frame construction with single loaded corridor and sloped roof. The finger schools, two room bungalows, re-locatable classrooms and portable classroom buildings have similar envelope configurations and thus similar thermal performance. They will be grouped under this category and studied together for energy performance. 2. Two story building of concrete construction with double loaded corridors and flat roof. The concepts for multistory buildings will be similar. Typical HVAC system layout drawings for each system will be provided. The following HVAC systems will be included: 1. Rooftop Packaged Gas / Electric Units 2. Rooftop Packaged Heat Pumps 3. Split gas electric systems (Gas furnaces with outdoor condensing units. Report only. No energy studies will be made as this is not going to be installed in the future.) 4. Split system heat pumps 5. Variable Refrigerant Flow Systems 6. New Generation of wall mounted heat pumps 7. New Generation of indoor cabinet type heat pumps 8. 4 pipe fan coil units with air cooled chillers and gas fired boilers 9. Chilled beams with dedicated outdoor air systems A technical comparative statement will be provided so that the significant information can be compared conveniently at a glance.
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The following related studies that were previously done for LAUSD will be attached as references: 1. HVAC Systems Acoustical, Cost and Energy Study, June 6, 2005 2. Duct Free Split System Heat Pumps as Alternative for Wall Mounted Heat Pumps In existing classrooms, March 21, 2005 3. Measured Classroom Sound Levels, May 30, 2005 The information in the above studies will not be repeated in the current study. The reference studies are directed more towards new construction whereas the emphasis of the current study is on existing facilities. Methods Energy Use and Cost Energy use estimations will be done with EnergyPro Version 5.1 software. The calculations will be done for each building type with each of the eight HVAC systems. Each building will be rotated with the front facing eight different directions and the load calculations will be done for each direction. The worst case will be chosen as the basis of the study. Since two building types, a 2 story classroom building and a 2 classroom bungalow, are to be studied, a total of 16 different EnergyPro calculations will be made as the first step to determine the orientation with the highest cooling load. The input data for the highest load orientation of each building type will be then used to simulate the annual energy use with each system type studied as the second step. A total of 16 different EnergyPro calculations will be made for each climate zone. Energy use estimations will then be done for each system for the three prevalent local climate conditions in the areas served by LAUSD, the coastal, central LA and valley regions. A total of 48 different EnergyPro calculations will be made for step two. Energy cost estimations will be done using both LADWP and SCE rate structures. The resulting energy costs will be tabulated and presented in the technical comparative statements. This requires an additional 48 EnergyPro runs. A total of 112 EnergyPro calculations are made for this report. With reference to the ASHRAE 90.1 Users Manual, energy cost budget calculations are only intended to provide a fair method of comparison between different designs and systems but not to predict actual energy consumption as variations such as occupancy, maintenance, weather conditions, etc. may differ widely.
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Installation Cost Installation cost will be based on the schedule of values of recently completed similar projects in the Los Angeles area in the last 5 years, as the cost of the architectural, structural, electrical and plumbing improvements are also required to be taken into consideration. The costs vary widely for the same type of system due to differences in building type and configuration, asbestos abatement, quality of the construction documents, etc. The values used are average values filtered through our best judgment. Equipment budget cost quoted by the manufacturers and overall mechanical system cost based on the 2012 Means Cost Data will also be included as reference. The cost for the wall mounted heat pump will not include the architectural, electrical and structural. The reason is the study is based on the assumption that a wall mounted heat pump already exists and it is to be replaced because it is old and the replacement unit will not require structural, electrical and architectural modifications. This is only true for Bard who has an adaptor curb. We have this assumption stated in bold on item 4 of the conclusions on page 11. Payback Calculations The calculations will be simple payback. Example follows comparing Wall Mounted against a Rooftop Unit in the Valley: Energy Cost per Sq. Ft. Per Year with Rooftop Unit = $ 2.13 Area of studied classroom = 840 Sq. Ft. Energy Cost per sq. Ft. Per Year per classroom = $ 2.13 X 840 = $ 1789.2 Energy Cost per Sq. Ft. Per Year with Wall Mount = $ 2.33 Area of studied classroom = 840 Sq. Ft. Energy Cost per sq. Ft. Per Year per classroom = $ 2.33 X 840 = $ 1957.2 Energy Cost Savings Per Year Per Classroom = $ 168 Cost of roof top unit installation per classroom = $ 32,000
Cost of wall mount unit installation per classroom = $ 14,000 Additional cost = $ 18,000
Payback years just on energy savings = 18,000 / 168 =107.1 years If it is a new installation, the cost of the wall mount could increase to $ 24,000. Then the payback will be 8,000 / 168 = 48 years.
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Maintenance Cost Reliable maintenance cost data for different systems is not available in the industry. The ease of maintenance on a scale of 1 to 10 with 10 being the easiest, derived from the opinions of manufacturers, installers and service personnel will be used as a means of comparison. The manufacturers service manual will be used as an indicator of the difficulty of service. Complexity of Installation The ease of installation on a scale of 1 to 10 with 10 being the easiest, derived from the opinions of manufacturers, installers and service personnel will be used as a means of comparison. The manufacturers installation manual will be used as an indicator of the difficulty of installation. Complexity of Operation The ease of operation on a scale of 1 to 10 with 10 being the easiest derived from the opinions of manufacturers, installers and service personnel will be used as a means of comparison. The manufacturers operation manual will be used as an indicator of the difficulty of operation. Indoor Environmental Conditions All the systems included can accommodate MERV 8 efficiency air filters and also maintain the indoor temperature comparatively well but air distribution effectiveness and expected indoor sound levels differ. The latter will be used to compare indoor environmental conditions. Aesthetics Both indoor and outdoor visual obtrusiveness will be reported in either drawing or pictorial format. A scale of 1 to 10 with 10 being the least objectionable derived from the opinions of school personnel, architects, manufacturers, installers and service personnel will be used as a means of comparison. Reliability and Durability A scale of 1 to 10 with 10 being the most reliable or durable, derived from the experience and opinions of installers and service personnel will be used as a means of comparison. Construction Duration The time to install a complete system including architectural and structural upgrades will be used as a means of comparison. The labor costs from the Means Cost Estimation Handbook will be provided as a reference. The recorded construction durations also tend to vary widely for the same type of system due to differences in building type and configuration, asbestos abatement, quality of the construction documents, management, etc. The values used are average values filtered through our best judgment.
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A minimum of three opinions from each source will be collected and evaluated based on our judgment and experience. The following organizations provided the above required inputs and opinions. This document has been circulated for review and comment : Manufacturers Representatives 1. Benoist Corp: Team Air Enclosures ; Eric Quandt ; eric@benoistco.com; 888-236-6478 Office; 818-326-8717 cell; www.benoistco.com 2. Geary Pacific Corp: Bard Wall Mounted Heat Pumps; Maury Tiernan; BardGuy@gearypacific.com; 714 202-4541 Office; 714 270-7198 Cell; www.gearypacific.com; www.bardhvac.com 3. Sigler Corp: jparker@siglers.com Carrier; Jim Parker; (951) 255-2926;
4. Norm S. Wright / AireLink: LG, AireDale; Kent Kung; 714-238-6870; kkung@norman-wrightsocal.com 5. U.S.Air Conditioning Distributors: York, Mitsubishi; Karine Leblanc; ASHRAE Region X Assistant Regional Chair; O 626-854-4611; C 310-420-7066 Installation and Service Contractors 1. Comfort Systems USA: Service contractor for LA Fitness & Equinox Health Clubs and Ross Stores; COMFORT SYSTEMS USA. SOUTHWEST DIVISION; 909-390-6677; craig.wagner@csusa.us; www.csusasw.com 2. Mechanical Technology Systems Inc.: Installing contractor for Dorsey High School expansion; Russ Hickey; (714) 538-8036; <russ@mechtechsystems.net> 3. Modern Air Conditioning: Installing Contractor for E.L.A. High School # 2; Fred Hatch; fredh@modern-air.com; (310) 325-3712
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Comparative Statements 2 Story Building Overall Comparison (Applicable to typical multistory buildings)
Full Load System Energy Energy Cost Installed Ease of Ease of Ease of Indoor Outdoor Indoor Air Installation Aesthetics Reliability Durability Efficiency (1) Cost Installation Operation Maintenance Sound Sound Movement time EER $ / SQ.FT./ Year
Rooftop Gas Electric
$ 32,000 32,000 20,000 30,000 14,000 30,000 32,000 52,000
Scale of Scale of Scale of 1 dBA 1 to 10 1 to 10 to 10 9 9 8 6 10 8 4 2 10 10 10 9 10 9 4 2 10 10 8 6 8 7 4 4 45 45 42 42 45 48 42 40
dBA 78 78 74 62 78 60 110 110
Scale of 1 to 10 10 10 7 7 6 6 7 10
Scale Scale of of 1 to 1 to 10 10 2 2 8 8 1 6 8 10 10 8 7 6 8 5 4 3
Scale of 1 to 10 10 10 9 6 9 8 7 7
Days 5 5 3 5 1 2 30 30
12.8 12.8 12.5 11.6 11 9.3 10.1 10.1
2.13 2.11 1.95 1.46 2.33 2.27 2.62 2.39
Rooftop Heat Pump Split System Heat Pump Variable Refrigerant Flow Wall mounted heat pumps Cabinet type heat pumps 4 pipe hydronic fan coils Chilled Beams
EER = Energy Efficiency Ratio (BTU of cooling / Watt of electrical energy consumed) dBA = A Scale weighted Decibels (1) Based on LADWP Schedule A-2B TOU with San Fernando Valley weather
2 Story Building Energy Cost in 3 different climate zones under LAUSD (Applicable to typical multi-story buildings)
Coastal System
Rooftop Gas Electric Rooftop Heat Pump Split System Heat Pump Variable Refrigerant Flow Wall mounted heat pumps Cabinet type heat pumps 4 pipe hydronic fan coils Chilled Beams
Central LA Energy Cost $/SQ.FT./Year

93 102 22 26 Base No Payback No Payback No Payback 2.16 2.16 1.93 1.47 2.06 2.31 2.6 2.37 Base
San Fernando Valley Payback (2) Years

214 214 55 32
Energy Cost (1) Payback (2) $/SQ.FT./Year

1.84 1.86 1.75 1.34 2.07 2.16 2.35 2.13
Energy Cost $/SQ.FT./Year

2.13 2.11 1.95 1.46 2.33 2.27 2.62 2.39
Payback (2) Years

107 97 19 22 Base 317 No Payback No Payback
Years
No Payback No Payback No Payback
(1) Based on LADWP Schedule A-2B TOU (2) Based on 840 square feet floor area classroom
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1 Story Building Overall Comparison (Applicable to typical single story buildings including relocatables)
Full Load System Energy Efficiency EER $/SQ.FT./Year Rooftop Gas Electric Rooftop Heat Pump Split System Heat Pump Variable Refrigerant Flow Wall mounted heat pumps Cabinet type heat pumps 4 pipe hydronic fan coils Chilled Beams $ Scale of 1 to 10 Scale of 1 to 10 Scale of 1 to 10 dBA dBA Scale of 1 to 10 Scale of 1 Scale of to 10 1 to 10 Scale of 1 to 10 Days Energy Cost Installed (1) Cost Ease of Ease of Ease of Indoor Outdoor Indoor Air Sound Movement Installation Operation Maintenance Sound Aesthetics Reliability Durability Installation time
12.8 12.8 12.5 11.6 11 9.3 10.1 10.1
1.92 1.86 1.71 1.31 1.88 1.95 1.88 1.45
32,000 32,000 20,000 30,000 14,000 30,000 32,000 52,000
9 9 8 6 10 8 4 2
10 10 10 9 10 9 4 2
10 10 8 6 8 7 4 4
45 45 42 42 45 48 42 40
78 78 74 62 78 60 110 110
10 10 7 7 6 6 7 10
2 2 8 8 1 6 8 10
10 8 7 6 8 5 4 3
10 10 9 6 9 8 7 7
5 5 3 5 1 2 30 30
EER = Energy Efficiency Ratio (BTU of cooling / Watt of electrical energy consumed) dBA = A Scale weighted Decibels (1) Based on LADWP Schedule A-2B TOU with San Fernando Valley Climate Data
1 Story Building Energy Cost in 3 different climate zones under LAUSD (Applicable to typical single story buildings including relocatables)
Coastal Energy Cost (1) $/SQ.FT./Year Rooftop Gas Electric Rooftop Heat Pump Split System Heat Pump Variable Refrigerant Flow Wall mounted heat pumps Cabinet type heat pumps 4 pipe hydronic fan coils Chilled Beams 1.45 1.53 1.34 1.16 1.63 1.48 1.62 1.45 Base 26 No Payback No Payback Central LA Payback (2) Years 143 214 25 41 Energy Cost $/SQ.FT./Year 1.71 1.71 1.54 1.3 1.84 1.76 1.87 1.7 Base 238 No Payback No Payback San Fernando Valley Payback Payback Energy Cost (2) (2) Years 165 165 24 35 $/SQ.FT./Year 1.92 1.86 1.71 1.31 1.88 1.95 1.88 1.51 Base No Payback No Payback No Payback Years No payback 1,071 20 33
System
(1) Based on LADWP Schedule A-2B TOU (2)Based on 840 square feet floor area classroom
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Conclusions 1. The VRF type systems are found to have the lowest operating cost. 2. The split system heat pumps are second lowest in operating cost and also second lowest in installation cost after the wall mounted heat pumps. 3. The conventional split system type heat pumps are more cost effective and easier to install, operate and maintain than the VRF systems. 4. The new generation wall mounted heat pumps are significantly improved in energy efficiency and acoustical performance. They could be the most cost effective for replacement of an existing wall mount unit and are still a viable option where aesthetics are acceptable. This reasoning is true only if the physical size and configuration of the unit has not changed to require structural and architectural modifications. 5. The systems that require central chilled and hot water plants are neither cost effective nor easy to operate and maintain. Recommendations 1. For buildings with flat roofs and parapets, rooftop gas electric units should be the first choice for ease of maintenance if M & O prefers. 2. If an existing gas supply does not exist, consider rooftop heat pumps. 3. Use split system heat pumps if the existing roof structure or shape will not support the rooftop units. 4. Install the fan coils of the split systems inside pre-manufactured cabinets for acoustical performance, aesthetics and protection from vandalism in lieu of above the ceiling. Substantial cost savings can also be realized from not having to reconfigure existing electrical and data conduits and fire sprinkler piping if the ceiling is not reconfigured. 5. If the space for outdoor units is limited consider VRF units. 6. If outdoor sound level is required to be limited consider VRF units. 7. For two story buildings with flat roofs, consider rooftop units for second floor and split systems for first floor.
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8. Extra care should be taken about the location of outdoor units. They could be the source of outdoor noise intrusion if they are located near windows, louvers or other openings into the building. If they are accessible or even visible from outside, they are open to the risk of theft or vandalism. The accessibility of the units to the students is a risk to physical harm.
Figure 1: Decision tree based on the recommendations (Please review the entire report and other project specific information before making a decision on a project)
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Individual system description and evaluations

Rooftop Gas Electric Units Rooftop packaged air conditioning units with gas heating are currently the most preferred systems for new construction. The energy efficiency of these units is the highest among unitary packaged systems. The sound levels are well proven to be below 45 dBA with proper design and installation. The reliability is also well proven. Maintenance of these units is the most convenient as the entire unit is readily accessible on the roof. However, for existing facilities, the following issues exist for the rooftop units: 1. The existing roof support structure is not capable of supporting the added weight of the unit and vibration isolator curbs and the structure is required to be modified. 2. The existing roof framing cannot accommodate the required duct sizes. The roof framing is required to be modified. 3. For buildings with sloped roofs, the units installed on the roof are unsightly and also not very safe for the service personnel as a level service platform is not typically provided. Please refer to Figures 1 and 5. 4. Air distribution ductwork is required inside the room for proper air distribution and sound attenuation. Modification of the existing ceiling is required in most cases. Sometimes the upgrade of existing lighting is required. Relocation of existing items such as fire sprinklers, fire alarms, technology conduits, etc. could be inconvenient and costly. If there is limited or no space above the ceiling, the ductwork has to be installed exposed inside the room. 5. Duct shafts through the second floor are required for the first floor of two story buildings. 6. The existing roofs in wood frame buildings might not offer sufficient sound attenuation. Still, the rooftop units are viable options for buildings with flat roofs and parapets. This office is using these units for the second floors of the two story classroom buildings of the LAUSD Venice High School. This school has no space above the ceiling on the second floor. We terminated both supply and return air ducts at the roof penetration. We developed a special diffuser so that air may be distributed effectively throughout the entire room from one diffuser installed at the roof penetration. Drawings and photos of these arrangements follow. Figure 2: A 4 Ton Rooftop Gas Electric with spring isolator curb and down shot duct configuration. LAUSD Venice High School
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Figure 3: Partial roof plan of two story classroom building with rooftop units for second floor and split system heat pumps units for first floor. Second floor will have diffusers and registers at duct penetrations only and no ductwork inside room. From LAUSD Venice High School
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Figure 4: Partial floor plan of second story classroom with diffusers and registers at duct penetration and no ductwork inside room at LAUSD Venice High School
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Figure 5: Section of second story classroom with registers at duct penetration and no ductwork inside room at LAUSD Venice High School
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A (4) Nominal Ton capacity Rooftop gas electric unit have the following characteristics: Make & Model: CARRIER 48 LC A05 Efficiency: 17.5 SEER [Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (BTU of cooling/Watt of electricity)] 13.1 EER [Energy Efficiency Ratio (BTU/Watt) at peak load] Outdoor sound level: 78 dBA Unit weight: 1,160 LBS including isolator curb Equipment Cost: $ 5,475 Means $ 8,000 as quoted by Carrier with isolator curb Total Mechanical Installed Cost: $ 14,280 Means 2012 Total Installed Cost including Architectural, Structural and Electrical: $ 24,100 from the schedule of values of LAUSD Venice High School 2011 with no ceiling modifications. $ 32,000 expected with ceiling and lighting modifications. The duration of the installation of one new rooftop unit for a classroom is 5 working days. The Means labor cost for installation is $ 5,742. Manufacturers included in the current LAUSD Guide Specifications: Carrier, Lennox, Trane & York. Please refer to page 7 of the attached HVAC Systems Acoustical, Cost and Energy Study for further information on the basic system description and recommended method of installation for best energy and acoustical results.
Figure 6: Single story classroom building with sloped roof and rooftop gas electric unit on roof with horizontal duct configuration
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Rooftop Heat Pumps Rooftop heat pumps are similar to rooftop gas electric units in all aspects except heating. Gas electric units use natural gas in a furnace to heat. Heat pumps use the refrigeration compressor to heat by reversing the refrigerant flow between indoor and outdoor coils with a special reversing valve. Heat pumps have been well proven to provide reliable heating for schools in Los Angeles weather which is relatively mild. Rooftop heat pumps are installed where there is no existing gas supply. The cost is slightly lower. The operating cost is slightly lower than a gas electric unit of the same capacity operating under the similar conditions. This is due to lower air moving energy from lower internal resistance to air flow as there is no furnace inside a heat pump. However, morning warm up time is longer and supplemental electric heaters are required where the outdoor design heating temperatures are lower. A (4) Nominal Ton capacity Rooftop heat pump unit have the following characteristics: Make & Model: CARRIER 50HCQA05 Efficiency: 15.8 SEER [Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (BTU of cooling/Watt of electricity)] 12.8 EER [Energy Efficiency Ratio (BTU/Watt) at peak load] Outdoor sound level: 78 dBA Unit weight: 840 LBS including isolator curb Equipment Cost: $ 5,475 Means $ 8,000 as quoted by Carrier with isolator curb Total Mechanical Installed Cost: $ 14,280 Means Total Installed Cost including Architectural, Structural and Electrical: $ 24,100 from the schedule of values of LAUSD Venice High School. There is very little cost difference between rooftop heat pumps and gas electric units if there is an existing gas supply. The duration of the installation of one new rooftop unit with ductwork for a classroom is 5 working days excluding architectural and structural modifications. The Means labor cost for installation is $ 5,742. Manufacturers included in the current LAUSD Guide Specifications: Carrier, Lennox, Trane & York. Split gas electric systems Split gas electric systems are comprised of an outdoor condensing unit and an indoor section which has a cooling coil installed on a gas forced air furnace. The overall configuration is similar to a split system heat pump. We are dismissing this system altogether for the following reasons: 1. The internal resistance to air flow of the furnace makes the system less efficient. 2. The higher air flow resistance also makes the unit sound level higher. 3. The furnace also contributes to the indoor sound level.
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4. A gas supply is required inside the classroom. 5. Combustion air intakes and combustion product flues are required to be installed. Split system heat pumps Split system heat pumps are currently the second most preferred systems for new construction. The energy efficiency of these units is only slightly less than the rooftop unit systems but the operating cost is the lowest. This is due to lower air moving energy from lower internal resistance to air flow as there is no furnace inside a heat pump. It has been well proven in new construction that the indoor air distribution is very effective with split system heat pumps with ductwork above ceiling. The sound levels also are measured to be better than rooftop units of similar capacity with an average of about 40 dBA with proper design and installation with ductwork above ceiling. The reliability is also well proven. However, maintenance is the not as convenient as the indoor fan coil unit is above the ceiling and has to be serviced after hours. The existing roof support structure is usually capable of supporting the added weight of the outdoor section of the split system heat pump unit as it is significantly lighter than the packaged gas electric unit. The rooftop unit weighs 1,160 LBS and the split system heat pump only weighs 350 LBS. For buildings with sloped roofs, the units installed on the roof are still unsightly and not very safe for the service personnel. Air distribution ductwork is required inside the room for proper air distribution and also sound attenuation. Modification of the existing ceiling is required in most cases. Ductless fan coil units are available but they have been studied in detail through pilot installations in 2005 in the reference report Duct Free Split System Heat Pumps as Alternative for Wall Mounted Heat Pumps in existing classrooms, March 21, 2005 and rejected for insufficient air filtration and outdoor air capacity characteristics. To avoid the inconvenience and cost of ceiling modification, some manufacturers have developed a floor mounted cabinet to contain the indoor fan coil unit to attenuate the sound and protect the unit from being vandalized. These enclosures have been installed at a number of LAUSD schools and a large number of California schools. The measured sound levels with these enclosures are less than 50 dBA with varying results from below 40 dBA with Mitsubishi units to about 48 dBA with Carrier furnaces. Furnaces have higher sound levels due to the higher internal resistance to air flow by the furnace in addition to the cooling coil. We have proposed improvements for these enclosures to reduce the sound levels with conventional split system fan coil units. We also lowered the energy use further by not having ductwork above the ceiling and installing the indoor fan coils in a floor mounted acoustical enclosure. We expect these improvements will be factory tested in the near future. Please refer to figures 6, 7 and 8. The split system heat pump units are the most viable options for the first floor of a two story building with flat roofs and parapets. This office is using these units for the first floors of the two story classroom buildings of the LAUSD Venice High School. This school has no space above
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the ceiling. We are installing the indoor fan coils inside the cabinets mentioned above. We are proposing special registers so that air may be distributed effectively throughout the entire room from the cabinet installed at one corner of the room. The split system heat pump units are also the most viable options for the single story buildings with sloped roofs. The outdoor units can be installed on grade in a group at one end of the building inside a block wall or chain link enclosure. The refrigerant lines can be run from the outdoor units to the indoor fan coils up to about 150 feet. The outdoor sections of the split system heat pumps are also available in a rectangular suitcase shape with horizontal air flow. These suitcase shaped units can be stacked two deep one on top of the other on a frame to reduce the enclosure size. Refer to figure 9. Drawings and photos of these arrangements follow.
Figure 7: Square split system heat pump unit outdoor section on roof
Figure 8: Suitcase type split system heat pump unit outdoor section
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Figure 9: Stacked suitcase type split system heat pump unit outdoor sections
Figure 10: Fan coil unit enclosure
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Figure 11: Fan coil unit enclosure with a 4 Ton fan coil inside
Figure 12: LG Single Zone Split System Heat Pump and Fan coil unit
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Figure 13: Partial floor plan of first floor classroom with fan coil unit inside cabinet and no ductwork, inside room at LAUSD Venice High School
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Figure 14: Partial floor plan of first floor classroom with fan coil unit inside cabinet and supply air ductwork inside room at LAUSD Venice High School
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Figure 15: Section of first floor classroom with fan coil unit inside cabinet and supply air ductwork inside room at LAUSD Venice High School
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A 4 Nominal Ton capacity split system heat pump have the following characteristics: Make and Model: Carrier 25HBC348 with FV4CNB006 (Square configuration) Efficiency: 14.5 SEER [Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (BTU of cooling/Watt of electricity)] 12.5 EER [Energy Efficiency Ratio (BTU/Watt) at peak load] Outdoor sound level: 74 dBA Unit weight: Outdoor heat pump 266 LBS including isolator base rail Indoor fan coil 172 LBS Equipment Cost: $ 3,150 Means 2012 $ 4,059 as quoted by Carrier with isolator rail Alternate Make and Model: Carrier 38QRR048 with FV4CNB006 (Suitcase configuration) Efficiency: 15 SEER [Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (BTU of cooling/Watt of electricity)] 12.5 EER [Energy Efficiency Ratio (BTU/Watt) at peak load] Outdoor sound level: 71dBA Unit weight: Outdoor heat pump 330 LBS including isolator base rail Indoor fan coil 172 LBS Equipment Cost: $ 3,150 Means $ 4,059 as quoted by Carrier with isolator rail Total Mechanical Installed Cost: $ 10,170 Means 2012 Total Installed Cost including Architectural, Structural and Electrical: $ 14,100 from the historical cost of 2009 to 2011 for northern and southern California as provided by the Benoist Company Cost of Acoustical Cabinet Enclosure: $ 5,000 Total Installed Cost including Architectural, Structural and Electrical with acoustical enclosure: $20,000 from the historical cost of 2009 to 2011 for northern and southern California as provided by the Benoist Company The duration of the installation of one new split system heat pump unit in a sound enclosure inside a classroom is 3 working days. The Means labor cost for installation is $ 5,650. Manufacturers included in the current LAUSD Guide Specifications: Carrier, Lennox, Trane & York. Please refer to page 14 of the attached HVAC Systems Acoustical, Cost and Energy Study for further information on the basic system description and recommended method of installation for best energy and acoustical results.
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Variable refrigerant flow systems Variable refrigerant flow systems are similar to split system heat pumps. The only difference is one outdoor section can serve multiple indoor fan coil units. Ductless fan coil units are widely used with this type of system but the ductless fan coils have been studied in detail through pilot installations in 2005 in the reference report Duct Free Split System Heat Pumps as Alternative for Wall Mounted Heat Pumps in existing classrooms, March 21, 2005 and rejected for insufficient air filtration and outdoor air capacity characteristics. We are recommending this system with conventional fan coil units only. We can install the fan coil unit inside a floor mounted cabinet or enclosure in a similar fashion to the split system heat pump fan coils. The energy efficiency of the variable refrigerant systems is slightly lower than conventional split system heat pumps when the energy calculations are done with EnergyPro in compliance with California Energy Commission requirements. However, the manufacturers claim that the part load efficiency of the VRF units is significantly higher than the conventional heat pumps. We ran Title-24 non-compliance calculations with EnergyPro with the equipment performance libraries supplied by LG and compared them with similar equipment performance libraries supplied by Carrier for conventional split system heat pumps. The results are tabulated and presented as a comparative statement. The VRF units are found to be more efficient. The outdoor sections of the variable refrigerant systems are more than 5-0 high for most manufacturers. They are not suitable for rooftop installation for single story buildings with sloped roofs. Please refer to Figure-16. One variable refrigerant flow unit that can serve five classrooms can be installed in the space required for three non-stacking, conventional split system heat pump outdoor sections. The space savings are however not very significant. A drawing comparing the two arrangements is provided as Figures-17 and 18. The difficulty level of installation and service is also expected to be higher than conventional rooftop and split system units. The main advantage of these units is outdoor sound level which averages about 61dBA. The conventional split system heat pumps average about 74 dBA. A (12) Nominal Ton capacity variable refrigerant flow heat pump have the following characteristics: Make and Model: LG ARUN 144 BT3 Efficiency: N/A SEER [Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (BTU of cooling/Watt of electricity)] 11.5 17.5 EER [Energy Efficiency Ratio (BTU/Watt) at peak load] IEER [Integrated Energy Efficiency Ratio (BTU/Watt) at part load]
Outdoor sound level: 58 dBA Unit weight: Outdoor heat pump 617 LBS for a 12 Ton unit
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Indoor fan coil 172 LBS Equipment Cost: Means cost not available $ 15,000 as quoted for a 12 Ton unit for three classrooms with fan coils included Total Mechanical Installed Cost: Means cost not available Total Installed Cost for one classroom including Architectural, Structural and Electrical: $ 30,000 from the average schedule of values of the San Diego Unified School. The duration of the installation of one new 12 Ton unit for 3 classrooms is 5 working days with sound enclosures. Manufacturers included in the current LAUSD Guide Specifications: None Recommended manufacturers: Daiken, LG & Mitsubishi
Figure 16: 12 Ton Outdoor Sections of Mitsubishi and LG VRF Units

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Figure 17: (4) 12 Ton Outdoor Sections of Mitsubishi VRF Units in enclosure
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Figure 18: (12) 4 Ton Conventional Split System Heat Pump Units Stacked inside an enclosure
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Wall mounted heat pumps The new generation wall mounted heat pumps are significantly improved in energy efficiency and acoustical performance. They could be the most cost effective for replacement of an existing wall mount unit and are still a viable option where aesthetics are acceptable. This reasoning is true only if the physical size and configuration of the unit has not changed to require structural and architectural modifications. The energy efficiency of the new wall mounted heat pump systems is slightly lower than conventional split system heat pumps when the energy calculations are done with EnergyPro in compliance with California Energy Commission requirements. However, the manufacturers claim that the part load efficiency of the new wall mounted heat pump units is significantly higher than the conventional heat pumps. We cannot substantiate this claim until the simulation software EnergyPro is updated.
Figure 19: Wall mounted heat pump unit at Century Park Elementary School
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Figure 20: Floor plan of Wall Mounted Heat Pump Unit with no ductwork
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Figure 21: Section of Wall Mounted Heat Pump Unit with no ductwork
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Figure 22::Floor plan of Wall Mounted Heat Pump Unit with supply air ductwork
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Figure 23: Section of Wall Mounted Heat Pump Unit with no ductwork
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A (4) Nominal Ton capacity wall mounted heat pump unit have the following characteristics: Make & Model: Bard T48S1 (Future 2 compressor model) Efficiency: (Not published) SEER [Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (BTU of cooling/Watt of electricity)] 11 EER [Energy Efficiency Ratio (BTU/Watt) at peak load] 15.8 EER with one compressor working at part load Outdoor sound level: 64 dBA Unit weight: 605 LBS shipping weight Equipment Cost: Means cost not available $ 11,224 as quoted by Bard for a current unit with adaptor, isolation curbs, acoustical supply plenum and other required accessories Total Mechanical Installed Cost: Means cost not available $ 14,000 for replacement only with no structural modifications based on average historical data of last five years Total Installed Cost including Architectural, Structural and Electrical: $ 16,000 for replacement only with no structural modifications based on average historical data of last five years The duration of the installation of one replacement wall mounted unit for a classroom is 1 working day. This is true only if the physical size and configuration of the unit has not changed to require structural and architectural modifications. The Means labor cost for installation is not available. Manufacturers included in the current LAUSD Guide Specifications: Bard, Marvair Typical wall mount unit installations as recommended by the manufacturer follows. The typical LAUSD installations are either free flow or ducted supply only.
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Figure 24: Typical wall mount unit installations as recommended by manufacturer
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Indoor cabinet type heat pumps This office installed Airedale Cabinet Type Heat Pumps for Emery Park Elementary School in the Alhambra Unified School District in 2010. LAUSD also have these units installed at Aragon and Washington Prep Schools. Client satisfaction, acoustical performance and reliability for these units are not as high as the rooftop or split system units. Please refer to figure 25. This unit has the following disadvantages. 1. It is the necessity to install the unit against an exterior wall with sizeable wall louvers through the wall. 2. The footprint or floor area required is larger than the fan coil unit cabinet. 3. The unit sound level is closer to 50 dBA than 45. 4. The unit is heavy and is relatively difficult to move into the classroom. The unit also does not fit through an existing door. 5. The difficulty level of installation and service is also expected to be higher than conventional rooftop and split system units.
Figure 25: Indoor cabinet type heat pump unit currently installed at LAUSD Washington Prep School and Aragon School
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Figure 26: Floor Plan of Indoor Cabinet Type Heat Pump with supply air ductwork. Alhambra Unified School District, Emery Park Elementary School
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Figure 27: Section of Indoor Cabinet Type Heat Pump with supply air ductwork. Alhambra Unified School District, Emery Park Elementary School
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A (4) Nominal Ton capacity Airedale Indoor Cabinet Type Heat Pump unit have the following characteristics: Make & Model: Airedale CHH4 Efficiency: 10.3 SEER [Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (BTU of cooling/Watt of electricity)] 9.3 EER [Energy Efficiency Ratio (BTU/Watt) at peak load] Outdoor sound level: 78 dBA Unit weight: 735 LBS including isolator curb Equipment Cost: $ 13,000 from the schedule of values of AUSD Emery Park Elementary School 2009. Total Installed Cost including Architectural, Structural and Electrical: $ 30,000 from the schedule of values of AUSD Emery Park Elementary School 2009. The duration of the installation of one replacement indoor cabinet type unit for a classroom is 2 working days. This is true only if the physical size and configuration of the unit has not changed to require structural and architectural modifications. The Means labor cost for installation is not available. Manufacturers included in the current LAUSD Guide Specifications: Bard, Marvair 4 pipe Hydronic fan coils Hydronic fan coils are a viable option only if there is an existing chilled and hot water supply. Then a 4 pipe fan coil unit can be installed inside a cabinet in a similar fashion as a DX fan coil inside the room. New chilled and hot water plants are not recommended. They have the following disadvantages: 1. They take a very significant amount of space. Please refer to the figures 28, 29 and 30.. 2. The energy efficiency is also low. The chillers are only 10+ EER while unitary equipment is 12+. 3. The initial cost is high. 4. They are difficult to install. 5. They are difficult to operate. 6. They are very noisy. The sound level of the air cooled chiller can be as high as 110 dBA. Please refer to page 21 of the attached HVAC Systems Acoustical, Cost and Energy Study for further information on the basic system description and recommended method of installation for best energy and acoustical results.
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A 60 Nominal Ton capacity air cooled chiller for 12 classrooms have the following characteristics: Make & Model: York Efficiency: SEER is not applicable to 3 equipment 10.1 EER [Energy Efficiency Ratio (BTU/Watt) at peak load] Outdoor sound level: 95 dBA Unit weight: 4142 LBS Equipment Cost: $ 47,700 Means $ 8,000 as quoted by Carrier Total Mechanical Installed Cost: $ 248,400 Means A 0.75 MBTUH Capacity outdoor boiler for 12 classrooms have the following characteristics: Make & Model: Patterson Kelly Efficiency: 80 % (87 % condensing is not applicable with 140F return) Outdoor sound level: 95 dBA Unit weight: 455 LBS Equipment Cost: $ 10,000 Means Total Mechanical Installed Cost: $ 16,600 (Means) Total Central Plant Mechanical System Installed Cost: $ 281,600 (Means 2012) Total Installed Cost including Architectural, Structural and Electrical: $ 380,160 (Means 2012) That is equivalent to $ 32,000 per classroom. The duration of the installation of one central plant for 12 classrooms is 30 working days. The Means labor cost for installation is $ 113,760 or $ 9.480 per classroom. Manufacturers included in the current LAUSD Guide Specifications: Carrier, McQuay, Trane & York.
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Figure 28: 80 Ton Air Cooled Chiller
Figure 29: Outdoor Boilers and pumps
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Figure 30: Plan of enclosures for 60 Ton Air Cooled Chiller and 1 MBTUH with required accessories
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Chilled Beams There are two types of chilled beams, active and passive. This discussion will be limited to active chilled beams. An active chilled beam is an induction type heating and cooling device which causes room air motion through induction of high velocity air jets. The simplest explanation is it is like a diffuser with integral heating and cooling coils. Pretreated (preheated or precooled and dehumidified filtered air) from a dedicated outdoor air system is ducted to the chilled beams. The air then goes through distribution nozzles inside the device and increases in velocity. This high velocity air stream induces room air to flow across the heating and cooling coils inside the device and mix with it. The resultant mixed cooled or heated air is then distributed into the space. Please refer to Figures 31through 35. The two major advantages of this system is less air moving energy and less space for ductwork. This system is also very quiet. It is suitable for existing buildings with limited space above the ceiling. They are also preferred for laboratories and similar applications where 100% outdoor air with no return air is required. There are also major disadvantages. A central heating and cooling plant for chilled and hot water is required. Air handling units for dedicated outdoor air is also required. The chilled water temperature to the devices has to be controlled above room dew point to prevent condensation. The engineering principles behind the device are somewhat esoteric. We do not recommend this system for schools except for historical buildings with abundant budgets. A chilled beam system with a 60 Nominal Ton capacity air cooled chiller and a 0.75 MBTUH Capacity outdoor boiler for a 12 classroom building have the following characteristics: The efficiencies of the chiller and boiler will be similar to the central plant for the fan coil unit system. Total Central Plant Mechanical System Installed Cost: $ 281,600 (Means 2012) Total additional cost for dedicated outdoor air unit, chilled beams, heat exchanger for the secondary chilled water to the chilled beams, piping, pumps ductwork and controls: $ 248,000 Total Installed Cost including Architectural, Structural and Electrical: $ 628,560 (Means 2012) That is equivalent to $ 52,000 per classroom. The duration of the installation of one central plant for 12 classrooms is 30 working days. The Means labor cost for installation is $ 113,760 or $ 9.480 per classroom. Manufacturers included in the current LAUSD Guide Specifications: None
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Figure 31: Active Chilled Beam
Figure 32: Active chilled beam installation
Figure 33: Active chilled beam installation and air flow schematic diagram
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Figure 34: Floor Plan of Classroom with Chilled Beams, Pasadena Unified School District, Blair High School
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Figure 35: Floor Plan of Classroom with Chilled Beams, Pasadena Unified School District, Blair High School
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LG Installation @ Grant High School
Figure 36: LG Single Zone Split System Heat Pump and Fan coil unit @ Grant High School The LG unit installed at Grant High School is a single zone split system Variable Refrigerant Flow heat pump with the following characteristics. Make and Model: LG ARUN047GS2 heat pump with ARNU483NKA2 indoor fan coil unit Efficiency: 15.2 SEER [Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (BTU of cooling/Watt of electricity)] 9.5 EER [Energy Efficiency Ratio (BTU/Watt) at peak load] Outdoor sound level: 51 / 53 dBA (Cooling / Heating) Indoor Fan Coil Unit Sound Level: 49 / 47 / 41 dBA (High / Medium / Low Speeds) Unit weight: Outdoor heat pump 234 LBS net unit weight Indoor fan coil 165 LBS Equipment Cost: $ 3,150 Means 2012 $ 5,455 as quoted by LG The indoor unit will need to be operated at medium speed to satisfy the capacity requirements. We recommend that this unit be installed in the same acoustical cabinet that was recommended for the conventional fan coil units at Venice High School in Figure 13 to maintain the classroom
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sound levels below 45 dBA, prevent students from accessing the unit and for better anchorage and aesthetics. Extra care should be taken about the location of outdoor units. They could be the source of outdoor noise intrusion if they are located near windows, louvers or other openings into the building as installed. The LG outdoor unit is very quiet with only 51 dBA during cooling but the existing glazing could be single glazed and might not have sufficient attenuation value. Replacement of adjacent glazing might be necessary. The wall mounted units have a significantly higher outdoor sound level of 64 dBA for the future units that are not in the market as yet. The current units are about 66 dBA outdoor sound level. If the outdoor units are accessible or even visible from outside the school compound, they are open to the risk of theft or vandalism. The accessibility of the units to the students is a risk to physical harm. A protective enclosure is necessary. The wall mounted units impose the same risk. The condensate drain should be discharged to a drywell located far enough away from the structural foundations or a planter. This unit is a residential type unit and is limited to 230 V 1 electrical power supply only. 480 V 3 units are preferred for classroom applications. If the existing wall mounted unit is wired for 3 power, an 8 Ton unit could be installed to serve two fan coils in two classrooms. The service can remain but the wire and breaker sizes will need to be increased. The 8 Ton units have the outdoor sound level of 58 dBA and are still quieter than the wall mounted units. The construction of this unit is also not as robust and sturdy as the conventional US made units. We are of the opinion that this unit might not be as durable also due to the presence of plastic components. However, the plastic components are just in the casing and the manufacturers offered to provide custom metal components. This unit has a higher SEER than the conventional Carrier split system heat pump unit; 15.2 against 14.8 but a lower EER; 9.5 against 12.5. Calculations with the current version of EnergyPro will not provide a significantly better result than the Carrier unit. We calculated the annual energy cost to be $ 1.65 per square foot per year for this unit in the valley. The cost with the Carrier unit is $ 1.71. We went to the jobsite on November 19th and took sound level and temperature distribution measurements. We measured at 5 from the front of the unit, center of room and 5 out from each corner. The results are found to be favorable at 45 dBA and 72F at all locations. Total Installed Cost including Architectural, Structural and Electrical is $ 14,100 from the historical cost of 2009 to 2011 for northern and southern California as provided by the Benoist Company. LG concurs with the number. Cost of Acoustical Cabinet Enclosure: $ 5,000
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Total Installed Cost including Architectural, Structural and Electrical with acoustical enclosure is $20,000 from the historical cost of 2009 to 2011 for northern and southern California as provided by the Benoist Company. LG concurs with the number. The duration of the installation of one new split system heat pump unit in a sound enclosure inside a classroom is 3 working days. The Means labor cost for installation is $ 5,650. Manufacturers included in the current LAUSD Guide Specifications: None at present. Manufacturers of similar equipment: Daiken, Mitsubishi
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HVAC SYSTEMS FOR THE REPLACEMENT OF EXISTING WALL MOUNTED AND INDOOR CABINET TYPE CLASSROOM UNITS

November 15, 2012

11/ 15/ 2012

Replacement of wall mounted and indoor cabinet units

Individual system description and evaluations

Typical System Layouts

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Replacement of wall mounted and indoor cabinet units

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Replacement of wall mounted and indoor cabinet units

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Replacement of wall mounted and indoor cabinet units

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Replacement of wall mounted and indoor cabinet units

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Replacement of wall mounted and indoor cabinet units

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Replacement of wall mounted and indoor cabinet units

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Replacement of wall mounted and indoor cabinet units

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Replacement of wall mounted and indoor cabinet units

$ 32,000 32,000 20,000 30,000 14,000 30,000 32,000 52,000

Scale of Scale of Scale of 1 dBA 1 to 10 1 to 10 to 10 9 9 8 6 10 8 4 2 10 10 10 9 10 9 4 2 10 10 8 6 8 7 4 4 45 45 42 42 45 48 42 40

dBA 78 78 74 62 78 60 110 110

12.8 12.8 12.5 11.6 11 9.3 10.1 10.1

2.13 2.11 1.95 1.46 2.33 2.27 2.62 2.39

Central LA Energy Cost $/SQ.FT./Year

San Fernando Valley Payback (2) Years

Energy Cost (1) Payback (2) $/SQ.FT./Year

Energy Cost $/SQ.FT./Year

Payback (2) Years

No Payback No Payback No Payback

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Replacement of wall mounted and indoor cabinet units

12.8 12.8 12.5 11.6 11 9.3 10.1 10.1

1.92 1.86 1.71 1.31 1.88 1.95 1.88 1.45

32,000 32,000 20,000 30,000 14,000 30,000 32,000 52,000

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Replacement of wall mounted and indoor cabinet units

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Replacement of wall mounted and indoor cabinet units

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Replacement of wall mounted and indoor cabinet units

Individual system description and evaluations

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Replacement of wall mounted and indoor cabinet units

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Replacement of wall mounted and indoor cabinet units

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Replacement of wall mounted and indoor cabinet units

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Replacement of wall mounted and indoor cabinet units

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Replacement of wall mounted and indoor cabinet units

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Replacement of wall mounted and indoor cabinet units

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Replacement of wall mounted and indoor cabinet units

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Replacement of wall mounted and indoor cabinet units

Figure 10: Fan coil unit enclosure

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